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CULTIVATING OPEN INFORMATION PLATFORMS: A LAND TRUST MODEL MOLLY SHAFFER VAN HOUWELING* INTRODUCTION James Boyle has led a recent call for intellectual property “environmentalism”—a movement to fend off perceived threats to the public interest posed by expansions in the scope and term of intellectual property protection.1 Inspired in part by Boyle’s message, a number of organizations have sprung up that aspire to expand and cultivate the body of intellectual works that are not subject to proprietary control.2 The Internet’s original development as a non-proprietary in- formation platform is another source of inspiration for this incip- ient movement.3 The Internet is built on a suite of protocols— * Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School. Thanks to Kenneth Bamberger, Stefan Bechtold, Glenn Otis Brown, Julie Cohen, Bruce Damer, Rebecca Eisenberg, Edward Felten, Frank Hecker, Daphne Keller, Thom LeDoux, Mark Lemley, Lawrence Lessig, Douglas Lichtman, Ronald Mann, Thomas Nachbar, Maureen O’Rourke, Timothy Schoechle, Theodore Ts’o, Robert Van Houweling, and Jonathan Zittrain for comments. This essay was the basis for a presentation at the Silicon Flatirons Telecommunications Program Conference on Regulation of Information Platforms. Thanks to Philip Weiser for organizing the conference and to him and the other conference participants for their comments. 1. See, e.g., James Boyle, A Politics of Intellectual Property: Environmentalism for the Net?, 47 DUKE L.J. 87, 108-16 (1997); James Boyle, The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain, 39-43 (paper presented at the Duke conference on the Public Domain, Nov. 2001), discussion draft available at http://www.law.duke.edu/pd/papers/boyle.pdf; see also Seth Shulman, Intellectual- Property Ecology, TECHNOLOGY REVIEW, Mar. -
SFLC V Conservancy
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Electronic Filing System. http://estta.uspto.gov ESTTA Tracking number: ESTTA863914 Filing date: 12/11/2017 IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD Proceeding 92066968 Party Defendant Software Freedom Conservancy Correspondence PAMELA S CHESTECK Address CHESTEK LEGAL P O BOX 2492 RALEIGH, NC 27602 UNITED STATES Email: [email protected] Submission Motion for Summary Judgment Yes, the Filer previously made its initial disclosures pursuant to Trademark Rule 2.120(a); OR the motion for summary judgment is based on claim or issue pre- clusion, or lack of jurisdiction. The deadline for pretrial disclosures for the first testimony period as originally set or reset: 07/20/2018 Filer's Name Pamela S Chestek Filer's email [email protected] Signature /Pamela S Chestek/ Date 12/11/2017 Attachments Motion for SJ on affirmative defenses-signed.pdf(756280 bytes ) Kuhn-Declara- tion_summary-judgment_as-submitted_reduced-size-signed.pdf(2181238 bytes ) Sandler-declara- tion_summary-judgment_as-submitted-reduced-size-signed.pdf(1777273 bytes ) Chestek declaration_summary-judgment-signed-with-exhibits.pdf(2003142 bytes ) IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD In the Mater of Registraion No. 4212971 Mark: SOFTWARE FREEDOM CONSERVANCY Registraion date: September 25, 2012 Sotware Freedom Law Center Peiioner, v. Cancellaion No. 92066968 Sotware Freedom Conservancy Registrant. RESPONDENT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON ITS AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES Introducion The Peiioner, Sotware Freedom Law Center (“SFLC”), is a provider of legal services. It had the idea to create an independent enity that would ofer inancial and administraive services for free and open source sotware projects. -
Anarchism Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright
Anarchism Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright Eben Moglen£ May 17, 1999 I Software as Property: The Theoretical Paradox SOFTWARE: no other word so thoroughly connotes the practical and social effects of the digital revolution. Originally, the term was purely tech- nical, and denoted the parts of a computer system that, unlike “hardware,” which was unchangeably manufactured in system electronics, could be al- tered freely. The first software amounted to the plug configuration of ca- bles or switches on the outside panels of an electronic device, but as soonas linguistic means of altering computer behavior had been developed, “soft- ware” mostly denoted the expressions in more or less human-readable lan- guage that both described and controlled machine behavior.1 £ Professor of Law & Legal History, Columbia Law School. Prepared for delivery at the Buchmann International Conference on Law, Technology and Information, at Tel Aviv Uni- versity, May 1999; my thanks to the organizers for their kind invitation. I owe much as always to Pamela Karlan for her insight and encouragement. Thanks are due to Jerome Saltzer, Richard Stallman, and numerous others who freely contributed corrections and im- povements to this paper. I especially wish to thank the programmers throughout the world who made free software possible. 1The distinction was only approximate in its original context. By the late 1960s cer- tain portions of the basic operation of hardware were controlled by programs digitally en- coded in the electronics of computer equipment, not subject to change after the units left the factory. Such symbolic but unmodifiable components were known in the trade as “mi- crocode,” but it became conventional to refer to them as “firmware.” Softness, the term “firmware” demonstrated, referred primarily to users’ ability to alter symbols determining machine behavior. -
