DOCSLIB.ORG

+NEW Z00 311 NOTE Parasitology Is the Study of Parasites, Their Hosts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
+NEW Z00 311 NOTE Parasitology Is the Study of Parasites, Their Hosts +NEW Z00 311 NOTE Parasitology is the study of parasites , their hosts , and the relationship between them Definitions What are Parasites An organism that is entirely dependent on another organism referred to as the host for all or part of its life cycle and metabolic requirements What is Parasitology This is the area of biology concerned with the phenomena of dependence of one living organism on another. It is an aspect of symbiology which deals with the study of Parasites Medical parasitology One of the largest fields in parasitology, medical parasitology is the study of those parasites which infect humans Veterinary parasitology The study of parasites which cause economic losses in agriculture or aquaculture operations, or which infect companion animals Tropical parasitology: study of parasites that affect man and animals in the Tropics Types of Parasites Site: Ectoparasites-external parasites. Live temporarily or permanently on the surfaces of the host (skin, feathers, gillsetc). E.g. ticks, lice,etc. the occurrence of ectoparasites especially arthropods is called infestations. Endoparasites- internal parasites. Live inside or within the host tissues and organs. Endoparasites that live within the cells of the host tissues are called Intracellular parasites e.g. malarial parasites (plasmodium species). Those that live in tissues but not within the cells are called Extracellular parasite. Those living in the host lumen such as the gut, circulatory blood and lymph vessels, the respiratory and urino- genital tracts are called coelozoic parasites, while those living in the tissues of the host are called histozoic. Size: Microparasites- small, unicellular and multiply rapidly within the vertebrate host often inside cells e.g. protozoans. Macroparasites-large, multicellular and do not have direct reproduction within its vertebrate host. E.g helminthes Others Obligatory/obligate parasite-are absolutely dependent on the host and are incapable of an alternative or independent existence. Facultative-are opportunistic parasites which can live a non-parasitic existence and can survive for a limited period within another organism. They are capable of both free and parasitic existence E.g. S.stercoralis. Host A host is the non-parasitic member in a parasitic association. It harbours the parasite and provides the nourishment and shelter to the parasite. Types: Definitive Host: Harbours the adult parasite, the most highly developed form of a parasite or where the parasite replicates sexually Intermediate host: This is the host which alternates with the definitive host and harbours the larval or asexual stages of a parasite. Some parasites require two intermediate hosts for the completion of their life cycle. Reservior: It is a host that harbours the parasite and serves as an important source of infection to other susceptible hosts. Dead end Host: is the host in which the parasite cannot be further transmitted Vector: A vector is an agent, usually an insect that transmits an infection from one human host to another. They transmit the infective stage of parasites to the other. PHYLUM NEMATODA In Tropical Africa, nematodes are of particular importance because they cause great morbidity, mortality and economic loss. Many of them are free-living in soil, freshwater and marine habitat, while many others have adapted the parasitic mode of life; parasitizing plants and animals. Morphology and Anatomy There are 3 major features which are of profound impact on the form, function and mode of life of nematodes-a. Body wall,pseudocoelom. and. hydrostatic skeleton. b. The reproductive system.c. The digestive system Body wall, pseudocoelom and hydrostatic skeleton a.Body wall: This is made up of a cuticle , hypodermis and longitudinal muscle layer . Cuticle :This is secreted by the epidermis. It can be smooth or covered with structures such as spines, bristles, warts, papillae, striations etc. The arrangements and positions of these structures are of taxonomic importance. The cuticle covers the entire external surface and also lines the buccal cavity, pharynx, rectum, cloaca, vagina and excretory pore. The cuticle is responsible in part for allowing the invasion of hostile environments such as dry terrestrial soils and the digestive tracts of hosts. This is because it helps to reduce the permeability of the body wall. The terrestrial or parasitic nematodes