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CULTIVATING OPEN INFORMATION PLATFORMS: A LAND TRUST MODEL MOLLY SHAFFER VAN HOUWELING* INTRODUCTION James Boyle has led a recent call for intellectual property “environmentalism”—a movement to fend off perceived threats to the public interest posed by expansions in the scope and term of intellectual property protection.1 Inspired in part by Boyle’s message, a number of organizations have sprung up that aspire to expand and cultivate the body of intellectual works that are not subject to proprietary control.2 The Internet’s original development as a non-proprietary in- formation platform is another source of inspiration for this incip- ient movement.3 The Internet is built on a suite of protocols— * Assistant Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School. Thanks to Kenneth Bamberger, Stefan Bechtold, Glenn Otis Brown, Julie Cohen, Bruce Damer, Rebecca Eisenberg, Edward Felten, Frank Hecker, Daphne Keller, Thom LeDoux, Mark Lemley, Lawrence Lessig, Douglas Lichtman, Ronald Mann, Thomas Nachbar, Maureen O’Rourke, Timothy Schoechle, Theodore Ts’o, Robert Van Houweling, and Jonathan Zittrain for comments. This essay was the basis for a presentation at the Silicon Flatirons Telecommunications Program Conference on Regulation of Information Platforms. Thanks to Philip Weiser for organizing the conference and to him and the other conference participants for their comments. 1. See, e.g., James Boyle, A Politics of Intellectual Property: Environmentalism for the Net?, 47 DUKE L.J. 87, 108-16 (1997); James Boyle, The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain, 39-43 (paper presented at the Duke conference on the Public Domain, Nov. 2001), discussion draft available at http://www.law.duke.edu/pd/papers/boyle.pdf; see also Seth Shulman, Intellectual- Property Ecology, TECHNOLOGY REVIEW, Mar. -
Anarchism Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright
Anarchism Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright Eben Moglen£ May 17, 1999 I Software as Property: The Theoretical Paradox SOFTWARE: no other word so thoroughly connotes the practical and social effects of the digital revolution. Originally, the term was purely tech- nical, and denoted the parts of a computer system that, unlike “hardware,” which was unchangeably manufactured in system electronics, could be al- tered freely. The first software amounted to the plug configuration of ca- bles or switches on the outside panels of an electronic device, but as soonas linguistic means of altering computer behavior had been developed, “soft- ware” mostly denoted the expressions in more or less human-readable lan- guage that both described and controlled machine behavior.1 £ Professor of Law & Legal History, Columbia Law School. Prepared for delivery at the Buchmann International Conference on Law, Technology and Information, at Tel Aviv Uni- versity, May 1999; my thanks to the organizers for their kind invitation. I owe much as always to Pamela Karlan for her insight and encouragement. Thanks are due to Jerome Saltzer, Richard Stallman, and numerous others who freely contributed corrections and im- povements to this paper. I especially wish to thank the programmers throughout the world who made free software possible. 1The distinction was only approximate in its original context. By the late 1960s cer- tain portions of the basic operation of hardware were controlled by programs digitally en- coded in the electronics of computer equipment, not subject to change after the units left the factory. Such symbolic but unmodifiable components were known in the trade as “mi- crocode,” but it became conventional to refer to them as “firmware.” Softness, the term “firmware” demonstrated, referred primarily to users’ ability to alter symbols determining machine behavior. -
Coase's Penguin, Or, Linux and the Nature of the Firm
