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Indigenous Populations and Resource Flows in Central Australia: A Social and Economic Baseline Profi le Julia Mitchell Roderick Pearce Michelle Stevens John Taylor Ilan Warchivker 2005 A report prepared by the Centre for Remote Health in conjunction with ATSIS and ANU i © Centre for Remote Health 2005-04-30 This work is copyright. Its reproduction is subject to the Copyright Act 1968. The copyright owners encourage reproduction for study and training purposes subject to an acknowledgment of the source and no commercial usage or sale. Reproduction for purposes other than those indicated above requires permission of the Centre for Remote Health. Suggested citation: Mitchell, J, Pearce, R, Stephens, M, Taylor, J and Warchivker, I 2005, Indigenous Populations and Resource Flows in Central Australia: A Social and Economic Baseline Profi le, Centre for Remote Health, Alice Springs. Enquiries or comments about this publication may be made to: Centre for Remote Health P.O. Box 4066 Alice Springs NT 0870 http://crh.fl inders.edu.au tel: 08-8951-4700 fax: 08-8951-4777 First published 2005-04-30 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-publication data: Mitchell, J. (Julia) Indigenous Populations and Resource Flows in Central Australia: A Social and Economic Baseline Profi le Includes index ISBN 0-9579959-7-0 1. Aboriginal Australians - Northern Territory – Alice Springs Region - Economic conditions. 2. Aboriginal Australians - Northern Territory - Alice Springs Region - Social conditions. I. Mitchell, Julia, 1962- . II. Centre for Remote Health. III. Australia. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission. IV. Australian National University 305.89915094291 ii Acknowledgements This project benefi ted from the input of ATSIC staff and regional councillors, CLC staff and full council and the NTG; in particular ATSIC staff, Rhonda Loades, Roderick Pearce, Vicki-Lee Knowles, regional chairpersons Clarry Robinya and Des Rogers, the Central Remote and Alice Springs regional councils (see Appendix A) and the regional commissioner Alison Anderson during a very diffi cult and unhappy time as ATSIC was dismantled by the Australian government in April 2004. This work builds on previous social and economic planning research, in particular that of Dr John Taylor at ANU whose expertise and advice has been appreciated by the Centre for Remote Health team. Ruth Davies provided thorough editing and constructive advice on all sections, and wrote the health status section of that chapter. Stewart Blyth provided research support and a wealth of practical understanding of services at a community level, as well as proofi ng all tables and fi gures, of which there are many. Lastly, there are many reports and papers that formed the basis of this report, and this work is only done as a consequence of the work of those people. The facts and their interpretation as presented remain the responsibility of the authors. The work reported in this publication was supported by funding from the Australian Government Cooperative Research Centres Program through the Desert Knowledge CRC (DK-CRC); the views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of DK-CRC or its Participants. iii Contents 1. Background and analytical framework 11 Methods 11 Baseline profi les 11 Defi ning the region 12 Language groups in central Australia 14 2. Executive summary and discussion 16 3. Demography of Alice Springs and Central Remote regions 25 Population data for central Australia 27 Population projection 29 4. Indigenous participation in the regional labour market 30 Regional labour force status 30 Community Development Employment Program 32 Dependency ratios 36 Industry and occupation 37 Estimating future labour force status 39 5. Employment and welfare income 40 Income from art and craft activities 40 Employment and non-employment income 41 Cost of living 46 6. Education 48 Participation in schooling 49 Retention rates 53 Outcomes 55 Participation in Vocational Education and Training 57 Resourcing 59 7. Infrastructure 62 Local government infrastructure funding 62 Town camp development 64 Essential services 66 Environmental health infrastructure and National Aboriginal Health Strategy 69 Telecommunications 70 8. Housing 72 Current housing Alice Springs region 72 Future housing needs 81 Current housing Central Remote region 82 Future housing needs 83 Central Remote Regional Construction Program 83 9. Health 87 Mortality 87 Hospital separations 89 Chronic disease 91 Injury 98 Nutrition 103 Child health 104 Sexual health 105 Recent developments in health service delivery in central Australia 106 Resourcing 112 10. Regional involvement in the criminal justice system 119 Data sources 120 Reported offences 122 Court proceedings 123 iv Juveniles 126 Deaths in prison and police custody 128 Victims of violent crime 129 Child protection 133 Resourcing 134 Access to