usually have dense fibrous inner layer of the cuticle while most of the free-living marine and freshwater lack this inner layer. As the nematode grows, it sheds its cuticle and grows a new one through a series of 4 moults during its lifetime. .The Hypodermis This is a layer lying beneath the cuticle which it secretes (or the basal lamina). It has 4 projections which make up the hypodermal cords. The cords project into the pseudocoel. The cords run longitudinally dividing the body wall musculature into 4 quadrats- the dorsal and ventral cords carry the longitudinal nerve cords while the 2 lateral cords contain the excretory canals. Longitudinal muscle layers Next to the hypodermis is a relatively thick muscular layer.The muscle layer is made up of single cells whose cytoplasm is differentiated into a contractile portion with myofibrils and a cytoplasmic or non contractile portion. These cells are arranged in rows and the number of rows per quadrant and the shape and disposition of the contractile portion are of value in separating and recognizing types of nematodes. The Pseudocoelom The body cavity is not a true coelom It is a Pseudocoelom containing a fluid under great hydrostatic pressure/ The fluid is the haemolymph which functions in the transport of solutes from one tissue to the other. Hydrostatic skeleton With no skeletal structures, nematodes rely on the body fluid in the pseudocoelom which being under great internal pressure serves as a Hydrostatic skeleton against which the muscles of the body wall act to bring about movement. Other specialized structures of the Body surface Lips: The mouth is usually surrounded by lips and also array of sensory bristles or papillae. In the primitive, free-living nematodes, the number is six but in parasitic species the number varies from 0 to three. Amphids: These are chemoreceptors found as a pair on each side of the cephalic end. These are mostly found in the free-living species but in reduced form on many parasites. Phasmids: These are sensory organs. Also found in pairs at the terminal end behind the anus. The reproductive System. The great success of nematodes as parasites is derived mainly from their ability to maintain reproductive efficiency with little morphological specialization. Male system The male system is usually single (single testis). It is made up of a long thread-like testis whose coils surround the intestine and fills up most of the body cavity not occupied by the intestine. Two types of testes are recognized among nematodes- the telogonic type in which the proliferation of germ cells occurs only at the blind end of the elongate testis and the hologonic in which germ cell proliferation occurs along the entire length of the testis. Most species have spicules whose function is to keep the vulva open during copulation so that sperm can be injected into the female vulva against hydrostatic pressure. The sizes and shapes of the spicules vary among species and so are useful taxonomic features. Female system Most nematodes have 2 ovaries(didelphic). The ovary is thread-like and forms many coils around the intestine and reproductive system, filling most of the body cavity. Different terms used to describe the number and arrangement of reproductive system: 1. Monodelphic: where only one ovary and uterus are present. 2. Didelphic-two ovaries and two uteri are present 3. Polydelphic-more than two ovaries and uteri. Classification Nematodes parasites can be classified : 1. Based on location of the adult worm in the body 2. Based on mode of infection 3. Systemic (Zoological) classification. Location of nematode Conjunctiva Mesentery Lungs Subcutaneous Small Large Lymphatic tissue intestine intestine system Loa loa - Strongyloides Loa loa Ascaris Trichuris Wucheraria Dracunculus stercoralis lumbricoides trichiura bancrofti Medinensis Onchocerca volvulus Ancylostoma Entorobius Mansonella duodenale vermicularis ozzardi Necator americanus Trichinella spiralis Strongyloides stercoralis Mode of infection By ingestion By cutaneous By blood sucking penetration insects A.lumbricoides N. americanus Filaria. T. trichiura A. duodenale E. vermicularis S. stercoralis D. medinensis T. spiralis Systemic (Zoological) classification. A lot of controversy about classification of nematode into higher taxa. Division into two classes Aphasmidae and Phasmidae based on presence or absence of the caudal sense organs- the phasmid is widely accepted. Recently, the phylum has been divided into two classes, Secernentea and Adenophorea depending on the nature of the excretory system. According to Kampfer et al (1998), the Phylum is divided into two classes. Class Adenophorea (=Aphasmida) and Class Secernentea (Phasmida) Class Adenophorea Have cephalic chemoreceptors called amphids Lack caudal chemoreceptors called Phasmids. Excretory system is simple or poorly developed. At times absent. OrderTrichocephalida family Trichinellidae.e.g Trichinella spiralis Family Trichuridae E.g. Trichuris trichiura Class Secernentea Ha ve cephalic chemoreceptors called Amphids, though poorly developed Have caudal chemoreceptors called Phasmids Excretory system complex in some with cuticulized