Coase’s Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm Yochai Benkler* Abstract For decades our common understanding of the organization of economic production has been that individuals order their productive activities in one of two ways: either as employees in firms, following the directions of managers, or as individuals in markets, following price signals. This dichotomy was first identified in the early work of Ronald Coase and was developed most explicitly in the work of institutional economist Oliver Williamson. In this paper I explain why we are beginning to see the emergence of a new, third mode of production, in the digitally networked environment, a mode I call commons-based peer production. In the past three or four years, public attention has focused on a fifteen-year- old social-economic phenomenon in the software development world. This phenomenon, called free software or open source software, involves thousands or even tens of thousands of programmers contributing to large and small scale projects, where the central organizing principle is that the software remains free of most constraints on copying and use common to proprietary materials. No one “owns” the software in the traditional sense of being able to command how it is used or developed, or to control its disposition. The result has been the emergence of a vibrant, innovative and productive collaboration, whose participants are not organized in firms and do not choose their projects in response to price signals. This paper explains that while free software is highly visible, it is in fact only one example of a much broader social-economic phenomenon. -
Linux at 25 PETERHISTORY H
Linux at 25 PETERHISTORY H. SALUS Peter H. Salus is the author of A n June 1991, at the USENIX conference in Nashville, BSD NET-2 was Quarter Century of UNIX (1994), announced. Two months later, on August 25, Linus Torvalds announced Casting the Net (1995), and The his new operating system on comp.os.minix. Today, Android, Google’s Daemon, the Gnu and the Penguin I (2008). [email protected] version of Linux, is used on over two billion smartphones and other appli- ances. In this article, I provide some history about the early years of Linux. Linus was born into the Swedish minority of Finland (about 5% of the five million Finns). He was a “math guy” throughout his schooling. Early on, he “inherited” a Commodore VIC- 20 (released in June 1980) from his grandfather; in 1987 he spent his savings on a Sinclair QL (released in January 1984, the “Quantum Leap,” with a Motorola 68008 running at 7.5 MHz and 128 kB of RAM, was intended for small businesses and the serious hobbyist). It ran Q-DOS, and it was what got Linus involved: One of the things I hated about the QL was that it had a read-only operating system. You couldn’t change things ... I bought a new assembler ... and an editor.... Both ... worked fine, but they were on the microdrives and couldn’t be put on the EEPROM. So I wrote my own editor and assembler and used them for all my programming. Both were written in assembly language, which is incredibly stupid by today’s standards. -
Customizing Debian Benjamin Mako Hill
Customizing Debian “Fork Yours with Debian GNU/Linux” Benjamin Mako Hill [email protected] http://mako.yukidoke.org Ubuntu Debian Project Software in the Public Interest Benjamin Mako Hill LCA - Debian MiniConf4 http://mako.yukidoke.org The World of Debian Customizers There are 115 distributions derived from Debian. AbulÉdu • Adamantix • AGNULA GNU/Linux Audio Distribution • ANTEMIUM Linux • Arabbix • ARMA aka Omoikane GNU/Linux • ASLinux • Auditor Security Linux • Augustux • B2D Linux • BEERnix • Biadix • BIG LINUX • Bioknoppix • BlackRhino • Bluewall GNU/Linux • Bonzai Linux • BrlSpeak • Càtix • CensorNet • Clusterix • ClusterKNOPPIX • Condorux • Damn Small Linux • Danix • DebXPde • eduKnoppix • ERPOSS • ESware • Euronode • FAMELIX • Feather Linux • Flonix • Vital Data Forensic or Rescue Kit (FoRK) • Freeduc-cd • GEOLivre Linux • Gibraltar Firewall • GNIX-Vivo • Gnoppix Linux • gnuLinEx • GNU/Linux Kinneret • GNUstep Live CD • grml • Guadalinex • Helix • Hiweed Linux • Impi Linux • Julex • K-DEMar • Kaella • Knoppix Linux Azur • Kalango Linux • KANOTIX • KlusTriX • knopILS • Knoppel • Knoppix • Knoppix 64 • Knoppix STD • KnoppiXMAME • KnoppMyth • Kurumin Linux • LAMPPIX • Libranet GNU/Linux • LIIS Linux • LinEspa • Linspire • Linux Live Game Project • Linux Loco • LinuxDefender Live! CD • Linuxin • LiVux • Local Area Security Linux (L.A.S.) • Luinux • Luit Linux • MAX: Madrid_Linux • Mediainlinux • MEPIS Linux • Metadistro-Pequelin • MIKO GNYO/Linux • Morphix • Munjoy Linux • Nature's Linux • NordisKnoppix • OGo Knoppix • Oralux • Overclockix -
