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Qvmag-Record-No.-120.Pdf Record of the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery 120 Launceston, Tasmania Record of the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery No. 120 (a peer-reviewed journal) is published by the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery Launceston, Tasmania, Australia 7250 Publications Coordinator: Andrew Parsons, QVMAG Photographs: Rolan Eberhard, unless otherwise labelled Design and layout: Renée Singline, QVMAG Printing: Foot and Playsted Pty. Ltd., Launceston, Tasmania 7250 ISSN 0085-5278 Cover photograph: Emu bones from Caveside (QVM.1974.2.5-7) Tasmanian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis) at the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston: description, provenance, age Rolan S Eberhard Record of the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery No. 120 June 2020 Acknowledgements This QVMAG Record is the result of a series of events which trace back to Paul Flood and Ross McNeill, who told me of some large bones they had seen in a cave at Mole Creek. The bones included those of an emu, one of the specimens discussed in this report. That discovery prompted a search of the QVMAG collection for other emus, of which we found several, including some of questionable provenance. At that stage the Plomley Foundation stepped in with funding to date a selection of specimens, underpinning the findings presented here. I thank the Plomely Foundation for its generosity. I also thank Senior Curator Natural Sciences, David Maynard, Collection Officer Natural Sciences, Tammy Gordon, and Library Coordinator, Andrew Parsons, for their advice and support throughout the project. I thank also the many other people at QVMAG and other institutions who assisted. Abbreviations AMS accelerator mass spectrometry (radiocarbon dating) ANU Australian National University Before Present (by convention ‘present’ for dating BP purposes is 1/1/1950) calAD calibrated (years) anno Domini calBC calibrated (years) before Christ cm centimetres Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and DPIPWE Environment g grams ka kilo-annum (1000 years) km kilometres m metres MIS Marine Isotope Stage mm millimetres QVMAG Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery iii Holocene epoch, or are considered likely to Executive summary be of this age. This material is younger than In 2017 the Plomley Foundation allocated 10 000 years BP. Three samples of bone funding to review holdings of the Tasmanian were dated 895-1021 calAD, 1021-1152 calAD emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis) in and 1043-1223 calAD. The dated bones are the collection of the Queen Victoria Museum from three partial emu skeletons collected in and Art Gallery, Launceston. The central caves around Mole Creek in central northern purpose of the project was to clarify the age Tasmania. These represent the most complete and provenance of the material, some of which skeletal assemblages of Tasmanian emu in any had been regarded as doubtfully Tasmanian. public collection. A fourth, undated specimen In total, 27 lots of registered and unregistered comprises a single weathered femur fragment material, comprising approximately 250 from Mt Cameron West on the far north west bones and bone fragments, minor pieces coast. of eggshell and a dried tissue specimen, The most recent emu specimen in the were examined. Associated documentation, collection is of broadly known age and dates including specimen labels, database entries, to the mid-19th century. This is the celebrated published and unpublished references, was dried emu leg from Ronald Campbell Gunn’s consulted. Selected specimens were dated residence at Newstead House in Launceston. using the radiocarbon method. The results of this work are presented here as a descriptive A further four registered and unregistered inventory of emu holdings at QVMAG, with lots are confirmed as emu but may or may commentary on the condition, age and not be Tasmanian. Possibly, some of these are provenance of the material. mainland emu material used for comparative purposes. An additional unregistered Some 13 registered lots comprising 17 bones specimen was found not to be emu. in total are confirmed as Late Pleistocene in age, or are considered likely to be of this Summary details for the respective lots are age. This material is older than 10 000 years provided in the table below. BP and some of it may exceed the limits of radiocarbon dating (~50 000 years BP). Three samples of bone were dated at 37 909- 33 764 calBC, 40 131-36 665 calBC and 40 799-37 138 calBC. These are the oldest dates yet obtained for emu in Tasmania. They sample the emu population at a time of colder climatic conditions and lower sea levels, when Bass Strait did not preclude mixing of emus in Tasmania and Victoria. The Pleistocene age material was collected in the Smithton area of north west Tasmania, from swamps and Scotchtown Cave. In addition to bone, the Pleistocene age material includes three small fragments of emu eggshell. These were dated 15 839- 15 421 