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PESCA ARTESANAL NO LITORAL PERNAMBUCANO E CEARENSE: Implicações Conservacionistas

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PESCA ARTESANAL NO LITORAL PERNAMBUCANO E CEARENSE: Implicações Conservacionistas MARCIA FREIRE PINTO PESCA ARTESANAL NO LITORAL PERNAMBUCANO E CEARENSE: implicações conservacionistas Recife - PE Fevereiro de 2016 MARCIA FREIRE PINTO PESCA ARTESANAL NO LITORAL PERNAMBUCANO E CEARENSE: implicações conservacionistas Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza. (Linha de pesquisa: Sistemas cognitivos e uso dos recursos naturais). Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rômulo Romeu da Nóbrega Alves Dep. de Biologia/UEPB Coorientador: Prof. Dr. José da Silva Mourão Dep. de Biologia/UEPB Recife - PE Fevereiro de 2016 Ficha catalográfica P659p Pinto, Marcia Freire Pesca artesanal no litoral pernambucano e cearense: implicações conservacionistas / Marcia Freire Pinto. – Recife, 2016. 257 f. : il. Orientador: Rômulo Romeu da Nóbrega Alves. Tese (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza) – Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Biologia, Recife, 2016. Referências. 1. Conhecimento Ecológico Local 2. Etnobiologia 3. Ictiofauna I. Alves, Rômulo Romeu da Nóbrega, orientador II. Título CDD 574 Marcia Freire Pinto PESCA ARTESANAL NO LITORAL PERNAMBUCANO E CEARENSE: implicações conservacionistas Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutora em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza. (Linha de pesquisa: Sistemas cognitivos e uso dos recursos naturais). Data de aprovação: 19/02/2016 BANCA EXAMINADORA Orientador: _________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Rômulo Romeu da Nóbrega Alves (Presidente) Universidade Estadual da Paraíba – UEPB Departamento de Biologia Examinadores: _________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Ana Carla Asfora El-Deir (Titular) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE Departamento de Biologia _________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Maria Elisabeth Araújo (Titular) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE Departamento de Biologia _________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Ricardo de Souza Rosa (Titular) Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia _________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Priscila Fabiana Macedo Lopes (Titular) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN Departamento de Botânica, Ecologia e Zoologia _________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Thelma Lúcia Pereira Dias (Suplente) Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB Departamento de Biologia _________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. André Luiz Machado Pessanha (Suplente) Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB Departamento de Biologia Dedico esta Tese à minha mãe, Conceição, por todo o cuidado, por me oferecer tudo para chegar até aqui e por ser meu maior exemplo de mulher, mãe e professora. AGRADECIMENTOS À minha mãe, Conceição Freire, a quem tanto admiro e a quem tenho como prioridade na minha vida. Agradeço por compreender minhas viagens pelo Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba e São Paulo, por apoiar minhas escolhas e por ser minha inspiração para seguir a carreira acadêmica. Agradeço também por toda a paciência por corrigir meus trabalhos, inclusive esta Tese. Ao meu marido, Caio Henrique, por entender minha ausência, minhas viagens, minhas dores e minha saudade; por ser meu companheiro e fazer com que eu seja uma pessoa melhor. À minha família e aos meus amigos do Ceará, de Pernambuco e da Paraíba, por acreditarem no meu esforço e me apoiarem sempre no que precisei. Aos amigos dos caminhos trilhados durante a pesquisa, em Recife e Tamandaré, Jones Santander, Cleo Conde, Mariana Ratts (“das antigas” de Fortaleza), Alexandre Barros, Dilma Conde, Vera Barros, Rodrigo Lima, João Lucas, Manoel Pedrosa e Nathasha Borges, pelo companheirismo, apoio e boas conversas. Aos amigos do Batoque, Dona Raimunda, Seu Nego, Aldênia Lourenço e Antônio Luiz, que me acolheram e me alimentaram com comida e, principalmente, com muito carinho e atenção. Ao meu orientador Profº Dr. Rômulo Romeu da Nóbrega Alves e meu coorientador Profº Dr. José da Silva Mourão, por toda a trajetória acadêmica, desde o mestrado, pela paciência, pelos ensinamentos, pelas críticas, pelas correções e pelos incentivos. Aos professores e colegas do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza da UFRPE, pela aprendizagem coletiva, pelas trocas de experiências e pelo orgulho de fazer parte da primeira turma, do primeiro Doutorado em Etnobiologia da América Latina. À Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE), pela