As Writers of Film and Television and Members of the Writers Guild Of
July 20, 2021 As writers of film and television and members of the Writers Guild of America, East and Writers Guild of America West, we understand the critical importance of a union contract. We are proud to stand in support of the editorial staff at MSNBC who have chosen to organize with the Writers Guild of America, East. We welcome you to the Guild and the labor movement. We encourage everyone to vote YES in the upcoming election so you can get to the bargaining table to have a say in your future. We work in scripted television and film, including many projects produced by NBC Universal. Through our union membership we have been able to negotiate fair compensation, excellent benefits, and basic fairness at work—all of which are enshrined in our union contract. We are ready to support you in your effort to do the same. We’re all in this together. Vote Union YES! In solidarity and support, Megan Abbott (THE DEUCE) John Aboud (HOME ECONOMICS) Daniel Abraham (THE EXPANSE) David Abramowitz (CAGNEY AND LACEY; HIGHLANDER; DAUGHTER OF THE STREETS) Jay Abramowitz (FULL HOUSE; MR. BELVEDERE; THE PARKERS) Gayle Abrams (FASIER; GILMORE GIRLS; 8 SIMPLE RULES) Kristen Acimovic (THE OPPOSITION WITH JORDAN KLEEPER) Peter Ackerman (THINGS YOU SHOULDN'T SAY PAST MIDNIGHT; ICE AGE; THE AMERICANS) Joan Ackermann (ARLISS) 1 Ilunga Adell (SANFORD & SON; WATCH YOUR MOUTH; MY BROTHER & ME) Dayo Adesokan (SUPERSTORE; YOUNG & HUNGRY; DOWNWARD DOG) Jonathan Adler (THE TONIGHT SHOW STARRING JIMMY FALLON) Erik Agard (THE CHASE) Zaike Airey (SWEET TOOTH) Rory Albanese (THE DAILY SHOW WITH JON STEWART; THE NIGHTLY SHOW WITH LARRY WILMORE) Chris Albers (LATE NIGHT WITH CONAN O'BRIEN; BORGIA) Lisa Albert (MAD MEN; HALT AND CATCH FIRE; UNREAL) Jerome Albrecht (THE LOVE BOAT) Georgianna Aldaco (MIRACLE WORKERS) Robert Alden (STREETWALKIN') Richard Alfieri (SIX DANCE LESSONS IN SIX WEEKS) Stephanie Allain (DEAR WHITE PEOPLE) A.C. -
Gnomic Cyborg
Gnomic cyborg For more of Karen’s wisdom go to TuxRadar.com Andrew gregory talks to Karen Sandler, Executive Director of the Gnome Foundation, and hears some compelling arguments for software freedom. A cyborg gnome Software Freedom Law center; finding out that whether i needed one, getting doctors’ opinions conjures up images of i needed this device, then finding out that it and then getting second opinions, and i kept a garden ornament was based on proprietary software. over the putting it off. i took a whole year, and i finally Interview wielding a phased course of evaluating whether to get this device decided i would get the device. plasma rifle in the 40 and having the magnitude of all of that sink in, And then it took me a whole other year to do watt range, so we’re i realised that it’s not just my medical device; the research, because every time i read about looking forward to it’s not just our lives that are relying on this the failures of these medical devices it affected meeting Karen software: it’s our cars, and our voting me so personally. Reading about the failed Sandler, executive director of the Gnome machines, and our stock markets and now our insulin pumps other software failures on Foundation and self-professed cyborg phones in the way that we communicate with medical devices, people who got lethal doses of lawyer. What followed was a journey through one another. We’re building this infrastructure, insulin… i would start working on it and then Gnome 3, security flaws in medical implants and it’s putting so much trust in the hands of have to put the research away, and come back and why people shouldn’t be jerks online. -
Cours-09-Leadership.Pdf
