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APPENDIX Table I: Literacy Rates of Selected Castes of Bombay

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APPENDIX Table I: Literacy Rates of Selected Castes of Bombay APPENDIX Table I: Literacy rates of selected castes of Bombay Province Caste District sampled from Per Cent Literate 1921 1931 Kayastha (CKP) Thana, Bombay city and suburban 57.3 64.4 Chitpavan Brahmins Poona, Satara, Kolaba and Ratnagiri 40.9 55.2 Deshastha Brahmins Deccan districts except West Khandesh 40.3 55.8 Sonar (goldsmith) East Khandesh, Ratnagiri 22.0 23.1 Shimpi (tailor) East Khandesh, Poona, Satara, Dharwar 21.2 29.6 Kosthi (weaver) Nasik, Poona, Satara, Solapur 11.0 17.5 Sali (weaver) Ahmednagar, Satara, Poona. 10.8 18.7 Nhavi (barber) Poona, Kaira, Ratnagiri 7.3 12.0 Sutar (carpenter) Poona, Ratnagiri 4.0 7.5 Teli (oilpresser) East Khandesh, Ratnagiri 3.8 7.5 Dhobi (washerman) East Khandesh, Poona, Satara, Kanara 2.9 5.7 Mali (gardener) Poona 2.3 8.7 Mahar All Deccan districts 1.2 2.9 Dhangar (shepherd) Poona, Satara 1.2 2.7 Chambhar All Deccan districts 1.1 2.0 Kumbhar (potter) Satara, Ratnagiri 1.1 2.9 Mang Deccan districts 0.5 1.6 Maratha Bombay city N.A 11.3 Maratha Satara, Ratnagiri 2.9 N.A Marathi-Kunbi Satara, Ratnagiri N.A 0.6 Kunbi Satara, Ratnagiri 0.6 N.A 353 Source: This Table is taken from Census of India, 1931, Volume VII, Part I: Bombay Report (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1932). Table II: Mamlatdars and Deputy Collectors, 1920-21 Mamlatdars, Deccan Deputy Collectors, Presidency Brahmans 58 Brahmans 33 Parsis 1 Parsis 5 Kshatriya 1 Kayasthas 1 Christians 5 Christians 7 Muslims 3 Prabhus 5 Vidur 1 Banias 1 Marathas 2 Muslims 8 Salis 1 Lingayats 4 Unidentified 20 Source: Legislative Council Debates, March 1921; 1266. 354 Table III: Clerks in the Revenue Department by Caste and District 1930 Commissioner's Brahmins Other Advanced Maratha Muslims Others Total Office and Castes S Allied 0 Castes u r 11 6 1 4 0 0 c Nasii: 114 4 17 26 12 173 West Khandesh 74 12 26 23 5 140 105 4 0 197 East'KJiandese h 65 23 Ahrffidnagar 127 5 18 19 0 173 0 Pooffla 168 6 21 9 20 225 a Shoi^pur 81 0 19 8 9 117 Sa4 128 16 53 19 2 219 TotJP 808 53 220 131 48 1,266 Source: Depressed India Association, in Indian Statutory Commission, Volume XVI: Selections from Memoranda and other unofficial evidence (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1930); 50 355 Table IV: The Growth of Co-operatives in Maharashtra from 1947-1975 Year No. of co­ Membership Working Capital operative of the Co­ in Rupees Societies operatives 1947-48 8,990 14,21,000 60,45,00,000 1948-49 10,140 15,69,000 60,36,00,000 1951 16,120 23,44,000 82,97,00,000 1955 18,850 29,67,000 1,21,33,00,000 1956 19,440 31,61,000 2,64,10,00,000 1956-67 30,250 39,42,000 3,26,27,00,000 1958 31960 42,31,000 4,06,85,00,000 1960-61 31,570 44,00,000 5,30,00,00,000 1965-66 37,420 68,15,000 7,11,77,00,000 1966-67 38,310 75,04,000 8,10,52,00,000 1967-68 39,360 78,44,000 9,14,05,00,000 1968-69 40,060 80,10,000 10,99,92,00,000 1969-70 41,260 84,35,000 12,80,78,00,000 1970-71 42,000 84,35,000 14,90,31,00,000 1972 42,900 86,00,000 22,80,00,00,000 1975 45,000 90,98,769 28,90,43,78,000 Source: Co-operative reports of the Bombay Government and GOM, 1947 to 1973) 356 Table V (a): Recruitment of the Co-operative Leaders to the State during the