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Baylisascariasis
    Baylisascariasis Importance Baylisascaris procyonis, an intestinal nematode of raccoons, can cause severe neurological and ocular signs when its larvae migrate in humans, other mammals and birds. Although clinical cases seem to be rare in people, most reported cases have been Last Updated: December 2013 serious and difficult to treat. Severe disease has also been reported in other mammals and birds. Other species of Baylisascaris, particularly B. melis of European badgers and B. columnaris of skunks, can also cause neural and ocular larva migrans in animals, and are potential human pathogens. Etiology Baylisascariasis is caused by intestinal nematodes (family Ascarididae) in the genus Baylisascaris. The three most pathogenic species are Baylisascaris procyonis, B. melis and B. columnaris. The larvae of these three species can cause extensive damage in intermediate/paratenic hosts: they migrate extensively, continue to grow considerably within these hosts, and sometimes invade the CNS or the eye. Their larvae are very similar in appearance, which can make it very difficult to identify the causative agent in some clinical cases. Other species of Baylisascaris including B. transfuga, B. devos, B. schroeder and B. tasmaniensis may also cause larva migrans. In general, the latter organisms are smaller and tend to invade the muscles, intestines and mesentery; however, B. transfuga has been shown to cause ocular and neural larva migrans in some animals. Species Affected Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are usually the definitive hosts for B. procyonis. Other species known to serve as definitive hosts include dogs (which can be both definitive and intermediate hosts) and kinkajous. Coatimundis and ringtails, which are closely related to kinkajous, might also be able to harbor B.
    [Show full text]
  • Strongyloides Myopotami (Secernentea: Strongyloididae) from the Intestine of Feral Nutrias (Myocastor Coypus) in Korea
    ISSN (Print) 0023-4001 ISSN (Online) 1738-0006 Korean J Parasitol Vol. 52, No. 5: 531-535, October 2014 ▣ CASE REPORT http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.531 Strongyloides myopotami (Secernentea: Strongyloididae) from the Intestine of Feral Nutrias (Myocastor coypus) in Korea Seongjun Choe, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Mihyeon Oh, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Keeseon S. Eom* Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea Abstract: Surveys on helminthic fauna of the nutria, Myocastor coypus, have seldom been performed in the Republic of Korea. In the present study, we describe Strongyloides myopotami (Secernentea: Strongyloididae) recovered from the small intestine of feral nutrias. Total 10 adult nutrias were captured in a wetland area in Gimhae-si (City), Gyeongsangnam- do (Province) in April 2013. They were transported to our laboratory, euthanized with ether, and necropsied. About 1,300 nematode specimens were recovered from 10 nutrias, and some of them were morphologically observed by light and scanning electron microscopies. They were 3.7-4.7 (4.0± 0.36) mm in length, 0.03-0.04 (0.033) mm in width. The worm dimension and other morphological characters, including prominent lips of the vulva, blunted conical tail, straight type of the ovary, and 8-chambered stoma, were all consistent with S. myopotami. This nematode fauna is reported for the first time in Korea. Key words: Strongyloides myopotami, nutria, Myocastor coypus The nutria (Myocastor coypus) or coypu rat is a large rodent notic diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and parasites [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Angiostrongylus Cantonensis in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
