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Beaufort County Above Ground Historic Resources Survey Beaufort County, South Carolina

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Beaufort County Above Ground Historic Resources Survey Beaufort County, South Carolina Beaufort County Above Ground Historic Resources Survey Beaufort County, South Carolina Brockington and Associates, Inc. Brooker Architectural Design Consultants Historic Beaufort Foundation Preservation Consultants, Inc. 1998 BEAUFORT COUNTY ABOVE-GROUND HISTORIC RESOURCES SURVEY OF BEAUFORT COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA Prepared for: Beaufort County, South Carolina City of Beaufort, South Carolina Town of Port Royal, South Carolina Brockington and Associates, Inc. Brooker Architectural Design Consultants Historic Beaufort Foundation Preservation Consultants, Inc. April 1998 Beaufort County Above-Ground Historic Resources Survey of Beaufort County, South Carolina Report Prepared for: Beaufort County, South Carolina City of Beaufort, South Carolina Town of Port Royal, South Carolina Prepared by: Bruce G. Harvey Brockington and Associates, Inc. Colin Brooker Brooker Architectural Design Consultants David B. Schneider Historic Beaufort Foundation Sarah Fick Preservation Consultants, Inc. Brockington and Associates, Inc. Brooker Architectural Design Consultants Historic Beaufort Foundation Preservation Consultants, Inc. April 1998 Acknowledgments This has been a large and complex project, and many people have provided invaluable assistance in its completion. Ian Hill, Beaufort County Historic Preservation Planner, served as the Project Manager for Beaufort County, and did a marvelous job at coordinating the various components of this survey. Lena Cofresi, Planner for the City of Beaufort, was likewise very helpful in providing insights and advice. Dan Morgan and Joe Noll, with the Beaufort County GIS program, provided invaluable assistance in producing finished maps from our field maps. In the South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Mary Parramore, Andy Chandler, and Tracy Power were generous in providing information and advice. Our thanks go out to the many individuals who granted us access to their plantations and other private resources. In addition, the following graciously offered insights as to information or resources that we might otherwise have overlooked: Dot Gnann, Hillary Barnwell, Stan Lawson, Jeff Atkins, Paul Chisolm, Yvonne Williams, Steve Wise, Alan Ulmer, Teddie McCracken, Mrs. E.H. McCracken, Biz Campbell, Harry Carr, and Robert Middleton. Other people assisted us greatly in the production of this report and the survey products. In Beaufort, Laura von Harten entered data and labeled photographs. In Brockington and Associates, Inc.’s Charleston office, Nicole Huchet assisted in preparing survey cards and Carol Poplin prepared the report graphics. In our Atlanta office, Jeff Gardner edited the report. The activity that is the subject of this report has been financed in part with Federal funds from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, and administered by the South Carolina Department of Archives and History. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendations by the Department of the Interior. Title VI and Age Discrimination This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the US Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origins, or handicap in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office for Equal Opportunity US Department of the Interior Washington, DC 20240 In addition to the above, the consultant agrees to comply with the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, 42 USC 6101 Et Seq., which prohibits discrimination in hiring on the basis of age. ii Table of Contents Page Acknowledgments ............................................................ ii List of Figures ............................................................... iv Chapter I: Introduction ........................................................ I-1 Preface .............................................................. I-1 Name of Survey ....................................................... I-1 Boundaries of Survey Area .............................................. I-1 Area of Survey ........................................................ I-2 Surveyors ............................................................ I-2 Dates of Survey ....................................................... I-2 Objective of Survey .................................................... I-2 Methods of Survey ..................................................... I-4 Chapter II: Historic Overview of Beaufort County ..................................II-1 Introduction ..........................................................II-1 The Protohistoric Era and Early European Context ............................II-3 English Colonial Occupation .............................................II-4 The Revolution and its Aftermath ........................................II-12 Antebellum Period ....................................................II-15 The Civil War .......................................................II-22 Postbellum Adaptations ................................................II-27 Twentieth Century Changes .............................................II-37 Bibliography ........................................................II-50 Chapter III: Architectural Analysis ............................................. III-1 Introduction ......................................................... III-1 Building Materials .................................................... III-1 Property Types ....................................................... III-3 Residences .......................................................... III-4 Farm and Plantation Complexes ........................................ III-23 Commercial Buildings ................................................ III-30 Religious Buildings .................................................. III-33 Manufacturing ...................................................... III-37 Earthworks and Landscape Features ..................................... III-43 Cemeteries ......................................................... III-44 Farm Buildings ..................................................... III-45 Miscellaneous Resources .............................................. III-45 iii Chapter IV: Inventory of Above-Ground Historic Resources .........................IV-1 Chapter V: Evaluations ...................................................... V-1 Properties Determined Eligible for Listing in the National Register of Historic Places V-1 Properties Eligible for Individual Listing in the National Register ............... V-2 Addendum to National Register Listings ................................... V-4 Multiple Property Submissions .......................................... V-4 Properties Worthy of Further Investigation ................................. V-5 Other Properties in Beaufort County Previously Determined Eligible and Not Necessarily Included in Above Determinations ................................. V-6 Chapter VI: Recommendations ................................................VI-1 Recommendation 1: Local Landmark and Historic District Designation ..........VI-2 Recommendation 2: Organizational Advocacy and Education ..................VI-4 Recommendation 3: Pigeon Point Review .................................VI-5 Recommendation 4: Port Royal Thematic Nomination ........................VI-5 Recommendation 5: Reevaluation of the Beaufort National Historic Landmark District .......................................................VI-6 Recommendation 6: Documentation of Beaufort’s African American Community ..VI-7 Recommendation 7: Tabby Resources .....................................VI-8 Recommendation 8: Publications ........................................VI-8 Recommendation 9: Mid Twentieth Century Buildings .......................VI-8 Recommendation 10: Archaeological Resources ............................VI-9 iv List of Figures Page Figure 1: Map of Beaufort County Showing the survey area .......................... I-3 Figure 2. Ruins of Prince Williams Parish Church, c. 1750. Site number 470 0049 .... II-11 Figure 3. Coffin Point Plantation House, c. 1800. Site number 442 0011 ............ II-17 Figure 4. Portion of an 1865 Map of Beaufort Showing the Federal Cemetery and Higgensonville .......................................................II-26 Figure 5. Cope Building, Penn Center, St. Helena Island, c. 1905. Site number 182 0038.05 .........................................................II-41 Figure 6. Plat of Beaufort Shores Development (Pigeon Point), 1946 ................II-45 Figure 7. Plat of Beaufort Development Company, Beaufort, 1925 ...................II-47 Figure 8. Plat of Hundred Pines Development, Beaufort, 1938 ......................II-48 Figure 9. The Oaks Plantation, St. Helena Island, c. 1850. Site number 182 0035 ........ III-9 Figure 10. 507 Craven Street, Beaufort, c. 1885. Site number 025 0826 .............. III-11 Figure 11. 411 King Street, Beaufort, c. 1910. Site number 025 0793 ................ III-14 Figure 12. 702 Hamilton Street, Beaufort, c. 1928. Site number 025 0787 ............ III-16 Figure 13. William H. McLeod House, Seabrook,
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