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Ochrana P¤Írody 1 OCHRANA ROâNÍK 56 CENA 25 Kã P¤ÍRODY 1 OBSAH Jaroslav Hromas: 50 let od objevu 50 let od objevu Konûprusk˘ch jeskyní 1 Václav Hlaváã: Fragmentace krajiny a ochrana velk˘ch savcÛ 3 Romana Zárubová- Prausová: Regulace invazních druhÛ rostlin – ãást 2 6 Danu‰e Barto‰ová, Igor Genda: Projekt Konûprusk˘ch jeskyní Záchrana a návrat velk˘ch predátorÛ v oblasti Západních Karpat – ãást 1. 9 Vojen LoÏek: Ochlupka rezavá (Pseudotrichia rubiginosa) 16 Jan Plesník: Spoleãná databáze Kras a jeskynû patfií k nejcennûj‰ím ãástem pfiírody vyhlá‰en˘ch území v Evropû 18 a jsou proto tradiãnû místem v˘zkumÛ, ‰kolních Radek Mikulá‰: Poznámky ke vzniku a vysoko‰kolsk˘ch exkurzí a také dlouhodobého nûkter˘ch prvkÛ mikroreliéfu zájmu ochrany pfiírody. Velké a atraktivní jeskynû pískovcov˘ch skal 19 jsou souãástí turistick˘ch v˘dûleãn˘ch atrakcí, s tím Jan Plesník: WWF International urãil se setkáme ve vût‰inû státÛ Evropy. Je v‰ak podstat- deset nejohroÏenûj‰ích druhÛ EU 22 nû ménû státÛ, kde jsou hodnoceny jeskynû jako Ale‰ Bajer: Aplikace poznatkÛ prÛzkumu v˘znamn˘ fenomén pfiírody, zasluhující stejné péãe stanovi‰tních pomûrÛ z hlediska jako tfieba cenn˘ mokfiad nebo prales. V âeské repub- optimalizaãních opatfiení na pÛdním lice je v‰ech 12 zpfiístupnûn˘ch jeskyní spravováno fondu âR 27 státní ochranou pfiírody – Agenturou ochrany pfiírody Rada Evropy – Stfiedisko Naturopa – a krajiny âR. Ta je v roce 1991 pfievzala od regionál- informace 28 ních správcÛ. V‰echny jeskynû jsou chránûné záko- Zprávy – státní ochrany pfiírody 30 nem. DÛsledn˘mi ochranáfisk˘mi zásahy, financova- Recenze 31 n˘mi z Programu péãe o krajinu MÎP jsou zde provádûny zásahy, které napravují ‰kody zpÛsobené SUMMARY v rÛzn˘ch obdobích minulosti. Také pfii opravách a rekonstrukcích jejich zpfií- stupnûn˘ch tras a technick˘ch zafiízení se uplatÀují opatfiení, která dal‰í rizi- ka po‰kozování sniÏují na minimum. V‰echny cizorodé materiály z dfiívûj‰ích Jaroslav Hromas: 50 Years since the Discovery dob (star˘ beton, dlaÏby, Ïeleza apod.) jsou dÛslednû z jeskyní vyná‰eny of the Konûprusy Caves 2 ven. Václav Hlaváã: Landscape Fragmentation and Podzim roku 2000 se stal mal˘m svátkem pro speleology a pfiírodovûdce, large Mammals 5 protoÏe jedna ze zpfiístupnûn˘ch jeskyní, Konûpruské jeskynû u Berouna Danu‰e Barto‰ová, Igor Genda: Conservation of large Carnivores (v chránûné krajinné oblasti âesk˘ kras) slavila 50. v˘roãí svého objevu. in the Beskydy PLA 12 V roce 1950 se ve vápencovém lomu na vrchu Zlat˘ kÛÀ dostali lomafii po Vojen LoÏek: The Snail Pseudotrichta rubiginosa 17 odstfielu v lomu do jeskynní chodby. PrÛzkumy a objevy dal‰ích jeskyní a jejich pater, jiÏ pak obstarávali nad‰ení speleologové z Krasové sekce Spo- roãník 56 leãnosti Národního muzea. Tato organizace tehdy sdruÏovala v‰echny ama- OCHRANA térské zájemce o kras a jeskynû i profesionální badatele. Objevy vyvolaly P¤ÍRODY 1 ISSN 1210-258X neb˘val˘ zájem o dal‰í v˘zkumy v âeském krasu – speleologické, kvartérnû geologické, archeologické, paleontologické. Samotn˘ âesk˘ kras je územím âasopis státní ochrany pfiírody s mezinárodnû proslul˘mi geologick˘mi a paleontologick˘mi lokalitami Journal of the state nature conservancy a nedaleko Zlatého konû se také nachází svûtov˘ stratotyp, udávající roz- hraní mezi silurem a devonem ve vápencovém v˘voji. Lomy