Landscaping Without Harmful Invasive Plants

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Landscaping without harmful invasive plants A guide to plants you can use in place of invasive non-natives Supported by: This guide, produced by the wild plant conservation Landscaping charity Plantlife and the Royal Horticultural without Society, can help you choose plants that are less likely to cause problems to the environment harmful should they escape from your planting area. Even the most careful land managers cannot invasive ensure that their plants do not escape and plants establish in nearby habitats (as berries and seeds may be carried away by birds or the wind), so we hope you will fi nd this helpful. A few popular landscaping plants can cause problems for you / your clients and the environment. These are known as invasive non-native plants. Although they comprise a small Under the Wildlife and Countryside minority of the 70,000 or so plant varieties available, the Act, it is an offence to plant, or cause to damage they can do is extensive and may be irreversible. grow in the wild, a number of invasive ©Trevor Renals ©Trevor non-native plants. Government also has powers to ban the sale of invasive Some invasive non-native plants might be plants. At the time of producing this straightforward for you (or your clients) to keep in booklet there were no sales bans, but check if you can tend to the planted area often, but it is worth checking on the websites An unsuspecting sheep fl ounders in a in the wider countryside, where such management river. Invasive Floating Pennywort can below to fi nd the latest legislation is not feasible, these plants can establish and cause cause water to appear as solid ground. that may be relevant to you: problems for native plants and animals. Trying to Department for Environment get rid of problem plants from natural habitats, Food and Rural Affairs especially sites of nature conservation importance, is www.defra.gov.uk expensive and diffi cult. Often complete eradication Scottish Government of an invasive plant from the wild becomes impossible, www.scotland.gov.uk/invasivespecies and many hundreds of thousands of pounds are spent each year in an effort to limit their spread. These websites provide more information about invasive plants and their management: Other invasive non-native plants will cause problems in their Plantlife amenity setting too, quickly outgrowing their space and www.plantlife.org.uk becoming diffi cult to keep under control. If invasive plants are Royal Horticultural Society used in water features, they can present an additional hazard www.rhs.org.uk as rampant growth can make water appear as solid ground Non-Native Species Secretariat and so be dangerous to unsuspecting children or animals. www.nonnativespecies.org

2 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 3 How to use this guide CONTENTS Our suggested plants are divided into eight sections PAGE Your choice of plant often reflects what you want to do – for example create Groundcover plants 6 a stunning visual display in a public park, or provide a barrier to discourage Naturalising plants & bulbs 8 use of a certain area. Here we try to suggest non-invasive plants for a Architectural plants 11 variety of different landscaping occasions and cultivation conditions. Shrubs 14 Invasive plants have sometimes been used in the past for those difficult areas Climbers / Wall cover 21 of landscaping, like when a bare wall needs to be covered quickly or soil needs to be stabilised. Meanwhile plants for other aspects of landscaping, such as Trees 23 summer bedding, are unlikely to be invasive. This booklet covers those areas Pond & bog garden plants 27 of landscaping where, traditionally, invasive plants have most been used. Plants for wildlife 32 For example, some cotoneasters used for background screening and Cultivation chart & index 36 groundcover are now displaying invasive tendencies in the wild and have been Within each section the recommended plants cover a range of different sites added to Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act. We suggest safer and cultivation requirements. For example, we list shrubs which offer spring or plants you can try instead in the 'Shrubs' and 'Groundcover plants' sections. summer flowers or stunning autumn colours, shrubs that are good for hedging or providing background structure to your borders, and shrubs for sunny or shady spots.

Although the plants we suggest shouldn’t cause you undue problems, no matter which plants you use, you/your client will KEY TO need to manage your planted areas at regular intervals. Tolerant of Needs sun Needs alkaline Needs acid Needs Needs SYMBOLS shade conditions conditions drier soils wetter soils Please remember that ALL excess plant matter should be / low light levels disposed of responsibly. The Be Plant Wise website has more information about safe disposal of plant matter: Fast Attractive Attractive Fine Bears Background Low Windbreak Provides growing flowers foliage autumn ornamental structure / barrier shelter/cover www.nonnativespecies.org/beplantwise colours fruit screening / hedge for wildlife

