· ; ' ' ! ' 1ames A. Gibson ECHOES FROM FAR SHORES: REMINISCENCES OF GOVERNORS-GENERAL . ·< i . ! One day when I was three years old I went with my mother to see H. R. H. The Duke of Connaught, Governor-General of Canada, arrive at the Inner Harbour in Victoria, B. C. I had been told that his mother had been Queen Victoria, for whom my home city had been named after its founding in 1843. I had also been told, by my father, that when the news of Queen Victoria's death had been brought to the school in which he had then been teaching in rural Ontario (this was of course 14 years earlier) the children were at once sent home and all the blinds were drawn. The Duke of Connaught was the first of the Governors-General whom I had seen. In the 57 years since I have seen all of his successors; I have like­ wise read of the personalities, the careers, the example, of all the holders of the office in the 133 years since it has had its present title. One of the striking impacts on my mind, in retrospect, has been that of the vigour and elegance of language which so many of the Governors have used on public and cer­ emonial occasions. The more I have read-of both public statements and private correspondence-the more I have been impressed with the continuity, the certainty, and the dignity of the office. The Governors of the 19th cen­ tury, and indeed until 1952, against a background of public life and upbring­ ing that was British, espoused and frequently supported with grace, influences which contributed substantially to the notion of a Canadian nationhood. Their successors, being Canadian, have been able to add to a virile and comely tradition, well established, and to represent in a contemporary, reasonable and personal fashion the links which bind Canada and Canadians to "Her Majesty's Person and Throne". · ',., 536 THE DALHOUSIE REVIEW From the point of vantage of Britain re-visited, I have thought it might be of some interest to set down some personal recollections of Governors- General over half a century. I On a springtime afternoon in 1915, in the ceremonial setting of Victoria, ; · with the Parliament Buildings and the Empress Hotel reflected in the placid waters of the harbour, I had no knowledge of the difficulties which the Duke of Connaught created for Sir Robert Borden by his Royal Family conception of the duties of the Commander-in-Chief, especially in wartime and to the extent of wearing his Field Marshal's uniform every day; but I had seen him. A good many years later, noting that H. R. H. Prince Arthur had been present, with Queen Victoria, at a meeting of the Privy Council on May 16, 1871, when an Order of Her Majesty in Council was passed admitting British Columbia as a Province of Canada under the provisions of section 146 of the British North America Act, I wondered whether in arriving at the provincial capital some 44 years later, the Duke of Connaught might have remembered that particular meeting at Windsor Castle. His Grace the Duke of Devonshire I saw for one fleeting moment when he drove past the front of our house in Victoria (I think in 1917) on his way to Sidney. I remember the occasion because it was Sunday, and because my brother and I stood to attention while the car drove past. It was a good many years later that I began to wonder what it must have been like to come to Canada as a creature of Government in London without (so far as is known) any consultation with the Government of Canada. 1 One pleasant circumstance was that in those days official visitors arrived in Victoria by sea (as they continued to do until the 1950s). When Lord Byng of Vimy stepped ashore on his first visit in 1921, I was watching from an upper window of the Parliament Buildings fronting on the harbour. By the time Lord Byng had gone back to Britain in 1926 I knew something, but only something, about the conflicting views of Lord Byng on the one hand, and of the Rt. Hon. W. L. Mackenzie King on the other, as to where the Governor's duty lay in a time of constitutional uneasiness. By the time of his death I had come to the conclusion that in these 1926 proceedings in every im­ portant respect Lord Byng had been right and that Mr. King, constitutionally speaking, had been wrong. In particular, I had grown to admire Lord Byng's refusal to turn to Government in Britain for advice as to what he should do, even when Mr. King suggested that this course was open to him. This re­ fusal had helped to confirm my view that in what the everyday practice of Responsible Government meant, the Governor-General was perhaps better ; , REMINISCENCES OF GOVERNORS-GENERAL 537 informed than the man who aspired to continue in the office of Prime Minister. It was not simply a case of being right while he held office in Canada; it was also the scrupulous correctness of his conduct after he had returned to England. For no matter how strongly Lord Byng felt as a person-and two or three of his private letters published more recently bear this out-there was never a syllable of recrimination of any kind. When Mr. Mackenzie King next came to London for meetings of Commonwealth Prime Ministers, Lord Byng was among those who were at the train to welcome him on his arrival. Lord Willingdon came to Victoria in 1927, a year of widespread celebra~ tion of the Diamond Jubilee of Canadian Federation, when ceremony and pageantry were in the air. The Governor-General was made a Freeman of the City (it was a nice play upon his family name of Freeman Freeman­ Thomas), the first of this description. He was made an honorary chief of one of the local bands of the Coast Indians; and near Nootka Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island a wonderful totem pole was presented to him (the terms of gift required that this totem stay exactly where it was). He formally opened the restored first schoolhouse on Vancouver Island at Craig­ flower. By his sheer graciousness of manner and his evident enjoyment of what he was asked to do, Lord Willingdon seemed to belong; and in Victoria in 1927 this said a good deal. Lord Willingdon's was the first appointment to the office of Governor* General after the Imperial Conference of 1926 had agreed that the Governor~ General was hold "in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or any Department of that Govern* ment, and that future recommendations to this office should be a matter for the Sovereign on the one side and His Majesty's Privy Council for Canada on the other". The Government of the United Kingdom might be consulted as a matter of courtesy, but they would no longer have responsibility as of right. I think this development would have come about in due course; one should not conclude that it followed automatically from Lord Byng's differ­ ences with Mr. Mackenzie King or vice versa; though I think there is no doubt that Mr. Mackenzie King deliberately exploited the political aspects of the situa­ tion. Not for the first time a system-possibly outworn-made a prisoner of the individual; and I always have felt that it would have been more becoming in the leaders of the political parties-whether in office or in opposition-to have made the people of Canada aware that they recognized this fact. I ' I : 538 THE DALHOUSIE REVIEW It has been said that the Earl of Bessborough was appointed to succeed Lord Willingdon partly at the earnest suggestion of George V. I saw him only at the end of his term of office because between 1931 and 1934 I was living in England. On a farewell visit to Victoria in 1935 the Governor-General and Lady Bessborough held a public evening reception in the chamber of the Legislative Assembly in the Parliament Buildings. By its nature as a civic community, and by the nature of its citizens, Victoria would put a brave face on any public occasion; in 1935 the clouds of economic depression were only just beginning to roll back at the horizons of Canada, and I thought the public proceedings just a bit wistful, if not indeed sad. A few weeks later Lord Bessborough and his family were returning to England in the Emprus of Britain, in which I was embarked on my way back to a pre-doctoral year at New College, Oxford. As this great white ship moved into the St. Lawrence from the pier at Wolfe's Cove a salute was fired from the ramparts of the Citadel; this salute was returned from a minute gun on the top deck of the ship. · j i ' · . , ·I : ; , . ' I The appointment of John Buchan, first Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield, was in a considerably different tradition. He was a widely-known figure, as civil servant in South Africa, war correspondent at large, author and publisher, Parliamentarian and outdoorsman. He was the first "commoner" (I mean not a peer of the realm at the moment of his appointment) to be named Governor-General since the time of Sir John Young (later Lord Lisgar) in 1868.