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Silvicultural Performance of Five Forest Species in the Central Brazilian

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Silvicultural Performance of Five Forest Species in the Central Brazilian ACTA AMAZONICA http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201700602 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Silvicultural performance of five forest species in the central Brazilian Amazon Murilo Rezende MACHADO1*, Rodrigo CAMARA2, Paulo de Tarso Barbosa SAMPAIO 3, João Baptista Silva FERRAZ 3, Marcos Gervasio PEREIRA4 1 Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Floresta Nacional do Rio Preto, Zona Rural, Conceição da Barra, Brazil 2 Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Florestais, Programa Nacional de Pós Doutorado da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, Brazil 3 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Departamento de Silvicultura Tropical, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Manaus, Brazil 4 Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Solos, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, Brazil * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Planting of forest species of timber interest helps to reduce the deforestation pressure on the Amazon forest, promotes sustainable development of the producing region and generates ecological benefits. The objective of this work was to evaluate the survival rate and growth of four native (Swietenia macrophylla, Parkia decussata, Dipteryx odorata and Jacaranda copaia) and one exotic (Acacia mangium) species in monospecific plantations (spacing of 2 x 2 m) established on areas previously used for grazing, in Itacoatiara, State of Amazonas, Brazil. When the trees were four years old, we collected biometric data 2 3 [height at 1.30 m (DBH, cm), crown projection area (CPA, m ), total height (Ht, m), commercial cylinder volume (Vcyl, m ha-1)], and qualitative data from visual diagnosis [survival rate (S, %), nutritional status (NS, G = good, D = deficient, %), and phytosanitary status (PS, S = satisfactory, N = non-satisfactory, %)]. Three plots of 128 2m , with 32 plants each, were evaluated for each species. Jacaranda copaia, followed by Dipteryx odorata and Parkia decussata, were the recommended species for planting in areas with edaphoclimatic conditions similar to those of the present work, due to their better performance according to most of the variables. KEYWORDS: dendrometric variables, monospecific plantings, silviculture, tree growth Desempenho silvicultural de cinco espécies florestais na Amazônia central brasileira RESUMO Plantios de espécies florestais de interesse madeireiro contribuem para diminuir a pressão sobre a floresta amazônica, proporcionam o desenvolvimento sustentável na região e geram benefícios ecológicos. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a sobrevivência e o crescimento de quatro espécies nativas (Swietenia macrophylla, Parkia decussata, Dipteryx odorata e Jacaranda copaia) e uma exótica (Acacia mangium), em plantios monoespecíficos (espaçamento de 2 x 2 m) estabelecidos em áreas anteriormente ocupadas por pastagem, em Itacoatiara, Amazonas. Aos quatro anos de idade, foram obtidos dados biométricos 2 [diâmetro à altura de 1,30 m do solo (DBH, cm), área de projeção de copa (CPA, m ), altura total (Ht, m), volume comercial do 3 -1 cilindro (Vcyl, m ha )], e dados qualitativos obtidos por diagnose visual [taxa de sobrevivência (S; %), estado nutricional (NS, G: bom; D: deficiente; %) e estado fitossanitário (PS, S: satisfatório; NS: não-satisfatório; %). Para cada espécie considerou- se três parcelas de 128 m2, cada uma com 32 plantas. Jacaranda copaia, seguida de Dipteryx odorata e Parkia decussata, foram as espécies mais recomendadas para o plantio em áreas com condições edafoclimáticas semelhantes às do presente trabalho, devido ao seu melhor desempenho para a maioria das variáveis. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: variáveis dendrométricas, plantios monoespecíficos, silvicultura, crescimento de árvores CITE AS: Machado, M.R.; Camara, R.; Sampaio, P.T.B.; Ferraz, J.B.S.; Pereira, M.G. 2018. Silvicultural performance of five forest species in the central Brazilian Amazon. Acta Amazonica 48: 10-17. 