concessão da bolsa de doutorado. Aos pescadores de Tamandaré e do Batoque, por acreditarem e confiarem em mim; por me ensinarem sobre a vida, sobre o mar e sobre os peixes. Agradeço pela paciência, pelo carinho e principalmente por serem a base de tudo para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho. RESUMO Pesquisas realizadas com os pescadores artesanais, para a compreensão dos conhecimentos adquiridos e acumulados sobre os peixes (Etnoictiologia), podem contribuir na elaboração de medidas de conservação desses animais, bem como na manutenção da pesca. A presente pesquisa objetivou caracterizar a pesca artesanal marítima e suas implicações conservacionistas, registrando o conhecimento ecológico local dos pescadores artesanais no litoral nordeste do Brasil. Durante o ano de 2013, foram obtidas informações com 75 pescadores das praias de Tamandaré, no Estado de Pernambuco, e do Batoque, no Estado do Ceará. Foram analisadas a riqueza de espécies de peixes conhecidas e os seus diferentes tipos de uso, com enfoque principalmente nos hábitos alimentares dos pescadores e de suas famílias, bem como na cadeia produtiva do pescado. Foi realizado um estudo etnotaxonômico sobre a ictiofauna e a caracterização das artes de pesca. Por fim, buscou-se compreender a relação entre o conhecimento dos pescadores sobre o espaço e o tempo da pesca com a conservação em áreas marinhas protegidas. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizadas diferentes técnicas: observações diretas e indiretas, entrevistas estruturadas e semiestruturadas, conversas informais e encontros com grupos focais. Foram registradas 268 espécies de peixe nas duas localidades e caracterizados seis tipos de uso desses organismos: alimentar, comercial, medicinal, artesanal, para fins mágico-religiosos e para aquariofilia. Constatou-se que a cadeia produtiva do pescado é influenciada por fatores sociais e ambientais e que os peixes constituem a principal fonte alimentar de origem animal consumida pelos pescadores e suas famílias. Foram registrados 441 nomes locais diferentes de peixes e cinco tipos de correspondências entre os nomes científicos e os populares. As artes de pesca corresponderam a 12 tipos de petrechos e a seis tipos de embarcações, em sua maioria, artesanais. Os pescadores descreveram as áreas de pesca com 26 pesqueiros, em Tamandaré e oito, no Batoque, e caracterizaram nove fatores temporais que influenciam a atividade pesqueira. Os resultados apresentados podem contribuir para o planejamento e a realização de ações locais, visando a conservação da ictiofauna, a sensibilização sobre os hábitos e as práticas alimentares das comunidades pesqueiras, o fortalecimento do papel do pescador na cadeia produtiva do pescado e na confecção das artes de pesca, o engajamento dos pescadores nos planos de manejos das áreas protegidas, a valorização do conhecimento tradicional e a garantia do território das comunidades pesqueiras. Palavras-chave: Conhecimento Ecológico Local; Etnobiologia; Unidades de Conservação; Ictiofauna. ABSTRACT Studies on artisanal fishermen to understand the acquired and accumulated knowledge about fish can contribute to developing conservation measures for ichthyofauna and fishing maintenance. This study aimed at characterizing the marine artisanal fisheries and their conservation implications, by assessing the local ecological knowledge of artisanal fishermen on the northeast coast of Brazil. Data collection was carried out with 75 fishermen of Tamandare beach, in the state of Pernambuco, and Batoque beach, in the state of Ceara during 2013. Fish species richness and their different types of use were analyzed mainly focused on the eating habits of fishermen and their families, as well as in the productive fish chain. An ethnotaxonomical study on the ichthyofauna and the characterization of fishing gear was performed. Finally, we seek to understand the relationship between knowledge of fishermen about the space and time of fishing activities with conservation in marine protected areas. Different techniques were used for data collection: direct and indirect observations, structured and semi-structured interviews, informal conversation and meetings with groups of fishermen. A total of 268 fish species were recorded in both locations and six types of use of these organisms were characterized: food, commercial, medicinal, handicrafts, spiritual-religious purposes and aquarium. We verified that the productive fish chain is influenced by social and environmental factors and fish were the main food source of animal origin consumed by the fishermen and their families. Were registered 441 different local fish names and five types of correspondence between scientific and popular
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