BOG Berries Nectar Needs Needs Submerged Floating Marginal / Bog garden for birds source rich soil poor soil aquatic plant aquatic plant emergent plant Credits aquatic plant Images used under Creative Commons licences (1-7):  Attribution 2.0 Generic Symbols under each plant highlight particular conditions the plant  Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic  Attribution-Noncommercial 2.0 Generic requires (for example, wet, dry, acid or alkaline soils, or full sun). Plants  Attribution-No Derivative Works 2.0 Generic able to grow in shade are also indicated. A plant with no symbols is able  Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 Generic to cope with a broad range of conditions. The index at the back of this  Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 Generic  Attribution-Share Alike 2.1 Spain booklet provides full details of each plant’s cultivation tolerances.  Images used under GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 Front cover image © Martin McCarthey-iStockphoto Inside layout design by Andrew Evans

4 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 5 Groundcover plants Groundcover plants Erosion control Calluna vulgaris Bergenia cordifolia & hybrids  Heather Elephant-ears Variable shrub to 60cm with tiny, densely packed leaves and Robust perennials spreading on thick, branching rhizomes. bell-shaped, often pink fl owers. A great range of cultivars Leaves are large, glossy and paddle-like and purple-tinged selected for fl ower and foliage characters is available. A in winter. The fl owers are usually in shades of pink, borne good option for erosion control at inland sites. on fl eshy stems. Good for sheltered sites. ©Deborah Long/Plantlife ©Deborah ©Uli Lorimer Curator Garden Botanic Brooklyn of Flora Native Ligustrum vulgare Ceratostigma plumbaginoides Wild Privet Hardy Plumbago Hardy semi-evergreen shrub to 3m with narrowly oval, Rhizomatous perennial, woody at the base with wavy- shiny leaves. Spikes of white fl owers are followed by small margined, bright green leaves (to 10cm long) turning red  black fruit. in autumn. Produces clusters of bright blue fl owers in late summer. Good for exposed sites. ©Jennifer Snyder ©Jennifer ©ukwildfl owers.com ©ukwildfl Prunus spinosa 'Plena' Leucothoe fontanesiana Double Blackthorn Drooping Laurel Shrub to about 4m with spiny branches and double, white Shrub to 2m or so with arching branches carrying evergreen, fl owers in March and April. leathery, lance-shaped leaves and small white fl owers in spring. Variegated cultivars are available. Needs a sheltered  ©Carol Sheppard/RHS ©Carol position. ©Andy Jones ©Andy Rhamnus cathartica Pachysandra terminalis Buckthorn Carpet Box 

 Dense-growing, spiny shrub to 6m with glossy, dark green Evergreen perennial spreading on smooth stems from leaves turning yellow in autumn. Yellowish fl owers in spring which are produced deeply cut, glossy, dark green leaves. are followed by spherical fruit in autumn, red turning Small white fl owers are produced in early summer. black. ©Damon ickr.com/ Taylor www.fl photos/ocean_of_stars ©www.kingsbraegarden.com Ulex europaeus Salix repens var. argentea Gorse Creeping Willow

 Rounded shrub of dense habit to 2.5m bearing very spiny Prostrate, spreading shrub with oval, silky green leaves that stems which carry bright yellow pea fl owers throughout are silver beneath. Produces yellow catkins in spring. Good much of the year. for exposed, sunny sites. ©Gene Selkov ©Gene ©Barry Phillips/RHS ©Barry 6 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 7 Naturalising plants Groundcover plants & bulbs

Sarcococca hookeriana var. humilis Crocus chrysanthus Christmas Box Golden Crocus  Low-growing, suckering shrub grown for its glossy, dark Cormous perennial to 5cm with fl owers which can vary in

green, narrow leaves and small but fragrant, pink-tinged colour from pale cream to deep yellow, often with a purplish  white fl owers produced in winter. The fl owers are followed suffusion on the exterior. by dark, shiny fruit. ©Shihmei Barger ©Shihmei

©Christopher Whitehouse ©Christopher Spring Stachys byzantina Crocus nudiﬂ orus Lamb's-ear Autumn Crocus Spreading perennial to 45cm tall with elliptic leaves to Spreading, cormous perennial to 20cm. Its purple fl owers 10cm which are covered in thick white wool. Small pinkish with a long tube are produced before the narrow leaves.