    Letter Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2009;67(4):1093-1096 AlicAtA DiSEASE Neuroinfestation by Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil Ana Rosa Melo Correa Lima1, Solange Dornelas Mesquita2, Silvana Sobreira Santos1, Eduardo Raniere Pessoa de Aquino1, Luana da Rocha Samico Rosa3, Fábio Souza Duarte3, Alessandra Oliveira Teixeira1, Zenize Rocha da Silva Costa4, Maria Lúcia Brito Ferreira5 Angiostrongylus cantonensis, is a nematode in the panying the patient reported that she had presented a rash as- Secernentea class, Strongylidae order, Metastrongylidæ sociated with joint pain, followed by progressive difficulty in superfamily and Angiostrongylidæ family1, and is the walking for 30 days, which was associated with sleepiness over most common cause of human eosinophilic meningi- the last 15 days. tis worldwide. This parasite has rats and other mammals In the patient’s past history, there were references to mental as definitive hosts and snails, freshwater shrimp, fish, retardation and lack of ability to understanding simple orders. frogs and monitor lizards as intermediate hosts1. Mam- She presented independent gait and had frequently run away mals are infected by ingestion of intermediate hosts from home into the surrounding area. There was mention of in- and raw/undercooked snails or vegetables, contain- voluntary movements, predominantly of the upper limbs, which ing third-stage larvae2. Once infested, the larvae pen- intensified after the change of health status that motivated the etrate the vasculature of the intestinal tract and pro- current search for medical assistance. In November 2007, the pa- mote an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia and tient presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures and was lymphocytosis. This produces rupture of the blood- medicated with carbamazepine, 200 mg/twice a day.
    [Show full text]
  • Worms, Nematoda
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 2001 Worms, Nematoda Scott Lyell Gardner University of Nebraska - Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Gardner, Scott Lyell, "Worms, Nematoda" (2001). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 78. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/78 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Volume 5 (2001): 843-862. Copyright 2001, Academic Press. Used by permission. Worms, Nematoda Scott L. Gardner University of Nebraska, Lincoln I. What Is a Nematode? Diversity in Morphology pods (see epidermis), and various other inverte- II. The Ubiquitous Nature of Nematodes brates. III. Diversity of Habitats and Distribution stichosome A longitudinal series of cells (sticho- IV. How Do Nematodes Affect the Biosphere? cytes) that form the anterior esophageal glands Tri- V. How Many Species of Nemata? churis. VI. Molecular Diversity in the Nemata VII. Relationships to Other Animal Groups stoma The buccal cavity, just posterior to the oval VIII. Future Knowledge of Nematodes opening or mouth; usually includes the anterior end of the esophagus (pharynx). GLOSSARY pseudocoelom A body cavity not lined with a me- anhydrobiosis A state of dormancy in various in- sodermal epithelium.
    [Show full text]
  • Fibre Couplings in the Placenta of Sperm Whales, Grows to A
    news and views Most (but not all) nematodes are small Daedalus and nondescript. For example, Placento- T STUDIOS nema gigantissima, which lives as a parasite Fibre couplings in the placenta of sperm whales, grows to a CS./HOL length of 8 m, with a diameter of 2.5 cm. The The nail, says Daedalus, is a brilliant and free-living, marine Draconema has elongate versatile fastener, but with a fundamental O ASSO T adhesive organs on the head and along the contradiction. While being hammered in, HO tail, and moves like a caterpillar. But the gen- it is a strut, loaded in compression. It must BIOP eral uniformity of most nematode species be thick enough to resist buckling. Yet has hampered the establishment of a classifi- once in place it is a tie, loaded in tension, 8 cation that includes both free-living and par- and should be thin and flexible to bear its asitic species. Two classes have been recog- load efficiently. He is now resolving this nized (the Secernentea and Adenophorea), contradiction. based on the presence or absence of a caudal An ideal nail, he says, should be driven sense organ, respectively. But Blaxter et al.1 Figure 2 The bad — eelworm (root knot in by a force applied, not to its head, but to have concluded from the DNA sequences nematode), which forms characteristic nodules its point. Its shaft would then be drawn in that the Secernentea is a natural group within on the roots of sugar beet and rice. under tension; it could not buckle, and the Adenophorea.