legal representation 137 Discussion 138 11. Arts and culture 139 References 142 Appendix A: Regional Council members for the Alice Springs and Central Remote regions 154 Appendix B: Community list in the AS and CR regions 154 Appendix C: Data collection areas (Indigenous Profi les) ABS 1996 and 2001 158 Appendix D: CDEP participant and Social Security entitlements 158 Appendix E: Case studies CDEP & Centrelink benefi t recipients 160 Appendix F: Centrelink payments July 2004 163 Appendix G: Date of lease of town camps 165 Appendix H: Evaluation of CRM Housing Model 165 Appendix I: Data request from NT Department of Health and Community Services 168 Appendix K: Data request from NT Department of Family and Community Services 169 List of Tables Table 1: Indigenous and non-Indigenous census counts and post-censual estimates, AS and CR regions, 2001. 27 Table 2: Service population data, AS and CR regions, 1999-2003 . 27 Table 3: Population (ERP), AS region, 2001 . 28 Table 4: Population (ERP), CR (formerly Apatula) region, 2001. 28 Table 5: Summary of Indigenous projection assumptions . 29 Table 6: Indigenous population projection by 5-year age group, AS and CR regions, 2001 to 2021 . 29 Table 7: Labour force status rates and estimated levels of Indigenous and non-Indigenous residents, AS and CR regions, 2001 30 Table 8: ATSIC CDEP funding, AS and CR regions, 1998-99 to 2002-03 . 35 Table 9: Dependency ratios by Indigenous status, AS and CR regions, 2001. 36 Table 10: Industry sector by hours worked, CR region, 2001 . 38 Table 11: Extra CDEP and other jobs required for the unemployment rate to stay the same, AS and CR regions, by 2021 . 39 Table 12: Extra jobs required against target employment rates, CR region, by 2021 . 39 Table 13: Annual average personal income by labour force status and Indigenous status, AS and CR regions, 2001 . 42 Table 14: Summary of case studies (Appendix E). 42 Table 15: Centrelink payments by Indigenous status, AS and CR regions, July 2004 . 43 Table 16: Abstudy recipients by place of origin, June 2004 . 44 Table 17: Gross annual personal income by Indigenous status, AS and CR regions, 2001 . 45 Table 18: Proportion of income earned by proportion of population in non-CDEP employment, AS and CR regions, 2001. 45 Table 19: Average cost of basket of food items, NT, 2003 . 46 Table 20: Enrolments and attendances at government schools by Indigenous status, AS region, 2001-03. 50 Table 21: Enrolments and attendances at non-government schools by Indigenous status, AS region, 2001-03 . .51 Table 22: ERP and enrolments of primary and secondary school age children by Indigenous status, AS region, 2001. .51 Table 23: Enrolments and attendances at government schools by Indigenous status, CR region, 2001-03. 52 Table 24: ERP and enrolments of primary and secondary school age children by Indigenous status, CR region, 2001 . 53 Table 25: Year 12 retention rates of Aboriginal students, all states and territories, 1990-97 . 53 Table 26: Highest level of schooling completed by Indigenous status, AS and CR regions, 2001. 54 v Table 27: MAP test results in government schools by Indigenous status, AS region, 2001-03. 55 Table 28: MAP test results in non-government schools by Indigenous status, AS region, 2001-03 . 56 Table 29: MAP test results in government schools by Indigenous status, CR region, 2001-03. 56 Table 30: VET student enrolments by fi eld of study by Indigenous status, central Australia, 2002-03. 57 Table 31: VET enrolments by selected fi elds of study and Indigenous status, students aged 15-19 years, central Australia, 2003 58 Table 32: Commonwealth Government specifi c purpose payments for schools, NT, 2000-01 to 2002-03 . 60 Table 33: Government expenditure on schools, NT, 2000-01 and 2001-02. 60 Table 34: Funding and allocation for local government, NT, 2002-03 . 62 Table 35: Local government funding in $, AS and CR regions, 1998-99 to 2002-03 . 63 Table 36: ATSIC CHIP infrastructure, municipal services and sport & recreation grants, AS and CR regions, 1998-99 to 2002-03 64 Table 37: Electricity infrastructure for AS and CR regions, 2003. 67 Table 38: Water infrastructure, AS and CR regions, 2003 . 68 Table 39: Sewerage infrastructure, AS and CR regions, 2003. 68 Table 40: Telephone services, CR region, 2003. .71 Table 41: Telephone services, AS region, 2003. .71 Table 42: Number of households by housing tenure by Indigenous status, AS region, 2001. 72 Table 43: Housing stock and occupancy data, AS region, 2003. 73 Table 44: Public housing tenants, NT, January 2002 . 73 Table 45: Public housing applicants, NT, 1996-2002 . .74 Table 46: Waiting list for public housing in Alice Springs by housing and applicant type, June 2004. 75 Table 47: New public housing tenancies and priority housing approvals for Alice Springs, 2003-04. 77 Table 48: Hostel stock and occupancy, Alice Springs, June 2004 . 78 Table 49: Public housing and market rental rates, Alice Springs, 2002. ..