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Forming Plant-Parasitic Nematodes

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Forming Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Influence of agronomic practices on the development of soil suppression against cyst- forming plant-parasitic nematodes Dissertation to obtain the Ph. D. degree in the Ph. D. Program for Agricultural Sciences in Göttingen (PAG) at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany presented by Caroline Eberlein born in Viña del Mar, Chile Göttingen, December 2015 D7 1. Examiner: Prof. Dr. Stefan Vidal (Supervisor) Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Agricultural Entomology, University of Göttingen, Germany 2. Examiner: Prof. Dr. Johannes Hallmann (Co-supervisor) Fachgebiet Ökologischer Pflanzenschutz University of Kassel, Witzenhausen 3. Examiner: Prof. Dr. Andreas von Tiedemann Director of the Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, University of Göttingen, Germany Place and date of dissertation: Göttingen, 9th February 2016. To the memory of my grandparents TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................. I SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................. II GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: ...............................................................................................................................................14 POPULATION DYNAMICS OF GLOBODERA PALLIDA UNDER POTATO MONOCULTURE14 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................15 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................16 MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................................................................17 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................................19 DISCUSSION ...............................................................................................................................................20 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................22 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................................23 CHAPTER 2: ...............................................................................................................................................30 MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES IN GLOBODERA PALLIDA IN FEMALES RAISED IN POTATO MONOCULTURE SOIL ............................................................................................................................30 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................31 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................32 MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................................................................34 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................................39 DISCUSSION ...............................................................................................................................................42 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................46 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................................46 CHAPTER 3: ...............................................................................................................................................62 IMPACT OF CROPPING SEQUENCES AND PRODUCTION STRATEGIES ON SOIL SUPPRESSIVENESS AGAINST CEREAL CYST NEMATODES .......................................................62 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................63 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................64 MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................................................................66 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................................73 DISCUSSION ...............................................................................................................................................78 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................82 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................83 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................................83 CHAPTER 4: .............................................................................................................................................100 BIOLOGICAL SUPPRESSION OF POPULATIONS OF THE PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODE HETERODERA SCHACHTII ADAPTED TO DIFFERENT HOST GENOTYPES OF SUGAR BEET. .........................................................................................................................................................100 ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................................101 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................102 MATERIALS AND METHODS .....................................................................................................................103 RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................................107 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................................114 CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................................118 AKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................119 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................119 GENERAL DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................132 CURRICULUM VITAE ...........................................................................................................................143 DECLARATIONS .....................................................................................................................................146 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Means ± SE of percentage of diseased eggs, number of eggs per cyst and 53 eggs with fungal growth from the content of Globodera pallida females and cysts raised in root observation chambers in potato monoculture soil infested with one of two G. pallida populations. 2.2 Operational taxonomic units (OTU) of the most the dominant bacteria 54 within females of Globodera pallida populations raised in non-heated potato monoculture of Chavornay and Delmsen soil based on the V3V4 region amplicon pyrosequencing. 2.3 Operational taxonomic units (OTU) of the most dominant fungi within 55 females of Globodera pallida raised in non-heated potato monoculture of Chavornay and Delmsen soil based on ITS2 region amplicon pyrosequencing. 3.1 Cereal yields in a transfer study averaged for amendment with non-heated 99 or heated portions of oat monoculture soil in a cereal monoculture with initial oat ‘Nordstern’ or ‘Sang’ compared to a sequence with sugar beet ‘Beretta’ at Münster 2010-2013. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Population densities of Globodera pallida Chavornay and Delmsen on 27 susceptible potato ‘Selma’ in monoculture. 1.2 Tuber yield of potato ‘Selma’ in monoculture plots infested with 28 Globodera pallida Pa3 populations Chavornay or Delmsen (lsmeans ± lsmse) in years 2010 to 2014. 1.3 Relative proportions of potato tuber size classes in Globodera pallida Pa3 29 infested plots of nematode populations Chavornay and Delmsen in years 2010 to 2014. 2.1 Egg of Globodera pallida healthy and compromised, rated as diseased. 56 2.2 Number of females visible on potato roots ‘Selma’ during monitoring in 57 root observation chambers from 36 dpi to 90 dpi of heated and non- treated portions of soil from Chavornay or Delmsen microplots during
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