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Journal of Research in Ecology An International Scientific Research Journal Original Research Autoecological Characteristics of Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr. (Primulaceae) - an Endemic Species of Turkey Authors: ABSTRACT: Ramazan Mammadov, Olcay Dusen and The aim of this study was to determine the autecological characteristics of Cennet Ozay Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr. (Primulaceae) distributed in the South-West of Anatolia. C. mirabile is an endemic species recorded in the Flora of Turkey. The soil and plant Institution: samples were collected from Mugla, Isparta and Aydın regions during the vegetative Pamukkale University, and generative growth periods between 2006-2010. The physical and chemical Faculty of Science and properties of the soil were analyzed. The relationship among potassium, phosphorus Literature, Deparment of and nitrogen contents of the soils, aerial and under ground parts of the plants in Biology, Denizli, Turkey. vegetative and generative periods were statistically examined. The results of this study shall be used in the future for the cultivation of C. mirabile as an ornamental plant. Corresponding author: Keywords: Cennet Ozay Cyclamen mirabile, endemic, Primulaceae, plant characters, soil characters Email Id: Article Citation: Ramazan Mammadov, Olcay Dusen and Cennet Ozay. Autoecological Characteristics of Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr. (Primulaceae) – an Endemic Species of Turkey Journal of Research in Ecology 2016 4(1) : 001-009 Dates: Received: 13 October 2015 Accepted: 28 October 2015 Published: 09 January 2016 Journal of Research in Ecology of Research Journal This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ Web Address: licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and http://eologyresearch.info/ reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited. documents/EC0035.pdf. Journal of Research 001-009 | JRE | 2016 | Vol 4 | No 1 in Ecology An International Scientific Research Journal www.ecologyresearch.info Mammadov et al., 2016 INTRODUCTION Table 1. List of localities from where soil and The genus Cyclamen L. (Primulaceae) is plant samples were collected represented with about 21 species, which are Isparta 1 10 km to Barla, 850 m. predominately distributed in Southern Europe, Northern 2 5 km to Senirkent, 800 m. Africa, Western Asia, and around the Mediterranean. In Mugla Turkey, this genus is represented with 12 taxa, 5 of 3 Yilanli mountain, around the Orman Isletmesi Fidanligi, 670 m. which are endemic (Davis, 1978; Ekim, 2000; Güner et 4 Yilanli mountain Orman Isletmesi Fidanligi, al., 2012). Cyclamen tubers have toxic saponins in plenty Denizli road, 600 m. 5 North of the Yerkesik village, openings in amounts. Even the tubers have posinous saponin, wild Olea europaea, 600 m. boars look for to collect and eat them without any post 6 Yerkesik village, openings in Olea europaea, 620 m. effect (Zeybek and Zeybek, 1994). There are some 7 North of Yatagan, 505 m. studies about the chemical composition of several 8 Yatagan, around Turgutlar village, 550 m 9 Marmaris, North of Icmeler, 42 m. Cyclamen species which contain some triterpene 10 Marmaris, around Emecik village, 95 m. saponins and glycosides (Altunkeyik et al., 2012; Mihci- 11 Bodrum, around Guvercinlik village, 40 m. Gaidi et al., 2010). Also, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, Aydın antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some 12 Söke, around Gossypium herbaceum field, 50 Cyclamen species such as Cyclamen repandum, C. m. 13 from Aydın to Çine, 500 m. mirabile and Cyclamen graecum have been previously reported (Speroni et al., 2007; Calis et al., 1997; Metin et (PAMUH) and Muğla University Herbarium (MUH). al., 2013). The identification of the specimens was done according C. mirabile is one of the endemic species among to the The Flora of Turkey (Davis, 1978). 