calBC, providing hitherto disregarded evidence for the presence of emu on Flinders Island. Some eight registered and unregistered lots comprising over 200 bones and bone fragments are confirmed as dating to the iv Summary details for the respective lots are provided in the table below. Lot name QVMAG no. Item Locality Age Late Pleistocene QVM.2007.GFV.5 Scotchtown Cave, 37 909-33 764 Phalanges (2) Smithton calBC (SANU-56324) Late Pleistocene Scotchtown Cave, 40 799-37 138 QVM.2005.GFV.45 Tibiotarsi (2) Scotchtown Smithton calBC Cave emu (SANU-56326) Late Pleistocene Scotchtown Cave, 40 131-36 665 QVM.2006.GFV. 120 Tarsometatarsus Smithton calBC (SANU-56325) Scotchtown Cave, Undated (probably QVM.2006.GFV. 121 Femur fragment Smithton Pleistocene) Undated (probably QVM.1990.GFV.138 Tibiotarsus Mowbray Swamp Pleistocene) Undated (probably QVM.1990.GFV.139 Femur Mowbray Swamp Pleistocene) Undated (probably QVM.1990.GFV.140 Tarsometatarsus Mowbray Swamp Mowbray Pleistocene) Swamp emu Undated (probably QVM.1990.GFV.141 Tarsometatarsus Mowbray Swamp Pleistocene) Undated (probably QVM.1990.GFV.142 Vertebra Mowbray Swamp Pleistocene) Undated (probably QVM.1990.GFV.143 Synsacrum Mowbray Swamp Pleistocene) Irishtown Undated (probably QVM.1990.GFV.144 Tibiotarsus Irishtown tibiotarsus Pleistocene) Late Pleistocene Eggshell 15 839-15 421 Jackson egg QVM.1965.GFV.0006 Flinders Island fragments (3) calBC (SANU-55616) Mole Creek Undated (probably QVM.1991.GFV.54 Tibiotarsus Mole Creek tibiotarsus Pleistocene) Mole Creek Unknown Undated (probably (fractured) QVM.1489 Tibiotarsus (recorded as Mole recent)1 tibiotarsus Creek) Dromaius Cave, Holocene (see QVM.2013.GFV.11 Tibiotarsus Dromaius Mayberry below) Cave emu Partial skeleton Dromaius Cave, 1 021-1 152 calAD QVM.2016.2.008 (approx. 70 total) Mayberry (SANU-49415) 1 Here, ‘recent’ means post-European settlement of Australia. Strictly, this falls within the Holocene epoch (11,700 years BP to present). v Lot name QVMAG no. Item Locality Age Caveside-Mole Holocene (see QVM.1974.2.5 Synsacrum Creek below) Caveside-Mole Holocene (see QVM.1974.2.6 Femur Creek below) Caveside Emu A Caveside-Mole Holocene (see QVM.1974.2.7 Ischia (2) Creek below) Skull and Holocene Caveside-Mole QVM.1974.2.9 postcranial bones 1 043-1 223 calAD Creek (approx. 66 total) (SANU-56323) Unregistered Post cranial bones Holocene Caveside-Mole Caveside Emu B (associated with (approx. 90 in 895-1 021 CALAD Creek QVM.1974.2.9) total) (sanu-52431) Mt Cameron West QVM.1993. Mt Cameron Unknown (probably Femur femur GFV.146 West Holocene) Newstead House QVM.2002.2.1 Dried lower leg ?St. Pauls Plains 19th century emu leg Unknown Anomalous ‘King (stored with Undated (probably Unregistered Femur Island’ femur King Island emu recent) bones) Unknown Anomalous ‘King (stored with Undated (probably QVM.1993.GFV.18 Tibiotarsus Island’ tibiotarsus King Island emu recent) bones) Undated (probably Pre-1897 femur QVM.1480 Femur Unknown recent) Sandy Cape Vertebra (not Unknown (probably putative emu Unregistered Sandy Cape emu) Holocene or recent) vertebra vi Contents Acknowledgements iii Abbreviations iii Executive summary iv 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Methods and reporting protocol 3 3.0 Inventory of specimens 5 3.1 Scotchtown Cave emu bones (QVM.2005.GFV.45, QVM.2006.GFV.120-121, QVM.2007.GFV.5) 5 3.2 Mowbray Swamp emu bones (QVM.1990.GFV.138-143) 9 3.3 Irishtown tibiotarsus (QVM.1990.GFV.144) 12 3.4 Jackson egg (QVM.1965.GFV.0006) 14 3.5 Mole Creek tibiotarsus (QVM.1991.GFV.54) 18 3.6 Mole Creek (fractured) tibiotarsus (‘QVM.1489’) 20 3.7 Dromaius Cave partial skeleton (QVM.2013.GFV.11, QVM.2016.2.008) 22 3.8 Caveside Emu A partial skeleton (1974.2.5-7, 9) 25 3.9 Caveside Emu B partial skeleton (associated with QVM.1974.2.9) 29 3.10 Mt Cameron West femur (QVM.1993.GFV.146) 31 3.11 Newstead House emu leg (QVM.2002.2.1) 33 3.12 Anomalous ‘King Island’ femur 36 3.13 Anomalous ‘King Island’ tibiotarsus (QVM.1993.GFV.18) 38 3.14 Pre 1897 femur (QVM.1490) 40 3.15 Sandy Cape putative emu vertebra (unregistered) 41 4.0 References 42 Appendix: QVMAG old register 44 1 A significant constraint on the discussion of 1.0 Introduction possible differences in the morphology of The Tasmanian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae the various emu populations is the dearth diemenensis) is generally considered an island of comparative material from Tasmania. sub-species of the Australian emu (Dromaius By comparison, King Island emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae novaehollandiae). Dudley Le ater) is relatively well represented in public Souef (1856-1923) examined Tasmanian emu collections, chiefly because in the early years skins at the British Museum and then briefed of the 20th century a considerable quantity of the British Ornithologists’ Club, which recorded bones was collected from sandblows on the the following in its bulletin for 1907-08: island. The unfortunate lack of specimens of Tasmanian emu was recognized by Le Souef’s Mr D Le Souef informed the meeting that contemporary, Colonel.
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