    [Show full text]
  • Subclase Secernentea
    Orden Ascaridida T. 21. ASCARIDIDOS. Generalidades y Clasificación. Incluye parásitos con tres labios de gran tamaño. En los machos, cuando existen alas caudales, éstas se localizan Ascaridioideos y Anisakoideos. lateralmente. 1. GENERALIDADES Y CLASIFICACIÓN Los ascarídidos son nematodos con fasmidios (quimiorreceptores posteriores); pertenecen por tanto a la Clase Secernentea. Los machos presentan generalmente alas caudales o bolsas copuladoras. Los ascarídidos de interés veterinario se clasifican en base al siguiente esquema taxonómico: Orden Ascaridida Superfamilia Ascaridoidea Familia Ascarididae Género Ascaris Género Parascaris Género Toxocara Género Toxascaris Fig. 1. Extremo caudal del macho en Ascarididae. Superfamilia Anisakoidea Familia Anisakidae Género Anisakis Superfamilia Ascaridoidea Género Contracaecum Género Phocanema Por lo general son nematodos de gran tamaño. No Género Pseudoterranova presentan cápsula bucal y el esófago carece de bulbo posterior Superfamilia Heterakoidea pronunciado. En algunas especies el esófago está seguido de un Familia Heterakidae: G. Heterakis ventrículo posterior corto que puede derivarse en un apéndice Familia Ascaridiidae: G. Ascaridia 1 ventricular, mientras que otras presentan una prolongación del 2.1. GÉNERO ASCARIS intestino en sentido craneal que se conoce como ciego intestinal (Fig. 12, Familia Anisakidae). Existen dos espículas en los machos Ascaris suum y el ciclo de vida puede ser directo o indirecto. Es un parásito del cerdo con distribución cosmopolita y de 2. FAMILIA ASCARIDIDAE considerable importancia económica. Sin embargo, su prevalencia está disminuyendo debido a los cada vez más frecuentes sistemas Los labios, que como característica del Orden están bien de producción intensiva y a la instauración de tratamientos desarrollados, presentan una serie de papilas labiales externas e antihelmínticos periódicos. Durante años se ha considerado internas, así como un borde denticular en su cara interna.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbionts and Diseases Associated with Invasive Apple Snails
    Symbionts and diseases associated with invasive apple snails Cristina Damborenea, Francisco Brusa and Lisandro Negrete CONICET, División Zoología Invertebrados, Museo de La Plata (FCNyM-UNLP), Paseo del Bosque, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Email: [email protected], fbrusa@ fcnym.unlp.edu.ar, [email protected] Abstract This contribution summarizes knowledge of organisms associated with apple snails, mainly Pomacea spp., either in a facultative or obligate manner, paying special attention to diseases transmitted via these snails to humans. A wide spectrum of epibionts on the shell and operculum of snails are discussed. Among them algae, ciliates, rotifers, nematodes, flatworms, oligochaetes, dipterans, bryozoans and leeches are facultative, benefitting from the provision of substrate, transport, access to food and protection. Among obligate symbionts, five turbellarian species of the genusTemnocephala are known from the branchial cavity, with T. iheringi the most common and abundant. The leech Helobdella ampullariae also spends its entire life cycle inside the branchial cavity; two copepod species and one mite are found in different sites inside the snails. Details of the nature of the relationships of these specific obligate symbionts are poorly known. Also, extensive studies of an intracellular endosymbiosis are summarized. Apple snails are the first or second hosts of several digenean species, including some bird parasites.A number of human diseases are transmitted by apple snails, angiostrongyliasis being the most important because of the potential seriousness of the disease. Additional keywords: Ampullariidae, Angiostrongylus, commensals, diseases, epibionts, parasites, Pomacea, symbiosis 73 Introduction The term “apple snail” refers to a number of species of freshwater snails belonging to the family Ampullariidae (Caenogastropoda) inhabiting tropical and subtropical regions (Hayes et al., 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the Genus Mansonella Faust, 1929 Sensu Lato (Nematoda: Onchocercidae), with Descriptions of a New Subgenus and a New Subspecies
    Zootaxa 3918 (2): 151–193 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3918.2.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DE65407C-A09E-43E2-8734-F5F5BED82C88 Review of the genus Mansonella Faust, 1929 sensu lato (Nematoda: Onchocercidae), with descriptions of a new subgenus and a new subspecies ODILE BAIN1†, YASEN MUTAFCHIEV2, KERSTIN JUNKER3,8, RICARDO GUERRERO4, CORALIE MARTIN5, EMILIE LEFOULON5 & SHIGEHIKO UNI6,7 1Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Parasitologie comparée, UMR 7205 CNRS, CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France 2Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected] 3ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa 4Instituto de Zoología Tropical, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, PO Box 47058, 1041A, Caracas, Venezuela. E-mail: [email protected] 5Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Parasitologie comparée, UMR 7245 MCAM, CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 6Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] 7Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan 8Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] †In memory of our colleague Dr Odile Bain, who initiated this study and laid the ground work with her vast knowledge of the filarial worms and detailed morphological studies of the species presented in this paper Table of contents Abstract .