fl owers are carried on woolly stems in summer and autumn.  Good for sunny, exposed sites. ©Joan Simon ©Joan

©ukwildfl owers.com ©ukwildfl Autumn Colchicum autumnale Crocus tommasinianus Meadow Saffron Early Crocus

Cormous perennial producing copious pink, goblet-shaped Variable cormous perennial to 10cm with pale-striped 

 fl owers (to 15cm), followed by lance-shaped leaves. Double- linear leaves and fl owers which can be pale lilac to deep fl owered cultivars are available. purple. ©Phillippe Bullot ©Phillippe Autumn Spring Dalmeijer ©JManfred Colchicum speciosum Cyclamen coum Giant Meadow Saffron Eastern Sowbread Vigorous, cormous perennial to 18cm with narrow leaves. Tuberous perennial to 8cm with silver-patterned, rounded, Goblet-shaped fl owers are pink-purple, often with a white deep green leaves and fl owers in shades of pink with swept Naturalising plants & bulbs Naturalising

throat. back tepals. 

©Graham Titchmarsh/RHS ©Graham Spring

Autumn Roy Van ©Ann Crocus biﬂ orus Cyclamen hederifolium Silvery Crocus Sowbread 

 Variable cormous perennial to 6cm carrying fl owers which Tuberous perennial producing waxy heart-shaped or have yellow throats and can be found in shades of blue or triangular leaves with pale patterning. The fl owers are in white, sometimes with purple striping. shades of pink, borne singly on upright stems and have twisted, swept back tepals. ©Christophe Quintin ©Christophe Spring Autumn 2007 Liguria y ©Toscana 8 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 9 Naturalising plants Architectural plants & bulbs Grasses & bamboos

Digitalis purpurea Ampelodesmos mauritanica Foxglove Diss Grass Biennial forming a neat rosette of hairy leaves in the ﬁ rst Impressive grass to 3m with arching, evergren foliage and year followed in the second by graceful, one-sided spikes tall stems bearing pendant fl owers.  to 2m of tubular, purple fl owers with maroon spots on the  inside. ©Xemenendura ©Tom Blackwell ©Tom ickr.com/photos/tjblackwell www.fl Echium vulgare Astelia chathamica Viper's-bugloss Silver Spear Bushy biennial bearing bristly, narrow leaves and in the Clump-forming perennial to 1.2m tall bearing clumps of

 second year purple, pink-tinged, bell-shaped fl owers in broad, channelled, silvery leaves. Yellowish green fl owers dense infl orescences. are sometimes produced and followed by orange berries. ©Carol Sheppard/RHS ©Carol ©Stuart Anthony ©Stuart Fritillara meleagris Chusquea culeou Snake's-head Fritillary Chilean Bamboo Bulbous perennial to 30cm with delicate stems that carry Erect, clump-forming bamboo with solid, yellow-green heavy, pendant fl owers (to 4.5cm long). The fl owers are in stems growing to 6m in ideal conditions with a spread of

 shades of pinkish purple with dark checkering. 2.5m. ©RHS ©Rogerio Lira ©Rogerio Spring Narcissus 'Actaea' Fargesia nitida Daffodil 'Actaea' Fountain Bamboo Strongly fragrant bulbous perennial to 45cm. The white Graceful, slow-growing bamboo forming clumps of slender,  fl owers have a short, cup-shaped corona which is yellow dark purple canes growing to a height of 5m with a spread margined red. Leaves are narrow and hairless. of 1.5m. ©Graham Titchmarsh/RHS ©Graham ©Alexandre Vialle ©Alexandre Spring

Scilla siberica Miscanthus  giganteus  Siberian Squill Elephant Grass Bulbous perennial to about 15cm with shiny, lance-shaped Upright grass not spreading invasively, useful at the back leaves and pendant, bright blue fl owers to 1.5cm across. of borders. Flowers are pinkish going silver, produced in  October. Tolerant of most conditions but best in fertile, moist soil in full sun. ©www.fl ickr.com/bruce_m_walker ©www.fl ©Peter Dutton ©Peter Spring 10 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 11 Architectural plants Architectural plants Grasses & bamboos Herbaceous

