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Redalyc.The American Dream: Racism Towards Latino/As in the U.S. and the Experience of Trauma Symptoms

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Redalyc.The American Dream: Racism Towards Latino/As in the U.S. and the Experience of Trauma Symptoms Interamerican Journal of Psychology ISSN: 0034-9690 [email protected] Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología Organismo Internacional Torres, Héctor L.; O’Conor, Anita; Mejía, Claudia; Camacho, Yvette; Long, Alyse The American Dream: Racism towards Latino/as in the U.S. and the experience of trauma symptoms Interamerican Journal of Psychology, vol. 45, núm. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2011, pp. 363-368 Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología Austin, Organismo Internacional Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=28425426006 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology - 2011, Vol. 45, Num. 3, pp. 363-368 363 The American Dream: Racism towards Latino/as in the U.S. ARTICULOS and the experience of trauma symptoms Héctor L. Torres1 Anita O’Conor Claudia Mejía Yvette Camacho Alyse Long The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago Illinois, USA Abstract In the United States, the Latino population is the fastest growing cultural group (Larsen, 2004). The Latino population grew 61 percent between 1990 and 2000, making up approximately 12.5 percent of the U.S. population (Ramirez 2004), and is expected to continue to grow at a similar rate in the years to come. Despite this evident increase, there remains a lack of mental health professionals available who understand the culture, language, and specific concerns for this group, leading to an absence of avail- able treatment and lower quality of care compared to other groups (Rios-Ellis, 2005). As this growth continues, it is a necessity for mental health professionals to be familiar with the unique stressors and mental health concerns that are a part of the everyday experience for Latinos in order to provide the most culturally competent and effective services. Keywords: Latina/os, racism, discrimination, trauma, mental health El sueño americano: Racismo hacia los latinos/as en los EE.UU. y el sentir síntomas del trauma Resumen La población Latina es el grupo étnico de mayor y más rápido crecimiento en los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, los/as Latinos/as constantemente enfrentan incidentes de racismo abierto y encubierto. La discriminación y el racismo han demostrado ser factores de la vida diaria que provocan estrés y que están asociados a resultados negativos en cuanto a la salud mental. Sin embargo, los profesionales de la salud mental no siempre están bien equipados para evaluar e integrar estos asuntos en el tratamiento. Este artículo examina el estado actual del racismo en los Estados Unidos y sugiere que este problema puede ser conceptualizado como un evento traumático, con una dinámica similar a las demostradas en otros tipos de trauma, tales como algunas formas de violencia interpersonal. Recomendaciones para la práctica son presentadas. Palabras claves: Latina/os, racismo, discrimen, trauma, salud mental Discrimination has been shown to be a chronic life discrimination for this group (Torres & Ong, 2010). stressor that is associated with negative mental health This paper first discusses how racism has evolved outcomes for Latinos in the U.S. (Moradi & Risco, while building a more comprehensive understanding of 2006). This group has been identified to be at risk for the pervasive racism experienced by Latinos/as. This mental health symptoms attributable to the additional paper will also argue that cumulative racism may result stressors related to acculturation and discrimination in the experience of trauma for this population. Finally, (Rios-Ellis, 2005; Torres, 2010). Although research is the authors will include implications for practice ad- available on the long-term effects of discrimination, dressing racism as a traumatic event in therapy with few studies have focused on the unique experience of this population. the Latino population and the cumulative effects of Contextualizing Modern Racism 1 Center for Latino/a Mental Health, The Chicago School of Profes- A uniform definition of racism has yet to be agreed sional Psychology, Chicago. Correspondence concerning this article upon. Researchers define this term from multiple should be address to Héctor L. Torres, Center for Latino/a Mental perspectives, encompassing both distinct aspects and Health, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 325 N. related features (Bonilla-Silva, 1997; Bryant-Davis & Wells St., Chicago, IL 60654. Email: [email protected] R. Interam. Psicol. 