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Cities in the 21St Century Cities in the 21st Century Cities in the 21st Century provides an overview of contemporary urban development. Written by more than thirty major academic specialists from different countries, it provides information on and analysis of the global network of cities, changes in urban form, environmental problems, the role of technologies and knowledge, socioeconomic develop- ments, and finally, the challenge of urban governance. In the mid-20th century, architects and planners wondered if cities could survive; in the early 21st century, we see that cities have not only survived but have grown as never before. Cities today are engines of production and trade, forges of scientific and techno- logical innovation, and crucibles of social change. Urbanization is a major driver of change in contemporary societies; it is a process that involves acute social inequalities and serious environmental problems, but also offers opportunities to move towards a future of greater prosperity, environmental sustainability, and social justice. With case studies on thirty cities in five continents and a selection of infographics illustrating these dynamic cities, this edited volume is an essential resource for planners and students of urbanization and urban change. Oriol Nel·lo is Professor of Urban Geography and Spatial Planning in the Department of Geography, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. His research interests refer to metro- politan dynamics, urban segregation, social movements, and urban policies. He has been Director of the Institute for Metropolitan Studies of Barcelona and Secretary for Spatial Planning in Catalonia. Renata Mele is Head of Sustainable Development and Innovation Research Area at Enel Foundation. She worked for both academia and industry in research and innovation. Her present research interests include sustainability in urban environments, urban metabolism of the megacity, environmental impacts of energy systems, innovative technologies for power grids, and wireless sensor networks. This page intentionally left blank Cities in the 21st Century Edited by Oriol Nel·lo and Renata Mele First published 2016 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 Oriol Nel·lo and Renata Mele The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or repro- duced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photo- copying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cities in the 21st century : academic visions on urban development / edited by Oriol Nello and Renata Mele. pages cm Urbanization--History--21st century. 2. Cities and towns--Growth. 3. City planning. I. Nello, Oriol, editor. II. Mele, Renata, editor. III. Title. IV. Title: Cities in the twenty-first century. HT361.C524 2016 307.7609'05--dc23 2015026632 ISBN: 978-1-138-11964-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-65222-1 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo Std 10/12 pt by Fakenham Prepress Solutions, Fakenham, Norfolk NR21 8NN Contents List of figures, infographics and tables ix About the contributors xi Foreword xvi Francesco Starace Introduction: the irresistable rise of urbanization xviii Oriol Nel·lo PART 1 – URBAN SYSTEM: CITIES IN THE GLOBAL SOCIOECONOMIC NETWORK 1 1 Changing the city, changing the world 3 Mireia Belil Outlook 1 The City of London: center of capital flows 12 Giuseppina Siciliano 2 Cities in the world system 15 Michael Cohen Outlook 2 New patterns of circulation of goods: the port of Shanghai 23 Irina Lazzerini 3 Cities as innovation: towards a new understanding of population growth, social inequality and urban sustainability 26 Julio D. Dávila Outlook 3 Ceuta and Melilla: the paradox and drama of international migration 35 Oriol Porcel v Contents PART 2 – URBAN MORPHOLOGY: TRANSFORMATIONS AND DISSOLUTIONS 39 4 Regional urbanization and the end of the metropolis era 41 Edward W. Soja Outlook 4 The città diffusa of the Po Valley 57 Angelo Facchini 5 New urban forms: the distinctive character of the European metropolis 60 Francesco Indovina Outlook 5 The new Luanda 67 Igor Cersosimo 6 Beyond urbanalization: urban form and the low-carbon challenge 69 Francesc Muñoz Outlook 6 Old and new commercial centres: bazaars vs. shopping malls in Ankara 78 Oriol Porcel 7 Mutations in the Latin American metropolis: Santiago de Chile under neoliberal dynamics 80 Carlos de Mattos, Luis Fuentes, and Felipe Link Outlook 7 Observing changes in urban form through night