Coase's Penguin, Or, Linux and the Nature of the Firm
Coase’s Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm Yochai Benkler* Abstract For decades our common understanding of the organization of economic production has been that individuals order their productive activities in one of two ways: either as employees in firms, following the directions of managers, or as individuals in markets, following price signals. This dichotomy was first identified in the early work of Ronald Coase and was developed most explicitly in the work of institutional economist Oliver Williamson. In this paper I explain why we are beginning to see the emergence of a new, third mode of production, in the digitally networked environment, a mode I call commons-based peer production. In the past three or four years, public attention has focused on a fifteen-year- old social-economic phenomenon in the software development world. This phenomenon, called free software or open source software, involves thousands or even tens of thousands of programmers contributing to large and small scale projects, where the central organizing principle is that the software remains free of most constraints on copying and use common to proprietary materials. No one “owns” the software in the traditional sense of being able to command how it is used or developed, or to control its disposition. The result has been the emergence of a vibrant, innovative and productive collaboration, whose participants are not organized in firms and do not choose their projects in response to price signals. This paper explains that while free software is highly visible, it is in fact only one example of a much broader social-economic phenomenon. -
GNU Emacs Manual
GNU Emacs Manual GNU Emacs Manual Sixteenth Edition, Updated for Emacs Version 22.1. Richard Stallman This is the Sixteenth edition of the GNU Emacs Manual, updated for Emacs version 22.1. Copyright c 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being \The GNU Manifesto," \Distribution" and \GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE," with the Front-Cover texts being \A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License." (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: \You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development." Published by the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA ISBN 1-882114-86-8 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. i Short Contents Preface ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 Distribution ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 Introduction ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 1 The Organization of the Screen :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 2 Characters, Keys and Commands ::::::::::::::::::::::: 11 3 Entering and Exiting Emacs ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 15 4 Basic Editing -
Analisi Del Progetto Mozilla
Università degli studi di Padova Facoltà di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Naturali Corso di Laurea in Informatica Relazione per il corso di Tecnologie Open Source Analisi del progetto Mozilla Autore: Marco Teoli A.A 2008/09 Consegnato: 30/06/2009 “ Open source does work, but it is most definitely not a panacea. If there's a cautionary tale here, it is that you can't take a dying project, sprinkle it with the magic pixie dust of "open source", and have everything magically work out. Software is hard. The issues aren't that simple. ” Jamie Zawinski Indice Introduzione................................................................................................................................3 Vision .........................................................................................................................................4 Mozilla Labs...........................................................................................................................5 Storia...........................................................................................................................................6 Mozilla Labs e i progetti di R&D...........................................................................................8 Mercato.......................................................................................................................................9 Tipologia di mercato e di utenti..............................................................................................9 Quote di mercato (Firefox).....................................................................................................9 -
Encouragez Les Framabooks !