5 endemic species in Turkey and classified as Soil and plant samples were collected from the “Endangered (EN)” according to the “Red Data Book of study areas in vegetative and generative growth periods. Turkish Plants” (Ekim et al. 2000). C. mirabile grows The soil samples were collected from the localities given naturally in the south-western part of Turkey, especially in Table 1. The litter on the surface of the soil was in Muğla, Aydın and Isparta (Davis, 1978). removed, and the soil samples were collected from a The aim of this study was to investigate C. depth of 15-20 cm. About 1 kg of each sample was mirabile as phenological and ecological. Therefore, we placed in polyethylene bags and brought to the determined the element concentrations of aerial and laboratory. Soil and plant samples were dried in the under ground parts of C. mirabile at different growth shadow for physical and chemical analyses. Bouyoucus stages and the soil-plant relations of this species. hydrometer method, Walkey-Black method, Scheibler Calcimeter and Beckman pH meter were used for the MATERIALS AND METHODS determination of texture, organic material, CaCO3 and Specimens of C. mirabile were collected from 13 pH of the soils, respectively. The amount of elements (N, different localities of South-West Anatolia in vegetative K, P, Ca, Na, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) were detected and generative growth periods between 2006-2010 (Allen et al., 1976; Bayraklı, 1987) as in Muğla (Table 1, Fig. 1). C. mirabile specimens were dried Provincial Directorate of Agriculture. Aerial and under according to the standard herbarium techniques and ground parts of the plants were collected at the flowering preserved in the Pamukkale University Herbarium stages and cleaned up subsequently. All parts of the 002 Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1):001-009 Mammadov et al., 2016 plant samples were dried for 48 hours at 70o C in an oven and then chopped up with a blender for preparing the analysis. The analysis of soil and plant samples were done+ according to Kaçar (1984). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Phenological Observations Phenological observations of this study are as follows; the leaf development of C. mirabile is in middle of September, the leaf maturation of this species occurs Figure 1. The map of the collection sites of C. mirabile at the end of May, flowering time is September- in South-West Anatolia November depending on the altitude, fruiting time is in the middle of November, the seed maturation of this species occurs in the middle of June and the aerial parts of plant dries in July. Morphological Observations Morphological observations of this study are as follows; tuber height 2.74-4.16 cm (3.26 cm), tuber diameter 2.86-5.34 cm (3.83 cm), tuber weight 31.85- 88.65 g, (50.86 g), height of the plant 9.25-19 cm (12.71 cm), number of flowers 3-6 (5), number of capsules 2-6 (4), number of seeds in a capsule 12-24 (14.64), weight of 1000 seeds 6.81-15.92 g (11.81 g) (Table 2). Figure 2. Regression analysis graph of soil manganese Physical analysis of the soils and plant nitrogen of above-ground parts in generative period The results of physical analysis from the soil samples collected from the distrubution area of C. mirabile are presented in Table 3. According to physical analysis results, the species generally grows on clay, loam and clayey-loam soils. It has already been reported by various researchers that geophyte plants such as Cyclamen alpinum (Düşen et al., 2013), Crocus ancyrensis, C. sieheanus, C. chrysanthus, C. flavus subsp. flavus and C. flavus subsp. dissectus (Şik and Candan, 2009), Iris histrioides (Kandemir and Engin, 2000), Iris pseudacorus (Engin et al., 1998), and Asphodelus aestivus (Pirdal, 1989) generally prefer clayish, loamy, clayish-loamy soils, like C. mirabile. Figure 3. Regression analysis graph of soil manganese The pH of the soil samples. and plant nitrogen of above-ground parts in generative period Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1):001-009 003 004 Journal of Table 2. Morphological parameters of C. mirabile Min. Max. Mea 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 S.D. Locality / n Plant parts Tuber height (cm) 2.87 2.92 3.22 3.62 2.86 3.52 3.46 4.16 2.98 2.74 3.52 3.78 2.83 2.74 4.16 3.26 0.4422 Tuber diameter (cm) 3.41 3.92 5.34 4.31 2.97 2.91 4.10 3.78 3.70 2.86 4.56 3.62 4.43 2.86 5.34 3.83 0.7216 Tuber weight (g) 45.06 56.43 75.82 88.65 32.46 34.66 36.48 52.46 71.24 31.85 35.62 44.17 56.37 31.85 88.65 50.86 8.2806 Height of plant (cm) 12.42 13.00 16.24 17.34 9.60 9.25 12.43 19 11.34 8.14 10.50 13.16 12.83 9.25 19 12.71 3.2043 Number of flowers 5 6 4 6 4 5 3 6 5 6 4 6 4 3 6 5 1.0377 Number of capsules 5 4 4 4 2 5 3 5 5 4 3 6 3 2 6 4 1.1151 Number of seeds in a capsule 17 19 19 24 14 12 17 14 17 13 7 19 18 12 24 14.64 0.7216 Weight of 1000 seeds (g) 13.00 11.00 12.41 11.14 12.34 8.12 13.00 10.17 6.81 11.14 11.64 15.92 12.00 6.81 15.92 11.81 0.7216 Min.: Minimum, Max.: Maximum, S.D.: Standard eviation n Mea Max. Min. 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 S.D. Loca lities nitrogenous soils, such as have been several studies on the plants which prefer rich mirabile 0.902% respectively.
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