Report 2018:1 Somali Diaspora Groups in Sweden – Engagement in Development and Relief Work in the Horn of Africa Somali Diaspora Groups in Sweden – Engagement in Development and Relief Work in the Horn of Africa Nauja Kleist Report 2018:1 Delmi report 2018:1 Order: www.delmi.se E-mail: [email protected] Printed by: Elanders Sverige AB Stockholm 2018 ISBN: 978-91-88021-27-4 Preface Somalia is “a truly globalized nation” with about 1.5 million people (15 percent of the Somali population) living outside the Somali region. The Somali diaspora is ac- tively engaged in transnational activities such as sending of remittances to family and kin. As a country Somalia is struggling with continuous security, development and humanitarian challenges. These difficulties make Somalia a significant recipi- ent of international development aid and humanitarian aid. Today the Somali dias- pora has been targeted as a recipient group, both as part of general NGO-funding mechanisms for development for special diaspora support initiatives, such as the Forum Syd’s Somalia Diaspora Programme in Sweden. In this work the Somali dias- pora networks have emerged as new development actors and potential partners for development aid agencies. The aim of this report is to examine Somali-Swedish diaspora engagement in de- velopment and relief work, with a focus on what drives, motivates, challenges and supports it. An equally important objective is to provide a general understanding about possibilities and pitfalls when involving diaspora groups – migrants, refu- gees and their descendants – in development assistance, relief and conflict-reso- lution activities. The author of the study is Nauja Kleist, Senior Researcher and Ph.D. in sociology, Danish Institute for International Studies, Denmark. She works with international migration and has studied Somali diaspora mobilization in Sweden, Denmark and the UK. External reviewers of the report have been Marta Bivand Erdal, Ph.D in Human Geography and Professor at PRIO, Norway and Charlotte Melander, Ph.D in Social Work, Gothenburg University, Sweden. The work on this report has been followed by Annika Sundén, member of Delmis Board of Directors, and Associate Professor in economics and Chief Analyst at the Swedish Employment Service. Annika previous- ly held the position as Chief Economist at the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). iii At Delmi, the Delegation Secretaries Caroline Tovatt, Ph.D and Constanza Vera- Larrucea, Ph.D have contributed to the review. As usual in the Delmi context, the authors are responsible for the content, results and policy recommendations of the report. It is our hope that the report will provide an inspiration for discussions as well as for future research about involving diaspora groups in international development cooperation and humanitarian aid. Stockholm, April 2018 Joakim Palme, Kristof Tamas, Delmi Chair Head of Delmi Secretariat iv Summary This report examines Somali-Swedish diaspora engagement in development and relief. It analyses what drives, motivates, challenges, constrains and supports such involvement, including the working relationship between diaspora actors and the Swedish development industry. With about 95,000 persons of Somali descent living in Sweden, there is a high level of transnational engagement and a large number of Somali-Swedish associations, making Sweden an interesting case country. Furthermore, Somalia is a significant partner country for the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), including two diaspora sup- port programmes that offer co-funding for diaspora activities: the Somalia Diaspora Programme (SDP) and the Swedish-Somali Business Programme (SSBP), both ad- ministered by the civil society platform Forum Syd. Based on interviews with Somali-Swedish diaspora actors and SIDA and Forum Syd development professionals, the report focuses on perceptions and practices as they are articulated from different positions in Sweden. It approaches diaspora engagement in a heuristic way, with attention to global dispersal as well as to am- bivalent narratives of identification and belonging. Indeed, one of the findings of the study is that there are potential overlaps between diaspora actors, the develop- ment industry, and local (return) populations in the Somali region, rather than “the diaspora” as an easily identifiable and heterogeneous group. The report shows that Somali-Swedish diaspora engagement is characterized by diversity and flexibility, reflecting a strong civil society engagement in both Sweden and the Somali region, often simultaneously. Development actors range from households to numerous registered associations, as well as global networks, mosques, businesses and individual