How to become a free software leader in three easy steps I. Hi! II. Importance of leadership III. On free software IV. What is free software? V. Organizational models VI. Break VII. Mixxx & Open edX VIII. Being too successful IX. How-to Guide Hi I’m Molly I was once invited to an Open Source Thought Leader event hosted by Facebook. (I didn’t go.) Why is leadership important? We can save the world if we know how to build things together. That's what communities are about. Communities are about building things together. Communities need leaders and structure. We’ll get back to this later. What is this thing called free software? Cat from openclipart.org. Free software is a philosophical stance on the rights of people who interact with or own technology driven by software. Sometimes we call individual pieces of software “free.” Having your software be free is a moral imperative. Opening up code bases can lead to innovation. There are practical benefits to your code being open. Building community allows you to experience these benefits. Creating good free software comes from breaking down the wall. “Ideas don’t come from people; ideas come from conversations.” -Cesar Hidalgo Examples of free software Projects Tor logo, CC-BY; BSD demon, All Rights Reserved; Open Hatch logo and SeaGL logo ??? Anatomy of a Free Software Project A typical free software project Copyright unknown; fair use A lucky typical free software project Copyright unknown; fair use An ideal free software project Contributors Users Superusers Successful projects have contributors, super users, and users. -
Annual Report
[Credits] Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY 4.0). All text by John Hsieh and Georgia Young, except the Letter from the Executive Director, which is by John Sullivan. Images (name, license, and page location): Wouter Velhelst: cover image; Kori Feener, CC BY-SA 4.0: inside front cover, 2-4, 8, 14-15, 20-21, 23-25, 27-29, 32-33, 36, 40-41; Michele Kowal: 5; Anonymous, CC BY 3.0: 7, 16, 17; Ruben Rodriguez, CC BY-SA 4.0: 10, 13, 34-35; Anonymous, All rights reserved: 16 (top left); Pablo Marinero & Cecilia e. Camero, CC BY 3.0: 17; Free This report highlights activities Software Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0: 18-19; Tracey Hughes, CC BY-SA 4.0: 30; Jose Cleto Hernandez Munoz, CC BY-SA 3.0: 31, Pixabay/stevepb, CC0: 37. and detailed financials for Fiscal Year 2016 Fonts: Letter Gothic by Roger Roberson; Orator by John Scheppler; Oswald by (October 1, 2015 - September 30, 2016) Vernon Adams, under the OFL; Seravek by Eric Olson; Jura by Daniel Johnson. Created using Inkscape, GIMP, and PDFsam. Designer: Tammy from Creative Joe. 1] LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR 2] OUR MISSION 3] TECH 4] CAMPAIGNS 5] LIBREPLANET 2016 6] LICENSING & COMPLIANCE 7] CONFERENCES & EVENTS 7 8] LEADERSHIP & STAFF [CONTENTS] 9] FINANCIALS 9 10] OUR DONORS CONTENTS our most important [1] measure of success is support for the ideals of LETTER FROM free software... THE EXECUTIVE we have momentum DIRECTOR on our side. LETTER FROM THE 2016 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR DEAR SUPPORTERS For almost 32 years, the FSF has inspired people around the Charity Navigator gave the FSF its highest rating — four stars — world to be passionate about computer user freedom as an ethical with an overall score of 99.57/100 and a perfect 100 in the issue, and provided vital tools to make the world a better place. -
Praise for the Official Ubuntu Book
Praise for The Official Ubuntu Book “The Official Ubuntu Book is a great way to get you started with Ubuntu, giving you enough information to be productive without overloading you.” —John Stevenson, DZone Book Reviewer “OUB is one of the best books I’ve seen for beginners.” —Bill Blinn, TechByter Worldwide “This book is the perfect companion for users new to Linux and Ubuntu. It covers the basics in a concise and well-organized manner. General use is covered separately from troubleshooting and error-handling, making the book well-suited both for the beginner as well as the user that needs extended help.” —Thomas Petrucha, Austria Ubuntu User Group “I have recommended this book to several users who I instruct regularly on the use of Ubuntu. All of them have been