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Angiostrongylus Cantonensis and Eosinophilic Meningitis
    Epidemiology of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and eosinophilic meningitis in the People’s Republic of China INAUGURALDISSERTATION zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel von Shan Lv aus Xinyang, der Volksrepublik China Basel, 2011 Genehmigt von der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at auf Antrag von Prof. Dr. Jürg Utzinger, Prof. Dr. Peter Deplazes, Prof. Dr. Xiao-Nong Zhou, und Dr. Peter Steinmann Basel, den 21. Juni 2011 Prof. Dr. Martin Spiess Dekan der Philosophisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät To my family Table of contents Table of contents Acknowledgements 1 Summary 5 Zusammenfassung 9 Figure index 13 Table index 15 1. Introduction 17 1.1. Life cycle of Angiostrongylus cantonensis 17 1.2. Angiostrongyliasis and eosinophilic meningitis 19 1.2.1. Clinical manifestation 19 1.2.2. Diagnosis 20 1.2.3. Treatment and clinical management 22 1.3. Global distribution and epidemiology 22 1.3.1. The origin 22 1.3.2. Global spread with emphasis on human activities 23 1.3.3. The epidemiology of angiostrongyliasis 26 1.4. Epidemiology of angiostrongyliasis in P.R. China 28 1.4.1. Emerging angiostrongyliasis with particular consideration to outbreaks and exotic snail species 28 1.4.2. Known endemic areas and host species 29 1.4.3. Risk factors associated with culture and socioeconomics 33 1.4.4. Research and control priorities 35 1.5. References 37 2. Goal and objectives 47 2.1. Goal 47 2.2. Objectives 47 I Table of contents 3. Human angiostrongyliasis outbreak in Dali, China 49 3.1. Abstract 50 3.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Worms, Germs, and Other Symbionts from the Northern Gulf of Mexico CRCDU7M COPY Sea Grant Depositor
    h ' '' f MASGC-B-78-001 c. 3 A MARINE MALADIES? Worms, Germs, and Other Symbionts From the Northern Gulf of Mexico CRCDU7M COPY Sea Grant Depositor NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY \ PELL LIBRARY BUILDING URI NA8RAGANSETT BAY CAMPUS % NARRAGANSETT. Rl 02882 Robin M. Overstreet r ii MISSISSIPPI—ALABAMA SEA GRANT CONSORTIUM MASGP—78—021 MARINE MALADIES? Worms, Germs, and Other Symbionts From the Northern Gulf of Mexico by Robin M. Overstreet Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564 This study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Office of Sea Grant, under Grant No. 04-7-158-44017 and National Marine Fisheries Service, under PL 88-309, Project No. 2-262-R. TheMississippi-AlabamaSea Grant Consortium furnish ed all of the publication costs. The U.S. Government is authorized to produceand distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation that may appear hereon. Copyright© 1978by Mississippi-Alabama Sea Gram Consortium and R.M. Overstrect All rights reserved. No pari of this book may be reproduced in any manner without permission from the author. Primed by Blossman Printing, Inc.. Ocean Springs, Mississippi CONTENTS PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION TO SYMBIOSIS 2 INVERTEBRATES AS HOSTS 5 THE AMERICAN OYSTER 5 Public Health Aspects 6 Dcrmo 7 Other Symbionts and Diseases 8 Shell-Burrowing Symbionts II Fouling Organisms and Predators 13 THE BLUE CRAB 15 Protozoans and Microbes 15 Mclazoans and their I lypeiparasites 18 Misiellaneous Microbes and Protozoans 25 PENAEID
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Hookworms in the Landscape 1
    Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. ENY-017 Managing Hookworms in the Landscape 1 Robert A. Dunn and Ellis C. Greiner2 "Hookworms" properly refers to many genera of • A. tubaeforme is the common hookworm of nematodes in the Family Ancylostomatidae of the cats, distributed world-wide; similar to A. Order Strongylida, but this discussion addresses caninum, but generally smaller. primarily those in the genus Ancylostoma, which many animal health professionals consider to be the • Uncinaria stenocephala occurs in the small most important genus of hookworms. This genus intestine of dogs, cats, foxes, wolves, and related includes the most common hookworms of domestic carnivores. It is occasionally recovered from dogs and cats in tropical and warm temperate stray dogs in Florida, but may not occur climates, the hookworms with which most people in endemically here -- the infections that are Florida come into contact. The "northern carnivore detected may have occurred farther north, before hookworm," Uncinaria stenocephala, also occurs in the host animals came to Florida. Florida but much less frequently than Ancylostoma Importance as Animal and Human spp. Parasites Four species are significant in Florida; the three Ancylostoma spp. represent 90 - 95% of hookworms Widely distributed wherever dogs and cats are identified here: kept as pets, hookworms are found commonly in the small intestines of hosts in which they can complete • Ancylostoma caninum, the dog hookworm, is their life cycles. Hookworms suck blood from the found in the small intestine of dogs, foxes, intestinal wall. The degree of blood sucking varies coyotes, wolves, bears, and other wild carnivores among these hookworms.
    [Show full text]
  • Speciation in the Genus Cloacina (Nematoda: Strongylida): Species flocks and Intra-Host Speciation
    1828 Speciation in the genus Cloacina (Nematoda: Strongylida): species flocks and intra-host speciation N. B. CHILTON1, M. A. SHUTTLEWORTH2, F. HUBY-CHILTON2,A.V.KOEHLER2, A. JABBAR2,R.B.GASSER2 and I. BEVERIDGE2* 1 Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada 2 Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (Received 1 April 2017; revised 13 June 2017; accepted 13 June 2017; first published online 12 July 2017) SUMMARY Sequences of the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 + ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were employed to determine whether the congeneric assemblages of species of the strongyloid nematode genus Cloacina, found in the forest- omachs of individual species of kangaroos and wallabies (Marsupialia: Macropodidae), considered to represent species flocks, were monophyletic. Nematode assemblages examined in the black-striped wallaby, Macropus (Notamacropus) dor- salis, the wallaroos, Macropus (Osphranter) antilopinus/robustus, rock wallabies, Petrogale spp., the quokka, Setonix bra- chyurus, and the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor, were not monophyletic and appeared to have arisen by host colonization. However, a number of instances of within-host speciation were detected, suggesting that a variety of methods of speciation have contributed to the evolution of the complex assemblages of species present in this genus. Key words: Cloacina, Nematoda, Strongylida, speciation, species flocks, internal transcribed spacers. INTRODUCTION differences in the distribution of species within the gastro-intestinal tract (Ogbourne, 1976;Mfitilodze The phenomenon of ‘species flocks’, that is the and Hutchinson, 1985; Bucknell et al. 1995; occurrence of numerous species of congeneric (or Stancampiano et al. 2010). Comparably detailed confamilial) parasites in the same host species, has studies on the strongyloid nematodes of elephants been the focus of a number of studies, particularly and rhinoceroces have not been conducted, but of parasitic nematodes.
    [Show full text]