period of 1967 to 1972 Offices held prior to entry into State Legislature Number Chairman, DCC Banks 17 Directors, DCC Banks 15 Chairman, Co-operative Sugar Factories 9 Chairman, State-level Co-operative Institutions 6 Chairman / Secretaries of other Co-operatives 56 Directors / Members of different types of Co­ 56 operatives Total No. of Legislators coming from Co-operative 159(60.7%) sector No. of Legislators whose infonnation is available 263(100%) i.e. out of 348 Source: Khekale (1999): 92 Table V (b): Group wise ('caste') composition of the Legislative Leaders from Co-operatives (1960- 1971) 'Caste' of the leaders No. of Percentage Leaders Maratha and Kunbi Caste-group 39 81.3 Lingayat and Wani 3 6.2 Brahmin (including a Marwadi 2 4.1 Brahmin) Others (Jain, Marwadi, Wanjara, 4 8.4 Koli and Bari) Total 48 100 Source: Khekale (1999): 97 357 Table V (c): Sugar Cooperatives and 'Maratha' founders Year of Name of the Name of the Political office establishment Co-operative Sugar founder of the founder Factory 1954 Shriram S.S.K. Malojorao Minister Ahmednagar Naik- Nimbalkar 1954 Ashok S.S.K. Bhaskar Patil M.L.A. Ahmednagar Golande 1954 Gangapur S.S.K Balasaheb . M.L.A. Aurangabad Pawar 1955 Gima S.S.K, Nasik Bhausaheb Minister Hirey 1955 Krishna S.S.K, Satara Yashwantrao Minister Mohite 1955 Panchaganga, Ratnappa M.P. Kolhapur Kumbhar 1955 Kopargaon S.S.K, Baburao M.L.A. Ahmednagar Tanpure 1955 Varna S.S.K Tatyasaheb —, Kolhapur Kore 1955 Bhagwati S.S.K, Dadasaheb — Kolhapur Patil Source: Khekale (1999): 117 358 Table V (d): List of the Prominent Leaders Inducted from Sugar co-operatives Name of the Leaders Place Political office Vasant Dada Patil Sangli Minister Yashwantrao Mohite Karhad (Satara) Minister Dhondiram S.Jagtap Satara Minister Rajaram Bapu Patil Valve (Sangli) Minister Ratnappa Kumbhar Kolhapur Minister Vyankatrao B. Hirey Dabhadi (Nasik) Minister Shankarrao Kale Pamer Minister (Ahmednagar) Shankarrao Kolhe Shirdi M.L.A. (Ahmednagar) Shankarrao Mohite-Patil Akluj (Solapur) M.L.A. Shivajirao Patil Nilanga Minister (Osmadabad) Bakvantrao R. Pawar Aurangabad Minister Shamrao Kadam Nanded. Minister Sangram Maknikar Usmanabad Minister Bhikaji J; Khata Ahmednagar Minister Sunderrao Solenke Kej (Bid) Minister Source: Khekale (1999): 127 359 Table V (e): Legislative Leaders who were also the Chairman and Directors of me Co-operative Sugar Factories Holding Chief Positions in the Allied Institutions, 1952-1911 Particulars Number Chairman of All India Federation of Co­ 1 operative Factories, New Delhi Chairman of Maharashtra Rajya Sahakari 2 Sakhar Karkhana Sangha, Bombay Chairman of Maharashtra State Co-operative 2 Bank. Bombay Chairman of District Central Co-operative 14 Banks. Director's of District Central Co-operative 8 Banks Chairman of Dirstrict Land Co-operative Banks 3 Presidents of Zilla Parishads 12 Members of Zilla Parishads 21 Presidents/Secretaries of Private Educational Institutions Total No. of Chairman/Directors of C.S.Fs 65 Source: Khekale (1999): 129 360 Table No: VI Recruitment of Pranchayati Raj Insitution leaders to the State Legislature (1967-72) Previous political career of the legislators No % Total no.of legislators 30J 100 Ex-Sarpanch of Gram Panchayats 26 Ex-Panchas 03 Ex-Sabhapatis of Panchyat Samitis and Janpad Sabhas 34 Ex-Members of Panchayat Samitis and Janpad Sabhas 17 Ex-Presidents of Zillah Parishad, District 