45(3), 2011 HÉCTOR L. TORRES, ANITA O’CONOR, CLAUDIA MEJÍA, YVETTE CAMACHO & ALYSE LONG 364 Ocampo, 2006; Constantine, 2006; Franklin, Boyd- education system, the legal system, and interactions Franklin, & Kelly, 2006; Smith, Stewart, Myers, & with service providers allows for a better understanding Latu, 2008). For the purposes of this article, racism of how discrimination and racism are silently affecting will be defined as “the belief in the inherent racial the Latino population on an everyday basis. and/or cultural inferiority and superiority of different Housing and residential settings. Evidence of ra- groups” (Organista, 2007, p. 44) including the actions cial discrimination in the housing sector in the United ARTICULOS or inactions that follow. The term “discrimination” is States can be found when looking at racial disparities used to describe these actions or inactions that stem in housing ownership and services (Advisory Board from racism (Bonilla-Silva, 1997). to the President’s Initiative on Race, 1998). Troche- Immigrants have been fundamental to the history Rodriguez (2008) noted that Latinos are particularly at of the U.S. and yet these different groups have expe- risk for experiencing housing discrimination based on rienced continual racism. Examples of such racism their ethnicity and immigration statuses. Anti-illegal can begin as early as the European colonization of immigration ordinances have been placed in some the Americas with the eradication of Native American communities in order to restrict the Latino population culture and people, and the era of African slavery. In fact, from settling in the area, which include penalties for much of the growth of the current Capitalist economic landlords who rent property to undocumented individu- system was built through exploitation, the use of als (Oliveri, 2009). In response to these ordinances, inexpensive labor and unfair treatment of people landlords are “likely to resort to shortcuts, such as (Traverso-Yepez, 2005). discriminating based on accent, surname, appearance, There is an erroneous perception that racism does or other ethnic markers” (Oliveri, 2009, p 57). These not exist anymore. However, hate crimes, lack of ordinances create racial discrimination in the housing resources, and social disparities among minorities sector for all Latinos, regardless of their documentation demonstrate the continuous presence of discrimina- status. Statistics further reveal discriminatory practices tion. Though still highly oppressive, the expression in lending, as Latinos are 1.5 times more likely to re- of racism has transformed to include a subtle quality, ceive high cost loans than Whites when applying for such as covert racism and microaggressions (Sue et al., housing financing (Troche-Rodriguez, 2008). “Begin- 2007; Sue, Lin, Torino, Capodilupo, & Rivera, 2009). ning with the home buying process, Latino families These forms of racism have largely been ignored by are restricted in the kinds of homes they can purchase present society, creating a barrier to fully removing by the real estate and banking industries, and more racism and discrimination at all levels (Harrell, Hall recently many have fallen victim to predatory mortgage & Taliaferro, 2003). brokers” (Troche-Rodriguez, 2008, p. 17). Despite laws set in place to protect Latinos and other minority groups Latino/as’ Experience of Racism in the in the housing market, practices that enforce segrega- United States tion, such as zoning regulations to reduce affordable Latino/a immigrants move to U.S. in search of the housing in specific communities, are currently in use. American Dream in the Land of Opportunity. How- (Oliveri, 2009, Troche-Rodriguez, 2008). ever, Latino/a immigrants face numerous challenges, Education system. Discrimination in the education including language barriers, separation from family, system is also experienced by Latino/as. For example, acculturative stress, unfair work conditions, and sub- one author witnessed teachers discouraging bilingual- standard living situations. Regardless of immigration ism, as they assert that using two languages can create status, Latino/as in the U.S. also face both overt and difficulties and delays in learning. Mitchell (2005) covert forms of racism. Factors such as the current points out that offering strictly English-only classrooms U.S. economic situation, perceptions of undocu- and discouraging bilingualism puts these students at a mented immigrants overflowing the workforce, and a great disadvantage. When handled correctly, bilingual- sensationalist media have contributed to an increase ism and diversity in a classroom can serve to enhance in negative sentiments towards Latino/as in the U.S. the learning experience, as opposed to detracting from (Hwan & Goto, 2009). Pew Research Center found it (Llurda & Lasagabaster, 2010). that 23% of Americans
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