Phyllostachys nigra Datisca cannabina  Black Bamboo Cretan Hemp Clump-forming bamboo with arching, slender canes turning Slender stems to 3m bear delicate, dissected leaves and

 deep black. Grows to 5m with a spread of 3m. tassels of green fl owers. ©Steve Law @ Brighton Plants Brighton @ Law ©Steve ©Howard Dickins ©Howard Pleioblastus simonii Eupatorium maculatum Atropurpureum Group Simon's Bamboo Joe Pye Weed Fairly small bamboo to 3m in height. The variegated cultivar Perennial to 3m with domed heads of purple fl owers over 'Variegatus' has linear, white-striped leaves whorls of dark foliage. ©Graham Titchmarsh/RHS ©Graham ©Barry Phillips/RHS ©Barry Stipa gigantea Rheum palmatum Golden Oats Ornamental Rhubarb Forms dense, evergreen clumps over which are carried high A huge ornamental rhubarb to 2.5m tall or more with large,  plumes of golden fl owers. deeply lobed leaves and upright spikes of small greenish  fl owers. ©Carolyn Madison ©Carolyn www.ruthbancroftgarden.org Bharatan ©Vilma

Aralia cachemirica Rodgersia aesculifolia Angelica-tree Chestnut-leaved Rodgersia Huge leaves to 1.2m long divided into shiny leafl ets above Large, wrinkled basal leaves are palmately divided and Herbaceous which appear spikes of starry umbels to 3m tall. bear branching stems of small pink or white fl owers. Forms clumps to 1.5m across. ©Graham Titchmarsh/RHS ©Graham ©Sue Taylor ©Sue

Crambe cordifolia Veronicastrum virginicum Greater Sea-kale Culver's Root Huge clumps of heart-shaped foliage to 1.5m across are Perennial to 2m or more bearing architectural whorls of topped by branching sprays of small white fl owers to 2m toothed foliage and tall wands of lilac fl owers.  high. ©Sophie Thomas/Plantlife ©Sophie ©Peter C. Gorman C. ©Peter 12 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 13 Shrubs Shrubs Structural Structural

 Berberis verruculosa Forsythia  intermedia Warted Barberry Forsythia Tight-growing, evergreen shrub to 1.5m with glossy, spiny Easily propagated, pollution-tolerant deciduous shrub leaves to 3cm long, that are white on the underside. Dark to 2m tall bearing bright golden fl owers on bare stems in

purple fruit to 1cm long follow the golden yellow fl owers. spring.  ©Maja Dumat ©Maja ©www.fl ickr.com/photos/harry_harms ©www.fl Buxus sempervirens Garrya elliptica Box Silk-tassel Bush (pictured: cultivar ‘James Roof’)

Dense-growing, rounded shrub eventually to 5m but Hard-wearing evergreen shrub to 4m with glossy, grey-   responding well to pruning. Leaves evergreen, small and green, opposite leaves. Highly ornamental catkins are dark green. Produces small and yellowish fl owers in spring. borne in winter and early spring. Good windbreak. Good for dry, shady sites. ©hortulus-aptus.com ©Ferran Turmo Gort Turmo ©Ferran Cornus alba Hebe rakaiensis  White Dogwood Rakai Hebe Hardy and resilient deciduous shrub to 3m tall bearing red Dense shrub to 1m with glossy green leaves to 2cm long bark and available as several variegated cultivars. Grow in thickly covering a rounded bush. The white racemes full sun for most striking stem colour. of fl owers (to 4cm long) are borne in summer. Good for  hedging. Will tolerate maritime exposure but not very cold winds. ©Alan Pascoe ©Alan ©www.kingsbraegarden.com

Elaeagnus  ebbingei Hebe topiaria Ebbinge's Silverberry Topiarist's Hebe Evergreen shrub to 4m with a dense, leafy habit. Leaves Dense, low-growing shrub to 60cm with glossy, grey-green are leathery with silver scales on the underside. Variegated leaves to 1.5cm long. Racemes of white fl owers to 2cm are

cultivars are available. Extremely fragrant, small, white carried in summer. Good for hedging. Will tolerate maritime  fl owers are produced in autumn. exposure but not very cold winds. ©Takeo Goto ©Takeo ©Graham Titchmarsh/RHS ©Graham