initiatives. Development activities focus on health, education, sustainable livelihoods and environment, gender equality, hu- man rights and democracy, and drought relief. v Nauja Kleist Many interlocutors are involved in several types of engagement, as development and relief activities are additional to individual remittances, which constitute a primary obligation for most adult Somali-Swedes. Indeed, some diaspora actors are active at three levels: as entrepreneurs who organize projects, as capacity de- velopers who are engaged in knowledge transfer, and as sources and conveyors of resources. This intensity goes hand in hand with the underlying motivations for involvement: a sense of moral obligation and urgency, embedded in established social and economic support networks as well as Islamic charity practices. Political and professional ambitions may play a motivating role as well. Given the scope of SIDA involvement in the Somali region and the intensity of dias- pora engagement, there are mutual opportunities and interests shared by Somali- Swedish diaspora actors and the development industry. Goodwill towards Sweden and opportunities for diaspora influence in the Somali region in regard to lobbying and “street-level diplomacy” promoting Swedish interests and values were high- lighted by both groups. Yet diaspora engagement is also characterized by tensions and differentiated positions. First, regarding whether Swedish development prior- ities are the most appropriate in the Somali region; second, widespread criticism of extensive application, accounting and reporting procedures in diaspora support programmes. Based on this analysis, the report makes the following policy recommendations: • Acknowledge the contributions, diversity and heterogeneity of Somali- Swedish engagement in development and relief and avoid one-size-fits-all models. • Intensify policy consultation and dialogue, taking into consideration that collaboration constitutes potential opportunities for development agen- cies and diaspora actors alike. • Build on the existing engagement of diaspora groups and recognize that development contributions may go hand in hand with other obligations and priorities. • Upscale diaspora support initiatives with a focus on long-term engage- ment, faster decision-making processes and simpler application and re- vi Summary porting procedures. • Introduce a higher degree of flexibility in institutional diaspora support programmes and consider combining a rights-based approach with sup- port for reconstruction, service delivery and humanitarian activities. • Further transnational mobility as a means of knowledge transfer. Consider (partial) coverage of salaries of diaspora professionals when they engage in long-term capacity development in the Somali region. • Reach out to new actors. While important, registered associations are not the only diaspora actor, and the role of unregistered networks using social media for resource mobilization, as well as of individual entrepreneurs and businesspersons, is likely to grow. vii Sammanfattning I denna rapport granskas den svensksomaliska diasporans engagemang för ut- veckling och katastrofhjälp i Somalia. I rapporten analyseras vad som driver, moti- verar, utmanar, hindrar och stöder detta engagemang, däribland samarbetet mellan diasporaaktörer och den svenska utvecklingsindustrin. I Sverige bor det omkring 95 000 personer av somaliskt ursprung. Det finns ett stort gränsöverskridande in- tresse för att bidra och många svensksomaliska föreningar, vilket gör Sverige till ett intressant fall att studera. Dessutom är Somalia ett viktigt partnerland för Styrelsen för internationellt utvecklingssamarbete (Sida), som bland annat har två stödpro- gram som erbjuder medfinansiering av diasporagruppernas verksamhet, Somalia Diaspora Programme (SDP) och Swedish-Somali Business Programme (SSBP). Båda administreras av Forum Syd, som är en plattform för det civila samhället. Rapporten bygger på intervjuer med aktörer inom den svensksomaliska diasporan och utvecklingsarbetare från Sida och Forum Syd. Fokus ligger på de olika uppfatt- ningar och metoder som förs fram från olika håll i Sverige. I rapporten undersöks diasporans engagemang ur ett heuristiskt perspektiv, som lyfter fram den globala spridningen av nätverk och ambivalenta berättelser om identifiering och tillhörig- het. En av slutsatserna i studien är att det finns potentiella överlappningar mellan diasporaaktörer, utvecklingsindustrin och lokala (återvändande) befolkningsgrup- per i den somaliska regionen, snarare än ”diasporan” som en lätt identifierbar och heterogen grupp. Rapporten visar att den svensksomaliska diasporans engagemang känneteck- nas av mångfald och flexibilitet, vilket återspeglar ett starkt engagemang