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Freie Software Freie Software Geschichte, Dynamiken und gesellschaftliche Bezüge Volker Grassmuck [email protected] Ver 1.0 September 2000 Korrekturen, Ergänzungen, Anregungen willkommen. Die vorliegende Ausarbeitung ist im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes “Von der Ordnung des Wissens zur Wissenordnung digitaler Medien” entstanden. Sie beruht unter anderem auf dem Fachgespräch Open Source-Software des BMWi am 15.7.1999 und der Konferenz Wizards of OS. Offene Quellen und Freie Software am 16.-17.7.1999, beide im Haus der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin. Die Arbeit erhielt finanzielle Unterstützung von der DFG und dem BMWi. online unter http://mikro.org/Events/OS/text/freie-sw.html und http://mikro.org/Events/OS/text/freie-sw.pdf (dieser Text) Einleitung .................................................................4 Geschichte................................................................8 “Wissenskommunismus” der Wissenschaften ...............................8 Internet.............................................................9 Frühphase ....................................................10 Wachstum ...................................................13 Institutionalisierung ......................................15 Netzwerkforschung ......................................16 Neue Architekturen, Protokolle und Dienste ...................17 Internationalisierung .....................................19 Kommerzialisierung......................................21 Wende ab 1990 ...............................................21 The Beginning of the Great Conversation ...........................25 Geschichte der Software-Entwicklung ...................................26 Betriebssysteme...............................................32 Unix........................................................33 Das GNU-Projekt ........................................38 GNU/Linux ............................................45 Von ‘Free Software’ zu ‘Open Source Software’ ...........................47 Zahlen zur freien Software ............................................50 Was ist freie Software, wie entsteht sie, wer macht sie?............................52 Quellcode und Objektcode .............................................52 Wie funktioniert ein Projekt der freien Software? ...........................53 Core-Team und Maintainer ......................................55 Die Community ...............................................55 Entscheidungsfindung: “rough concensus and running code” ............56 Code-Forking .................................................57 Die Tools ....................................................58 Debugging ...................................................58 Die Releases..................................................61 Institutionalisierung: Stiftungen und nichtprofitorientierte Unternehmen . 62 Die Motivation: Wer sind die Leute und warum machen die das... wenn nicht für Geld? ..............................................64 Software-Zyklus: Entwickler, Power-User, Endnutzer .................68 Die Software .............................................................72 BSD..............................................................74 Debian GNU/Linux ..................................................76 XFree86...........................................................78 KDE..............................................................81 Apache............................................................82 GIMP.............................................................85 Lizenzmodelle............................................................87 BSD-Lizenz........................................................90 2 GNU General Public License ...........................................91 GPL und deutsches Recht .......................................95 Library GPL..................................................97 Lesser GPL..................................................100 Weitere offene Lizenzen .............................................101 Verhältnis von freiem und proprietärem Code ......................105 Status abgeleiteter Werke ......................................106 Beispiele für Lizenzkonflikte ....................................108 Unfreie Lizenzen...................................................112 Der Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act ................120 Gesellschaftliche Potentiale freier Software ....................................127 Freie Software in der Bildung .........................................128 Freie Software in den Nicht-G7-Ländern ................................129 Wirtschaftliche Potentiale freier Software ......................................134 Anwender von freier Software .........................................141 