Escallonia macrantha Ilex aquifolium Escallonia Holly A ﬁ ne shrub to 4m but easily pruned with dark, glossy, Hardy evergreen shrub bearing spiny, glossy foliage when aromatic leaves and tubular, rosy fl owers. Good as a young. Available in a range of variegated cultivars. Female windbreak, though may be susceptible to frost in inland plants bear red berries. Good as a windbreak. areas. ©ukwildfl owers.com ©ukwildfl ©ukwildfl owers.com ©ukwildfl 14 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 15 Shrubs Shrubs Structural Structural

Ligustrum lucidum Euonymus japonicus & cultivars Chinese Privet Evergreen Spindle Evergreen shrub or tree easily pruned to size with glossy, Evergreen shrub with glossy foliage and small clusters 

dark green leaves. Variegated cultivars are available. of white fl owers. Tolerant of a wide range of conditions  and resilient to heavy pruning. A number of ﬁ ne foliage selections are available. ©Mauro Halpern ©Mauro ©Mauro Halpern ©Mauro

Olearia macrodonta Abelia  grandiﬂ ora Ornamental New Zealand Holly Glossy Abelia Shrub, eventually to 5m, with holly-like, greyish leaves. Semi-evergreen shrub to 3m bearing glossy, dark green Profuse heads of fragrant, daisy-like fl owers are borne in leaves and fragrant pinkish white tubular fl owers that fall summer. A good windbreak. to reveal persistent pink calyces.  ©ukwildfl owers.com ©ukwildfl Summer Gerus ©Tatiana Olearia  haastii Acer palmatum var. dissectum Daisy-bush Cut-leaved Japanese Maple Tough, bushy evergreen shrub to 2m tall with dark green Rounded shrub bearing deeply cut, sometimes purple, leaves felted on the underside. Produces daisy fl owers in foliage that colours up well in autumn and is often  summer. accompanied by ornamental winged fruits. Protect from cold, drying winds. ©unforth on Flickr on ©unforth ©Susan Tindall at Plant Press Plant at Tindall ©Susan Autumn Photinia  fraseri Aucuba japonica 'Crotonifolia' Christmas Berry Spotted-laurel Evergreen shrub growing to 5m but easily pruned to size. Dependable shrub to 3m tall grown primarily for its glossy,

White fl owers are carried in spring and young foliage is toothed leaves (to 20cm long) which are speckled with  bright red. Needs protection from cold winds. yellow markings. Small purple fl owers may be followed by bright red berries. Good for dry, shady sites.  ©Terry Langhorn ©Terry ©J Brew ©J Viburnum opulus Camellia japonica cultivars Guelder-rose Common Camellia Vigorous deciduous shrub to 4m bearing lobed leaves that Evergreen shrubs to 4m or more, with glossy, toothed elliptic turn red in autumn. Its lacecap fl owers are followed by leaves. A huge number of cultivars have been selected often

 glossy red fruit. with large double fl owers in shades of pink.  ©cliff1066™ ©Ann Van Roy Van ©Ann Spring 16 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 17 Shrubs Shrubs Ornamental Ornamental

Cotinus coggygria Hydrangea serrata  Smoke Tree Lacecap Hydrangea Shrub to 5m with oval leaves turning rich orange and red Deciduous shrub with opposite leaves to 15cm long and in autumn and retaining whispy panicles after fl owering. fl attened domes of fl owers which bear colourful sterile

 Purple-leaved forms available. Coloured-leaved cultivars bracts at the margins. Many cultivars are available. perform best in full sun. ©Steve Law @ Brighton Plants Brighton @ Law ©Steve ©www.fl ickr.com/photos/ ©www.fl kenny_murray Summer Euonymus alatus Nandina domestica Winged Spindle Heavenly Bamboo Hardy shrub to 2m bearing glossy leaves that turn bright Bamboo like stems carry graceful compound, evergreen 

 scarlet before falling. Also bears purple and orange fruit leaves that turn vivid red in autumn and winter. Small, and winged stems. starry fl owers are sometimes followed by bright red fruit. Requires a sheltered site to thrive. ©Junichiro Aoyama ©Junichiro ©François Guibert ©François Euonymus europaeus 'Red Cascade' Osmanthus  burkwoodii Spindle 'Red Cascade' Burkwood Osmanthus Deciduous shrub to 2.5cm bearing glossy leaves on green Evergreen shrub to 3m with a dense habit and toothed, dark stems and small fl owers. Flowers are followed by a profusion green leaves. The small, tubular white fl owers are extremely of red fruit which open to reveal the orange-coated seeds fragrant.  within. ©Mike Sleigh/RHS ©Mike Spring Stevens ©Peter Hamamelis vernalis Philadelphus coronarius  Spring Witch-hazel Mock-orange