Encouragez les Framabooks ! You can use Unglue.it to help to thank the creators for making Histoires et cultures du Libre. Des logiciels partagés aux licences échangées free. The amount is up to you. Click here to thank the creators Sous la direction de : Camille Paloque-Berges, Christophe Masutti Histoires et cultures du Libre Des logiciels partagés aux licences échangées II Framasoft a été créé en novembre 2001 par Alexis Kauffmann. En janvier 2004 une asso- ciation éponyme a vu le jour pour soutenir le développement du réseau. Pour plus d’infor- mation sur Framasoft, consulter http://www.framasoft.org. Se démarquant de l’édition classique, les Framabooks sont dits « livres libres » parce qu’ils sont placés sous une licence qui permet au lecteur de disposer des mêmes libertés qu’un utilisateur de logiciels libres. Les Framabooks s’inscrivent dans cette culture des biens communs qui, à l’instar de Wikipédia, favorise la création, le partage, la diffusion et l’ap- propriation collective de la connaissance. Le projet Framabook est coordonné par Christophe Masutti. Pour plus d’information, consultez http://framabook.org. Copyright 2013 : Camille Paloque-Berges, Christophe Masutti, Framasoft (coll. Framabook) Histoires et cultures du Libre. Des logiciels partagés aux licences échangées est placé sous licence Creative Commons -By (3.0). Édité avec le concours de l’INRIA et Inno3. ISBN : 978-2-9539187-9-3 Prix : 25 euros Dépôt légal : mai 2013, Framasoft (impr. lulu.com, Raleigh, USA) Pingouins : LL de Mars, Licence Art Libre Couverture : création par Nadège Dauvergne, Licence CC-By Mise en page avec LATEX Cette œuvre est mise à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 France. -
Annual Report
[Credits] Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY 4.0). All text by John Hsieh and Georgia Young, except the Letter from the Executive Director, which is by John Sullivan. Images (name, license, and page location): Wouter Velhelst: cover image; Kori Feener, CC BY-SA 4.0: inside front cover, 2-4, 8, 14-15, 20-21, 23-25, 27-29, 32-33, 36, 40-41; Michele Kowal: 5; Anonymous, CC BY 3.0: 7, 16, 17; Ruben Rodriguez, CC BY-SA 4.0: 10, 13, 34-35; Anonymous, All rights reserved: 16 (top left); Pablo Marinero & Cecilia e. Camero, CC BY 3.0: 17; Free This report highlights activities Software Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0: 18-19; Tracey Hughes, CC BY-SA 4.0: 30; Jose Cleto Hernandez Munoz, CC BY-SA 3.0: 31, Pixabay/stevepb, CC0: 37. and detailed financials for Fiscal Year 2016 Fonts: Letter Gothic by Roger Roberson; Orator by John Scheppler; Oswald by (October 1, 2015 - September 30, 2016) Vernon Adams, under the OFL; Seravek by Eric Olson; Jura by Daniel Johnson. Created using Inkscape, GIMP, and PDFsam. Designer: Tammy from Creative Joe. 1] LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR 2] OUR MISSION 3] TECH 4] CAMPAIGNS 5] LIBREPLANET 2016 6] LICENSING & COMPLIANCE 7] CONFERENCES & EVENTS 7 8] LEADERSHIP & STAFF [CONTENTS] 9] FINANCIALS 9 10] OUR DONORS CONTENTS our most important [1] measure of success is support for the ideals of LETTER FROM free software... THE EXECUTIVE we have momentum DIRECTOR on our side. LETTER FROM THE 2016 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR DEAR SUPPORTERS For almost 32 years, the FSF has inspired people around the Charity Navigator gave the FSF its highest rating — four stars — world to be passionate about computer user freedom as an ethical with an overall score of 99.57/100 and a perfect 100 in the issue, and provided vital tools to make the world a better place. -
Coase's Penguin, Or, Linux and the Nature of the Firm
Articles Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm Yochai Benklert CONTENTS INTROD UCTION ..........................................................................................371 I. PEER PRODUCTION ALL AROUND ......................................................381 A . Content .........................................................................................384 B. Relevance/Accreditation.............................................................. 390 C. Value-Added Distribution............................................................ 396 D . Sum m ary ......................................................................................399 t Professor of Law, New York University School of Law. Research for this Article was partly supported by a grant from the Filomen D'Agostino and Max E. Greenberg Research Fund at the New York University School of Law. I owe thanks to many for comments on this and earlier drafts, including: Bruce Ackerman, Ed Baker, Elazar Barkan, Jamie Boyle, Dan Burk, Ben Damstedt, Bob Ellickson, Terry Fisher, Natalie Jeremijenko, David Johnson, Dan Kahan, Niva Elkin Koren, Tara Lenmey, Larry Lessig, Doug Lichtman, Jerry Mashaw, Eben Moglen, Mark Nadel, Helen Nissenbaum, George Priest, Peggy Radin, Carol Rose, Chuck Sabel, Alan Schwartz, Clay Shirky, Richard Stallman, and Kenji Yoshino. I owe special thanks to Steve Snyder for his invaluable research assistance on the peer production enterprises described here. I have gotten many questions about the "Coase's Penguin" portion of the title. -