satisfied with their purchase and have even been able to use it to help them in their journey along the way.” —Chris Crisafulli, Ubuntu LoCo Council, Florida Local Community Team “This text demystifies a very powerful Linux operating system . in just a few weeks of having it, I’ve used it as a quick reference a half dozen times, which saved me the time I would have spent scouring the Ubuntu forums online.” —Darren Frey, Member, Houston Local User Group This page intentionally left blank The Official Ubuntu Book Sixth Edition This page intentionally left blank The Official Ubuntu Book Sixth Edition Benjamin Mako Hill Matthew Helmke Amber Graner Corey Burger With Jonathan Jesse, Kyle Rankin, and Jono Bacon Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. -
Bruce Perens Joins Open Source Risk Management's
Contact: Karen Duffin Bite Communications 415-365-0392 [email protected] Bruce Perens Joins Open Source Risk Management’s Board of Directors NEW YORK, May 10, 2004 — Open Source Risk Management (OSRM), the only vendor-neutral provider of Open Source risk mitigation and coordinated legal defense services, today announced the appointment of Bruce Perens to its Board of Directors. Creator of the Open Source Definition (OSD), the Open Source movement’s founding manifesto, Perens is a recognized leader in the Free Software and Open Source community and an expert in the technical and legal issues surrounding the use of Open Source software. “Collective legal defense is the next necessary step for Open Source to be ready for business,” said Bruce Perens. “Through a concentration of legal resources and expertise, OSRM will be a formidable power against the legal opponents to Open Source. My intention is to help ensure its efforts are consistent with the ethos of the Open Source movement.” In addition to his founding role in the Open Source movement, Perens also co-founded the Open Source Initiative, an organization dedicated to managing and promoting the OSD, the Linux Standard Base, and No-Code International. He released his first Free Software program, Electric Fence, in 1987, and is the creator of Busybox, which is part of most commercial devices using embedded Linux. Perens is also the editor of a book series titled Bruce Perens’ Open Source Series, and is Senior Research Scientist for Open Source at George Washington University's Cyber Security Policy Research Institute. Perens is an elected director of Software in the Public Interest, Inc. -
Toyota Activities for OSS Compliance
Toyota Activities for OSS Compliance Masato Endo Assistant Manager Connected Vehicle Group Intellectual Property Div. Toyota Motor Corporation Nov. 16, 2017, Open Compliance Summit © 2017 Toyota Motor Corporation 1 1.1. Expansion of OSS in the Automotive Sector Automotive sector Toyota products In the automotive sector, the number of OSS projects is growing rapidly, and some are already available on the market. Nov. 16, 2017, Open Compliance Summit © 2017 Toyota Motor Corporation 2 1.2. What is Automotive Grade Linux (AGL) AGL is a Linux Foundation project to develop an operating system for infotainment platforms. Nov. 16, 2017, Open Compliance Summit © 2017 Toyota Motor Corporation 3 1.3. AGL Members Ten global OEMs have joined the project. Many automotive industry suppliers and IT companies also contribute to AGL. Nov. 16, 2017, Open Compliance Summit © 2017 Toyota Motor Corporation 4 1.4. Recent AGL Activities AGL All Member Meeting Automotive Linux Summit (Feb 8 to Feb 10) (May 31 to June2) AGL holds many events to foster community engagement. These events include not only discussions of technical issues, but also of legal issues. Nov. 16, 2017, Open Compliance Summit © 2017 Toyota Motor Corporation 5 1.5. Toyota and AGL (1/5) 2011 Toyota joined the Linux Foundation. 1st ALS: Automotive Linux Summit (Yokohama, Japan) Nov. 16, 2017, Open Compliance Summit © 2017 Toyota Motor Corporation 6 1.6. Toyota and AGL (2/5) 2011 2012 2013 2014 Automotive Linux Summit 2014 (Tokyo, Japan) AGL Steering Committee Meeting: • AGL projects started and funded. Nov. 16, 2017, Open Compliance Summit © 2017 Toyota Motor Corporation 7 1.7.