Upright shrub bearing spidery yellow or orange fl owers on Shrub to 3m bearing toothed, deciduous leaves and highly  bare twigs in winter and spring. The leaves turn clear yellow fragrant, creamy, cup-shaped fl owers (to 2.5cm across) in in autumn. early summer. ©Maja Dumat ©Maja

©www.morrisarboretum.org Summer

Hydrangea macrophylla Pieris japonica  Mophead Hydrangea Lily-of-the-valley Bush Compact, deciduous shrub to 2m with opposite, broad Evergreen shrub of neat habit to 4m tall with toothed

 leaves to 20cm long. There are many cultivars which bear elliptic leaves that are reddish when young. Panicles of domes of fl owers in a great range of colours, some formed numerous urn-shaped, white fl owers appear from pink Stevens ©Peter of entirely sterile bracts and others with fertile fl owers at buds. Several cultivars are available. Protect young growth the centre. from late frosts.

©Lindley Ashline ©Lindley Summer Spring 18 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 19 Shrubs Ornamental Climbers / Wall cover

Sarcococca hookeriana Actinidia kolomikta Sweet Box Kolomikta Small, suckering shrub to 1.5m forming neat clumps of Vigorous twining climber to 5m or more, rarely producing upright stems which bear glossy, broadly lance-shaped its small fl owers but bearing large leaves that become   leaves. In winter, clusters of sweetly fragrant, small white attractively variegated white and pink in the upper half. ns ve

e fl owers form and are followed by shiny black fruit. Good for dry, shady sites. © Néné La Beet La Néné © ©Peter St ©Peter Skimmia japonica 'Nymans' Ampelopsis brevipedunculata

 Skimmia 'Nymans' Porcelain Berry A spreading shrub to 1m x 2m bearing glossy, evergreen, Deciduous tendril climber to 5m bearing three-lobed leaves aromatic foliage. Fragrant white fl owers and round, red and small greenish fl owers which are followed by clusters  fruits are freely produced. of round fruit that turn from pinkish-purple to blue. ©Christopher Whitehouse ©Christopher ©Sean Brassman ©Sean Viburnum betulifolium Ceanothus arboreus 'Trewithen Blue' Birch-leaf Viburnum Californian Lilac 'Trewithen Blue' Deciduous shrub with an upright habit growing to 3m tall. Evergreen shrub to 5m or so with glossy, dark green, oval The white fl owers in early summer are followed by pendant leaves to 10cm long. In spring and summer frothy heads clusters of bright red fruit which persist well through the of blue fl owers are borne in abundance. May be damaged  winter. by frosts. ©Graham Titchmarsh/RHS ©Graham © Kim Smith Kim ©  Viburnum  burkwoodii cultivars Celastrus orbiculatus Burkwood Viburnum Staff-vine Evergreen shrub to 3m with dark green, shiny leaves. Globes Strong-growing deciduous climber to 14m bearing toothed of very fragrant white fl owers to 10cm across open from leaves turning golden in autumn. Small, greenish fl owers pink buds and are sometimes followed by small red fruit are followed by round, yellowish fruit that open to reveal (turning black). red seeds within. © Graham Titchmarsh/RHS Graham © Spring heartofnature.etsy.com Wilkin Kitty by Chaenomeles japonica Japanese Quince Spreading, thorny shrub to 1m tall and 2m across bearing large orange-red fl owers in spring as the glossy leaves

appear. The fruits are red, tinged with yellow and around  4cm long. ©Gertrud Kanu ©Gertrud 20 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 21 Climbers / Wall cover Climbers / Wall cover