na Zlatém koni odkr˘vají mimofiádnû cenné profily útesem spodního devonu a jsou zde nej- Vydává: Agentura ochrany pfiírody cennûj‰í paleontologické lokality. Právû zde, ve vápencích spodního devonu, a krajiny âR byl postupnû objeven rozsáhl˘ jeskynní systém o tfiech patrech s celkovou v nakladatelství ENVIRONS délkou pfies 2 km. V jeskyni byly nalezeny také kosterní pozÛstatky ãlovûka Homo sapiens fossilis (stáfií asi 30 000 let) a nástroje ze star‰ího paleolitu Vedoucí redaktor: RNDr. Bohumil Kuãera a mnoÏství kostí pleistocenních zvífiat. Raritou jsou „Konûpruské rÛÏe“, druh Redakãní rada: RNDr. Václav Cílek, sintrové v˘zdoby s obsahem chalcedonu, která je nejstar‰í v jeskyních. Objev RNDr. Jan âefiovsk˘ CSc., RNDr. Jifií Flousek, svrchního patra pfiinesl pfiekvapiv˘ nález stfiedovûké penûzokazecké mincov- Dr. TomበKuãera, RNDr. Vojen LoÏek, DrSc., ny. Mince se zde padûlaly asi v létech 1460–1470. (Ze stfiedovûku se zacho- ing. Igor Míchal CSc., ing. Franti‰ek Urban vala povûst o pasáãkovi, kter˘ o velikonocích na velk˘ pátek, kdy se zemû Grafická úprava: Zdenûk Vejrostek otevírá a ukazují se poklady, na vrcholu Zlatého konû vidûl z díry vycházet Adresa redakce: Kali‰nická 4, 130 23 Praha 3 koufi. Vlezl dovnitfi a tam byl muÏ, kter˘ sedûl na hromadû penûz. Pasáãkovi tel.: 830 692 52, 830 691 11, fax: (02) 697 00 12 dal dvû mince a pfiikázal mu, aby nikomu nic nefiíkal. Pasáãek pfiibûhl do ves- Tiskne LD, s.r.o. – TISKÁRNA PRAGER, nice – mince cestou ztratil – a pfiivedl vesniãany nahoru. Otvor v‰ak nenalezl Radlická 2, 150 00 PRAHA 5-Smíchov Pfiedplatné vyfiizuje celostátnû: PNS – a tak ho lidé ztloukli, zato, Ïe lhal. – Hle, rehabilitace pasáãka po nûkolika P¤EDPLATNÉ TISKU s.r.o. ABOCENTRUM, stech letech!) Moravské nám. 12D, 659 51 Brno, tel.: Nad‰ená vefiejnost volala po urychleném zpfiístupnûní jeskyní v‰em a teh- 05/4123 3232, fax 05/4161 6160, e-mail: dej‰í politická reprezentace zafiídila, aby pfiání „dûlníkÛ a rolníku“ bylo spl- [email protected] nûno. BohuÏel, pro jejich pohodlí obûtovala v jeskyních trochu víc, neÏ bylo Pfiíjem reklamací, tel.: 0800 – 171 181 tfieba. Vefiejnosti byly jeskynû otevfieny v létû 1959 a hned se staly ‰lágrem Objednávky do zahraniãí vyfiizuje Pfiedplatné nejen ‰kolních, podnikov˘ch i druÏstevních v˘letÛ, ale vzhle- tisku, s. r. o., oddûlení v˘vozu tisku, HvoÏ- dem k blízkosti Karl‰tejna i cílem mnoha cizincÛ. VÏdyÈ do té ìanská 5–7, 148 31 Praha 4-Roztyly, tel.: doby se z âech za jeskynûmi jezdilo na Moravu nebo aÏ na 00420 2 67903240, 00420 2 67903242, fax: Slovensko! Rekordní náv‰tûvnosti, aÏ 120 tisíc turistÛ za 00420 2 7934607. sezónu, se na stavu jejich krápníkové v˘zdoby bohuÏel znaãnû a nenávratnû podepsaly. Malá ves Konûprusy se 1. strana obálky: Ochtinská aragonitová jes- stala slavnou je‰tû dfiíve neÏ zaãal spor o velkotûÏbu vápen- kynû je zapsaná s dal‰ími slovensk˘mi cÛ. a maìarsk˘mi jeskynûmi na seznamu Svû- A tak objev, v˘zkum i zpfiístupnûní Konûprusk˘ch jeskyní tového dûdictví UNESCO. Bude tam jednou není jen historií jednoho kopce ãi vesnice. Stal se praktick˘m i Moravsk˘ kras? Foto B. Kuãera OCHRANA P¤ÍRODY, 56, 2001, ã. 1 1 dokladem vztahÛ mezi exploatací pfiírody a jejím pozná- Dne‰ní péãe o zpfiístupnûné jeskynû u nás jiÏ na‰tûs- váním, vztahÛ vûdcÛ a amatérÛ, názorn˘m dokladem jak tí není podfiízena komerci. Je zaji‰Èována státní ochra- zmûní Ïivot