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Preface . ix 1. Open Source Licensing, Contract, and Copyright Law . 1 Basic Principles of Copyright Law 1 Contract and Copyright 3 Open Source Software Licensing 4 Issues with Copyrights and Patents 7 The Open Source Definition 8 Warranties 11 2. The MIT, BSD, Apache, and Academic Free Licenses . 14 The MIT (or X) License 14 The BSD License 15 The Apache License, v1.1 and v2.0 17 The Academic Free License 24 Application and Philosophy 30 3. The GPL, LGPL, and Mozilla Licenses . 34 GNU General Public License 35 GNU Lesser General Public License 49 The Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL 1.1) 62 Application and Philosophy 81 4. Qt, Artistic, and Creative Commons Licenses . 85 The Q Public License 85 Artistic License (Perl) 90 Creative Commons Licenses 98 vii 5. Non-Open Source Licenses . 114 Classic Proprietary License 114 Sun Community Source License 120 Microsoft Shared Source Initiative 144 6. Legal Impacts of Open Source and Free Software Licensing . 147 Entering Contracts 148 Statutory Developments Related to Software Contracts 150 The Self-Enforcing Nature of Open Source and Free Software Licenses 151 The Global Scope of Open Source and Free Software Licensing 153 The “Negative Effects” of Open Source and Free Software Licensing 154 Community Enforcement of Open Source and Free Software Licenses 158 Compatible and Incompatible Licensing: Multiple and Cross Licensing 159 7. Software Development Using Open Source and Free Software Licenses . 164 Models of Open Source and Free Software Development 164 Forking 171 Choosing an Open Source or Free Software License 174 Drafting Open Source Licenses 176 Appendix: Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License . -
Anarquismo Triunfante: El Software Libre Y La Muerte Del Copyright Eben Moglen
Anarquismo triunfante: el software libre y la muerte del copyright Eben Moglen La propagación del kernel del sistema operativo Linux ha llamado la atención hacia el movimiento del Software Libre. El presente ensayo muestra por qué el Software Libre, lejos de ser un participante marginal en el Mercado del Software comercial, es el vital primer paso hacia el marchitamiento del sistema de propiedad intelectual. Universidad Libre de Santiago Ediciones RedHack.Lab / 2010 Pirateado desde: El Infinito Perpendicular Original en: BlagBlagBlag Anarquismo triunfante: el software libre y la muerte del copyright - Eben Moglen Contenidos I. El software como propiedad: la paradoja teórica II. El software como propiedad: el problema práctico III. El anarquismo como un modo de producción IV. ¿Mueren sus señorías en la oscuridad? Eben Moglen es un profesor de derecho e historia en la Universidad de Columbia. Es director del Software Freedom Law Center, que fundó en 2005. Y colabora como consejero general para la Fundación del Software Libre. Wikipedia Universidad Libre de Santiago – Ediciones RedHack.Lab- 2011 Anarquismo triunfante: el software libre y la muerte del copyright - Eben Moglen Universidad Libre de Santiago – Ediciones RedHack.Lab- 2011 Anarquismo triunfante: el software libre y la muerte del copyright - Eben Moglen I. El software como propiedad: la paradoja teórica SOFTWARE: ninguna otra palabra connota tan exhaustivamente tanto los efectos prácticos como los sociales de la revolución digital. En sus inicios, el término era exclusivamente técnico, y denotaba las partes de algún sistema de cómputo que, en contraste con el hardware (el cual era manufacturado en sistemas electrónicos sin la posibilidad de realizarle ajustes posteriores al gusto y necesidad del usuario), podía ser cambiado libremente. -
Free As in Freedom (2.0): Richard Stallman and the Free Software Revolution
Free as in Freedom (2.0): Richard Stallman and the Free Software Revolution Sam Williams Second edition revisions by Richard M. Stallman i This is Free as in Freedom 2.0: Richard Stallman and the Free Soft- ware Revolution, a revision of Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. Copyright c 2002, 2010 Sam Williams Copyright c 2010 Richard M. Stallman Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License." Published by the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin St., Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1335 USA ISBN: 9780983159216 The cover photograph of Richard Stallman is by Peter Hinely. The PDP-10 photograph in Chapter 7 is by Rodney Brooks. The photo- graph of St. IGNUcius in Chapter 8 is by Stian Eikeland. Contents Foreword by Richard M. Stallmanv Preface by Sam Williams vii 1 For Want of a Printer1 2 2001: A Hacker's Odyssey 13 3 A Portrait of the Hacker as a Young Man 25 4 Impeach God 37 5 Puddle of Freedom 59 6 The Emacs Commune 77 7 A Stark Moral Choice 89 8 St. Ignucius 109 9 The GNU General Public License 123 10 GNU/Linux 145 iii iv CONTENTS 11 Open Source 159 12 A Brief Journey through Hacker Hell 175 13 Continuing the Fight 181 Epilogue from Sam Williams: Crushing Loneliness 193 Appendix A { Hack, Hackers, and Hacking 209 Appendix B { GNU Free Documentation License 217 Foreword by Richard M.