Elaeagnus  ebbingei Myrtus communis Ebbinge's Silverberry Common Myrtle Evergreen shrub to 4m with a dense, leafy habit. Leaves are Evergreen shrub to 3m bearing a dense coverage of dark leathery with silver scales on the underside. The fl owers, green aromatic foliage and, from midsummer, white fl owers  produced in autumn are small, white and extremely with prominent stamens which are followed by black fruit. fragrant. There are several variegated cultivars. Not fully hardy; shelter from cold winds. ©Salomé Bielsa ©Salomé ©Graham Titchmarsh/RHS ©Graham Euonymus fortunei 'Silver Queen' Rosa 'New Dawn' Spindle 'Silver Queen' Rose 'New Dawn' Evergreen shrub to 2.5m with fl exible stems bearing waxy, A vigorous climbing rose with arching stems bearing glossy white-margined leaves. White fruit opening to reveal leaves and full, palest pink fl owers. Suitable for sun or orange-coated seeds may be produced after the small partial shade. A great range of climbing roses, providing for  fl owers. different aspects and effects, are available. ©Orfano Mondo ©Orfano ©Sue Southway/Plantlife ©Sue Hedera algeriensis 'Gloire de Marengo' Vitis coignetiae Ivy 'Glorie de Marengo' Crimson Glory-vine Large-leaved ivy with creamy marginal variegation and Vigorous, tendril climber with large, lobed leaves to 30cm long, easily trained stems. Tolerant of a wide range of across that turn yellow, then bright red, in autumn.

conditions once established.  ©John Oxton ©John ©GWI/Trevor Sims ©GWI/Trevor Trees Hedera colchica 'Sulphur Heart' Acer palmatum Persian Ivy 'Sulphur Heart' Japanese Maple

Large-leaved ivy with a large central, golden variegation Small tree bearing graceful, lobed leaves that become  growing to perhaps 5m. Tolerant of a wide range of scarlet in autumn. Many choice cultivars are available. conditions once established. ©atotto ©RHS Hydrangea petiolaris Arbutus  andrachnoides Climbing Hydrangea Hybrid Strawberry Tree Deciduous climber with leaves turning yellow before falling. Tree to 8m with peeling red bark and glossy, toothed Grows to 10m or more and carries domes of white fl owers evergreen leaves that are glaucous on the underside. The

as/Plantlife with bracteate fl owers at the margins. Avoid shallow, chalky small fl owers are white and appear in autumn. Alkaline soils. soils may be tolerated but acid is preferred. Shelter from cold winds. phie Thom phie photo by Azurian Flow Flow Azurian by photo ©So

22 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 23 Trees Trees

Cercis siliquastrum Ligustrum lucidum Judas Tree Chinese Privet Deciduous tree to 10m bearing pink, pea fl owers which Hardy, conical evergreen tree to 10m bearing glossy leaves.

appear on the bare stems. The attractive foliage is glossy Spikes of white fl owers in late summer are followed by   and heart-shaped. bluish fruit. ©Mauro Halpern ©Mauro ©Salomé Bielsa ©Salomé Crataegus laevigata 'Paul's Scarlet' Liquidambar styraciﬂ ua Hawthorn 'Paul's Scarlet' Sweet Gum Thorny, deciduous tree to 8m. Bears a great profusion of Conical tree to 20m with neatly lobed leaves turning deep

bright red-pink, very double fl owers in late spring. bronze, red and orange before falling. For best autumn   colour plant in full sun. Can tolerate alkaline conditions where soils are deep. ©David Brookes ©David ©kimubert@fl ickr ©kimubert@fl Crataegus  lavalleei Magnolia grandiﬂ ora Lavalleei's Hawthorn Large-fl owered Magnolia Spreading, semi-deciduous tree to 7m bearing domed Magniﬁ cent evergreen tree to 10m or more with large, very heads of white fl owers followed by orange-red fruits to 2cm glossy, bright green leaves that are rusty brown on the

across that persist through the winter. underside. Bears huge, cup-shaped, fragrant white fl owers.  May be damaged by very cold weather. ©Hendri Pas ©Hendri ©LiChien Pan ©LiChien Fraxinus angustifolia 'Raywood' Malus 'Golden Hornet' Ash 'Raywood' Crab Apple 'Golden Hornet' Pinnate-leaved deciduous tree to 20m bearing foliage that Deciduous tree to 8m with a rounded habit. White fl owers turns a rich red in the autumn. in spring are followed by copious, spherical, golden yellow fruit to 2cm across which are carried over a long period. ©Graham Titchmarsh/RHS ©Graham ©RHS