regionu, spoleãnosti i konkrétních osob zdán- nou pfiírody a vychází pfiedev‰ím z jejích potfieb. A jak livû tak banální událost, jakou je objev jedné jeskynû. toto poslání resort Ïivotního prostfiedí beze váÏnû, doklá- Neb˘t tûÏby vápencÛ v lomech na Zlatém koni, zÛstaly by dají nejen dokonãené úpravy v jeskyních Javofiíãsk˘ch, jeskynû a unikátní pfiírodní i vûdecké hodnoty v nich moÏ- Punkevních a Sloupsko-‰o‰Ûvsk˘ch, rehabilitace jesky- ná neznámy. Neb˘t objevu jeskyní, vrch Zlat˘ kÛÀ by nû KÛlny, vybudování nového areálu, nauãné stezky dnes jiÏ neexistoval, jeho vysokoprocentní vápence by i archeologické expozice ve Sloupu a KÛlnû, i právû rea- dávno skonãily v pecích cementárny. lizované investice ve Zbra‰ovsk˘ch aragonitov˘ch jesky- Dnes trãí izolovan˘ ostroh Zlatého konû nad hlubinami ních a Balcarce. Ménû viditelné, ale neménû dÛleÏité, je velkolomu a skr˘vá v sobû poklady Konûprusk˘ch jesky- soustavné odstraÀování „star˘ch zátûÏí“ v jeskyních. ní jako kdysi Velká vûÏ karl‰tejnského hradu císafiské kle- NejpÛsobivûj‰í, ale také mimofiádnû nároãné, je odstra- noty. Jako správci a provozovatelé tûchto jeskyní jsme si Àování star˘ch nánosÛ neãistot, sazí a usazenin z jes- vûdomi, Ïe na rozdíl od jin˘ch, dnes uÏ modernû zrekon- kynních útvarÛ. struovan˘ch zpfiístupnûn˘ch jeskyní jsme jim mnohé dluÏ- A tak nelze jinak, neÏ udûlat v‰e pro to, abychom ni. Nejen technické zafiízení jeskyní, ale zejména provozní z nastoupeného trendu nepolevili, aby si státní ochrana areál vyÏaduje modernizaci, která by odpovídala v˘zna- pfiírody zachovala dostatek sil i finanãních prostfiedkÛ, mu lokality. Zlat˘ kÛÀ má ‰anci stát se centrem ekologic- jeÏ by i zpfiístupnûn˘m jeskyním pomáhaly navracet ké v˘chovy i vûdeckého poznávání, od unikátní geologie jejich ztracenou krásu a drÏet jejich vyuÏívání pod tak- devonsk˘ch vápencÛ, jejich krasov˘ch jevÛ, Ïivota v âes- tovkou pfiísn˘ch ochrann˘ch podmínek. To také v nepo- kém krasu od pravûku po dne‰ek, aÏ po názorné pozná- slední fiadû znamená ochránit je pfied pfiípadn˘mi privati- vání likvidace krajiny tûÏbou vápencÛ, jejíÏ rozsah u nás zaãními zájmy a komerãním pojetím jejich správy dosud nemá obdoby. A lze si jen pfiát, aby k tomu brzy pfii- a provozu. bylo i poznávání vzorné rekultivace vytûÏeného prostoru Jaroslav Hromas, a návratu základních pfiírodních funkcí. fieditel Agentury ochrany pfiírody a krajiny âR SUMMARY 50 Years since the Discovery of the of origin dates back into the Tertiary Period. The of other accessible for broad public caves. All Konûprusy Caves discovery of the caves’ upper level brought a needs to be modernised in a way corresponding surprising finding of a medieval money forgers’ to the significance of the site. Zlat˘ kÛÀ has a Karst and caves belong among the most valu- mint, which had been in operation approxima- perspective to become a centre of both environ- able natural features of Czechia, and for that tely from 1460 to 1470. (From the Middle Ages, mental education and scientific research start- reason they traditionally are sites for research, there is a legend describing a shepherd boy see- ing from unique geology of Devonian limestones, school and university excursions, as well as of a ing on Good Friday, when the earth opens its their karst phenomena, over the life in the special long-term conservation interest.
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