satellite images in Buenos Aires and Lima 93 Jordi Martín PART 3 – URBAN ECOSYSTEMS: RESOURCES AND ENERGY 97 8 Living at the edge of chaos: a complex systems view of cities 99 Gianluca Bocchi and Angelo Facchini Outlook 8 Climate-sensitive urbanization in Tokyo-Yokohama 106 Angelo Facchini 9 Cities in a low-carbon world 109 Christopher Kennedy Outlook 9 Pathways to decarbonizing mobility in Madrid 120 Christian Zulberti 10 Cities, climate change and lifestyles 123 Federico M. Butera Outlook 10 Urban agriculture in Melbourne 131 Giuseppina Siciliano vi Contents 11 The mirage of the sustainable ‘smart city’: planetary urbanization and the spectre of combined and uneven apocalypse 134 Erik Swyngedouw Outlook 11 Energy access and water supply in urban centers in arid environments: the case of Nouakchott 144 Oriol Porcel PART 4 – URBAN TECHNOLOGIES: INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE, INFRASTRUCTURES AND CULTURE IN CITIES 147 12 The cognitive city 149 Franco Farinelli Outlook 12 Talent concentration and brain drain in Greater Boston 160 Oriol Porcel 13 Dimensions of the future city 162 Matthew Claudel and Carlo Ratti Outlook 13 Shaping the city with big data: Seattle, Chicago and Lyon 178 Angelo Facchini 14 Cities, infrastructure and planning: levers to steer transitions 181 Tim Marshall Outlook 14 Managing public transport in Medellín 190 Irina Lazzerini 15 Group-form and urban infrastructural resilience: New York City as an example 192 Richard Plunz and Patricia Culligan Outlook 15 Res Novae: new things and concepts in the “smart city” of Bari 205 Angelo Facchini PART 5 – THE URBAN ECONOMY AND SOCIETY: DYNAMISM AND INEQUALITIES 209 16 The city as economic engine 211 Luis Carvalho and Leo van den Berg Outlook 16 Urban festivals as tools for sustainable development: the case of the World Port Days in Rotterdam 218 Leo van den Berg and Erwin van Tuijl 17 Dynamism and inequalities in the Global South cities 221 Caroline Moser vii Contents Outlook 17 Gender and spaces of fear: the case of Mexico City 230 Anna Ortiz 18 The city in the net: infrastructural networks, economic development and urban form 233 Joan López Outlook 18 Social construction of urban spaces in Barcelona, Glasgow and New York 244 Oriol Porcel 19 “New urbanisation”: theory, challenges and research 247 Dajian Zhu Outlook 19 The slums of Manila 257 Igor Cersosimo PART 6 – GOVERNING CITIES: VISIONS, PROJECTS AND INSTRUMENTS 261 20 The rise of urban governance 263 Ronan Paddison Outlook 20 The “pacification” of Riode Janeiro’s favelas 270 Oriol Porcel 21 Urban policies: towards new scenarios of innovation and governance 272 Joan Subirats Outlook 21 The regulation of urban citizenship: Shenzhen’s migrants 280 Igor Cersosimo 22 Updating Lorenzetti’s allegories on government: towards a Europe of cities 283 João Ferrão Outlook 22 Exchanging recyclable waste for electricity in Fortaleza 290 Angelo Facchini Index 293 Plates viii Figures, infographics and tables Figures 1.1 House prices in London, UK and UK excluding London (2007–2014) 13 2.1 Chinese ports container traffic 24 4.1 Regional urbanization graph 48 7.1 Classification of the municipalities of the Metropolitan Urban System of Santiago de Chile (MUSS) according to their location 83 7.2 Distribution of the percentage of homes in the MUSS by urban location 85 7.3 Proportion of authorized public and private housing units by area of the MUSS and by decade 86 7.4 Means of transport used to get to work within the MUSS 88 7.5 Municipality where head of household works compared to place of residence in the MUSS 89 7.6 Expectations for municipal evolution by area of the MUSS 90 7.7 Spatial distribution of lighting in Buenos Aires and Lima (1992–2012) 94 8.1 Morowitz model of a self-organizing intermediate system 103 9.1 Interdependence of infrastructure systems in virtuous cycles of low carbon growth 111 9.2 Examples of low carbon infrastructure strategies tailored to different cities 113 9.3 Examples of positive and negative interactions between adaptation and mitigation strategies 116 13.1 A series of visualizations generated by 311 data 166 13.2 An analysis of the number of mobile phone calls made in Washington, DC, on Obama’s Inauguration Day 167 13.3 Visualization of the volumes of Internet data flowing between New York and cities around the world over a 24-hour period 168 ix Figures, infographics and tables 13.4 The United States’ waste management patterns 169 13.5 Local Warming explores a
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