10 VOL. 48(1) 2018: 10 - 17 ACTA AMAZONICA MACHADO et al. Silvicultural performance of forest species INTRODUCTION for cattle grazing purposes. In December 2003, the owners of the farm isolated part of the pasture (36 ha) in order to install The Brazilian Legal Amazon, whith an area of six million square commercial monospecific plantations of five forest species, by kilometers (approximately 60% of the entire national territory), means of seedlings. The planted trees were spaced 2 x 2 m apart, is known for its rich natural resources. However, estimates and four native Amazonian forest species were selected: Dipteryx indicate that 20% of the total original forest of the region has odorata (Aubl.) Willd. (Fabaceae, non-pioneer, planted area already been deforested (IBGE, 2010), in order to serve the of 0.80 ha), Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D Don (Bignoniaceae, interests of the timber industry, among others (Diniz et al. 2009). pioneer, 5.20 ha), Parkia decussata Ducke (Mimosaceae, non- The situation is currently of major global environmental concern pioneer, 2.76 ha), and Swietenia macrophylla King. (Meliaceae, (Vieira et al. 2008). In parallel, the Brazilian participation in non-pioneer, 1.60 ha). Additionally, an exotic species originated the world trade of forest products has been increasing (Silva et from Oceania, Acacia mangium Willd. (Fabaceae, pioneer, al. 2013a), with a predominant participation of the northern 7.50 ha), was also selected. Machado et al. (2016) provide states. Large areas of extensive livestock farming have been detailed information on the preparation of the area prior to replaced by forest plantations with native and exotic species, in the establishment of the plantations. order to supply the demand for forest products and to comply Acacia mangium, Dipteryx odorata and Swietenia with environmental legislation (ABRAF 2013). macrophylla are considered suitable for cultivation in The above scenario makes reforestation programs a priority Amazonian edaphoclimatic conditions because they show to achieve both the decrease of deforestation pressure on high retranslocation rates of phosphorous and nitrogen, which the remaining area of primary Amazon forests, maintaining are the most limiting nutrients regarding the low availability to environmental services such as erosion control, carbon plants in tropical soils (Machado et al. 2016). According to the sequestration, hidrological balance, biodiversity conservation, latter authors, Parkia decussata and Jacaranda copaia both have and the increase of income for rural properties in the region high retranslocation rates of phosphorous. In monospecific (Galeão et al. 2006; Tonini et al. 2006). However, the plantations, Swietenia macrophylla is able to enrich the soil achievement of these ecological benefits depends on improved availability of potassium and phosphorous, while the soil under information on silvicultural aspects of candidate species for Jacaranda copaia presents high values of calcium, sum of bases plantation programs, such as stem shape, growth, resistance and pH, up to the depth of 0.30 m (Machado et al. 2017). In to pests and nutritional and edaphic requirements, allowing rural properties in the Brazilian Amazon region, Acacia mangium the selection of the more appropriate species (Nascimento et has been planted for the production of wood for export (Barros al. 2012). Unfortunately, the information on the silvicultural et al. 2009), whereas Jacaranda copaia has been used to provide performance of many exotic species and, especially, native species thermal comfort for cattle due to shading, and also for the future in Amazonian conditions is still incipient (Costa et al. 2015). obtaining of wood, and Dipteryx odorata has been planted for In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate medicinal purposes (Santos and Mitja 2010). Leaves and seeds the silvicultural performance of four native (Swietenia of Dipteryx odorata are used in the form of tea and also with macrophylla, Parkia decussata, Dipteryx odorata and Jacaranda alcohol maceration, for internal use, to combat headaches, copaia) and one exotic (Acacia mangium) species, in cough, indigestion, and epilepsy (Vázquez et al. 2014). monospecific plantations established on areas previously used In December 2006, we established three plots of 128 m2, for grazing, in Itacoatiara, State of Amazonas, Brazil. with 32 trees each, per species plantation. The criteria used to locate the plots were the standardization of the size of the MATERIAL AND METHODS planted areas by species, and similar relief conditions (plan). We considered a completely randomized experimental design The experiment was conducted in the Nova Vida farm (230 with five treatments (species) and three replications (plots) for ha), located along the State Highway AM-010, km 250, in each species. Initially the following variables were measured: Itacoatiara, State of Amazonas (AM), Brazil (2º56’13”S, (a) diameter at breast height (1.30 m) (DBH, cm), measured 58º55’56”W). The climate of the region is type Am (Tropical with a diametrical tape; (b) total height (Ht, m), measured monsoon), very rainy (≥ 2500 mm per year), with dry winters with a graduated rod; and (c) commercial cylinder volume (Reboita et al. 2010). The relief of the plantation area varied 3 -1 (Vcyl, m ha ). The cylV was obtained by the equation Vcyl = G from flat to hilly, and the predominant soil type was classified 2 × Ht × FF, in which G is the basal area per hectare (m ), Ht is as Oxisoil (Falesi et al. 1969). the mean total
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