64 Councils and District Boards Total Number of office bearers from Zillah 1?: 56.i: Parishad, Panchyat Samitis and Gram Panchayats Ex Presidents of Municipalties 26 Ex-Mayors of Municipal Corporations 04 Ex-Members of Municipal Committees and Corporation 40 Total Number of office bearers from urban local bodies 70 22.7; Source: Khekale (1999): 171 361 ' He derives this figure through an arithmetic calculation based on the 1931 caste census. " In Maharashtra the Brahmins, the priestly caste group which includes many endogamous jatis constitute only 3% of the total population of Maharashtra. The major middle castes include all the cultivator and allied castes of Maharashtra ie. 'Maratha'-kunbi, Mali, Lingayat and Dhangar. Artisian castes like Nais (barbers), Shimpis (Tailors), Lohar (Iron Smith), Sutars (Carpenters), Kumbhars (Potters), Parit or Dhobi (Washerman). Apart from the Martha-kunbi caste cluster the rest of the middle castes comprise less than 28-30 percent of the total population of Maharashtra. (Lele, 1990) The major scheduled castes include Mahars, Matangs, Chambhars and Dhors. The Mahar jati is the largest amongst this caste category (approximately 8% of the total population of Maharashtra). Together the scheduled castes constitute about 16% of the total population of the State. Aboriginals or tribals which are not enumerated in the caste structure like Gonds, Bhils, Kolis, Warlis, Maadeos constitute approximately 9% of the total population of the State. (1981, 1991 and 2001 Census) '" Ghanshyam Shah has argued that caste cannot be treated as solely an objective category that is measurable like occupation, age, sex, education among others. It is relational and subjective that deals with identity, perceptions and imaginings and is always contested and therefore undergoes change from time to time. (Shah, G, 1998, 'Caste-based census will compound past blunders' Times of India, May 22). For a more detailed analysis of the debate refer to - Deshpande and Sundar (2008) , A.M Shah, (1998), Yadav (2010), Teltumbde (2010), Deshpande S and John M (2010) "' The subaltern and post colonial scholars such as Guha (1983), Chatterjee (2004), O'Hanlon (1988), Prakash (1990), O'Hanlon and Washbrook (1992) and Prakash (1992) are basically arguing from the 'politics of knowledge/power' lens. Also see recent writings by historians such as , Dirks (1987), Quigley, D (2000), Travers T (2007). ' One also finds innovative elaborations of constructionism, such as Anderson's (1983) work on imagined community. Anderson approaches national identity as a socio-cognitive construct-one both spatially and temporally inclusive, both enabled and shaped by broader social forces. He documents key moments of identity construction, times during which cultural (language) and social factors (capitalism, print technology) convene in a particular historical moment; effectively remaking collective images of the national self Also see Inden (1986), Raheja (1996), Aloysius G (1997), Guha (1998), Mathur, S (2000), Brass, P (2002), Reddy (2005) and Samarendra (2008) "' As Raheja, G (1996: 494-495) contends that in India, as elsewhere the "...colonial domination comprised both coercive force and attempts to control the flow of discourse about the colonized society and about its relation to the colonizing power...
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