Dienstleister rund um freie Software ....................................143 Systemhäuser, Hard- und Software-Hersteller .......................144 Distributoren ................................................145 Application Service Providers (ASPs) .............................146 Projekt-Hosting und Portale .....................................147 Erstellung freier Software ............................................147 Dokumentation .....................................................149 Praxisbeispiele...........................................................150 LunetIX ..........................................................150 SuSE.............................................................151 Innominate ........................................................153 New Technologies Management GmbH .................................154 die tageszeitung ....................................................156 Babcock-BSH .....................................................157 Lehmanns Buchhandlung .............................................158 Individual Network .................................................160 O’Reilly Verlag ....................................................160 Intershop .........................................................162 Sicherheit...............................................................164 Betriebssicherheit...................................................166 Gewährleistung und Haftung ....................................166 Kryptografie: Security by Obscurity vs. offene Verfahren ...................169 Vertrauenswürdige Instanzen ..........................................178 ‘Betriebssystem’ für eine freiheitliche Gesellschaft ..............................181 Literatur..........................................................184 3 Einleitung Daß Menschen in freier Kooperation ohne primäres Interesse am Gelderwerb, ohne sich je getroffen zu haben und ohne eine Leitung, die ihnen sagt, was sie zu tun haben, hochwertige Software schreiben, ist eine erstaunliche Tatsache. Zumal in einer Zeit, da Wissen in einem Ausmaß und mit einer Reichweite kommodifiziert wird, wie es nie zuvor auch nur denkbar war. Im Sommer 1998 trat diese verblüffende Entwicklung ins Licht der Öffentlichkeit. Software war mit dem Aufkommen des PC-Marktes zu Beginn der achtziger Jahre zu einem regulären Massenprodukt geworden. Firmen wie Microsoft, Corel oder IBM boten Betriebssysteme, Anwendungen und Netze als Standardware im Regal an. Verblüffend war nun, daß in einem über zwanzig Jahre gereiften Marksegment plötzlich Konkurrenz aus einer unwahrscheinlichen Richtung auftauchte. Erfolgs-Software wie Linux, Perl oder XFree86 wird von Gruppen locker zusammenarbeitender vermeintlicher Hobbyisten erstellt, die meist nicht einmal eine ordentliche Rechtsform hatten. Und sie verkauften keine Produkte, sondern verschenkten eine Teilhabe an ihrem gemeinsamen Software-Entwicklungsprozeß. Während die Industrie den Schutz ihres exklusiven geistigen Eigentums immer weiter ausbaut (die Entscheidung des US-Verfassungsgerichts von 1981, die erstmals die grundsätzliche Patentierbarkeit von Software bekräftige, war ein wichtiger Schritt in diese Richtung), liegt die Stärke des alternativen Modells darin, den geistigen Reichtum frei mit aller Welt zu teilen und gemeinsam fortzuschreiben. Im Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit stand das Unix-artige PC-Betriebssystem GNU/Linux. Philosophen und Evangelisten gab es auch früher, doch ihr ‘Manifest’ erhielt die Open-Source-Bewegung Anfang 1998 mit Eric Raymonds Aufsatz “The Cathedral and the Bazaar”.1 Darin beschreibt er die Faustregeln für eine verteilte, offene, locker gekoppelte Zusammenarbeit am selben komplexen Software-Projekt durch Tausende von über die ganze Welt verstreuten Menschen. Sein Paradebeispiel für den Erfolg einer solchen unwahrscheinlichen Organistationsform ist das von Linus Torvalds initiierte Betriebssystemkern-Projekt Linux. “In fact, I think Linus’s cleverest and most consequential hack was not the construction of the Linux kernel itself, but rather his invention of the Linux development model.” Open Source stellt die konventionelle Logik auf den Kopf: verteilte Gruppen von Gleichen sind effizienter als Chef-geleitete, hierarchische Systeme. Wer die Früchte seiner Arbeit verschenkt, hat mehr davon. Eigennutz und Anerkennung motivieren effektiver als Geld. Fragt man Eingeweihte, wie denn solche freien Projekte zustande kommen und welche Ingredienzen es dazu braucht, erfährt man, daß das ganz einfach sei: “In dem Moment, wo man Leute mit einer guten Ausbildung und viel Freizeit zusammentut mit einer guten Kommunikationsinfrastruktur, also gut verfügbarer Netzbandbreite, sorgen die von selbst dafür, daß sie sich nicht langweilen und fangen irgendwelche seltsame Projekte an, wie
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