Fraxinus ornus Nyssa sylvatica  Manna Ash Tupelo Deciduous tree to 15m with pinnate leaves that turn red in Broadly conical tree to 15m. Leaves produce spectacular autumn. Creamy white fl owers are followed by pendulous ﬁ ery shades in autumn. Shelter from cold winds and plant  clusters of winged yellow or red fruit. out when young. ©Uli Lorimer Curator of Native of Curator Lorimer ©Uli Garden Botanic Brooklyn Flora ©Salomé Bielsa ©Salomé

24 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 25 Trees Pond & bog garden plants

Parrotia persica Alisma plantago-aquatica Persian Ironwood Water-plantain Spreading tree to 8m tall bearing peeling bark and spidery, Perennial to 1m bearing linear submerged leaves and bright red fl owers in winter and early spring. Produces ﬁ re- rosettes of long-stalked, lance-shaped, greyish leaves  coloured autumn foliage. Grow in acid soil for best autumn above the water. Produces very pale pink fl owers to 1.5cm colour. on much-branched infl orescences in summer. Best in water 15-30cm deep. ©ukwildfl owers.com ©ukwildfl ©Ryan Somma ©Ryan Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' Butomus umbellatus Cherry Plum 'Pissardii' Flowering-rush Purple-leaved deciduous tree to 10m bearing cup-shaped Perennial to 1.5m with rush-like, twisted leaves emerging fl owers (2.5cm across) that are pink, fading to white. purple and turning green. Umbels of fragrant pink fl owers to 2.5cm across are borne in late summer on tall stems.  Grow in mud or water to 25cm deep. ©Cody Hough ©Cody Allen W. ©David Sorbus aria Callitriche stagnalis Common Whitebeam Common Water-starwort Deciduous tree to 15m or more with broad, hairy, greyish Oxygenating perennial with narrow, opposite submerged leaves and fl at heads of white fl owers which are followed leaves that become broader in the open air. The fl owers are by dark red fruits. small and insigniﬁ cant, borne in summer. ©Andrew Gagg/Plantlife ©Andrew ©Andrew Gagg/Plantlife ©Andrew Sorbus 'Joseph Rock' Caltha palustris Mountain Ash 'Joseph Rock' Marsh-marigold Deciduous tree to 10m bearing pinnate leaves that colour Rhizomatous perennial bearing kidney-shaped leaves to well in autumn. Spring white fl owers are followed by round, 10cm long. Open, waxy, yellow fl owers are carried on stems

 pale yellow fruit to 1cm across. to 45cm in spring.  ©Jim Brodie ©Jim Lucier ©J.C. Sorbus thibetica 'John Mitchell' Canna 'Endeavour' Tibetan Whitebeam 'John Mitchell' Water Canna 'Endeavour' Deciduous tree to 20m or so with very broad, round, silver- Tender, rhizomatous perennial to 1.8m with erect, glaucous, grey leaves with heads of white fl owers in spring followed paddle-shaped leaves and spikes of narrow-petalled red by yellowish fruit to 1.5cm across. fl owers to 5cm across in summer and autumn. Lift tubers and overwinter in frost-free conditions. ©RHS photo byIvo M. Vermeulen, Courtesy Vermeulen, M. byIvo photo Garden Botanical York New The 26 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 27 Pond & bog garden plants Pond & bog garden plants

Canna 'Erebus' Fontinalis antipyretica Water Canna 'Erebus' Willow Moss Tender, rhizomatous perennial to 1.2m with erect, dark Attractive, evergreen, oxygenating moss lacking proper green, paddle-shaped leaves and spikes of exotic salmon roots with shoots to 15cm long and tightly packed leaves

fl owers to 8cm across in summer and autumn. Lift tubers to 5mm.   and overwinter in frost-free conditions. ©Tony Rodd ©Tony ©Kurt Stueber ©Kurt Canna 'Ra' Hosta 'Sum and Substance' Water Canna 'Ra' Plantain Lily 'Sum and Substance' Tender, rhizomatous perennial to 1.8m with erect, slender, Large, ribbed, heart-shaped yellow or green leaves and green leaves and spikes of exotic lemon yellow fl owers in spikes of bell-shaped lilac fl owers in summer. summer and autumn. Lift tubers and overwinter in frost- free conditions.

©Carol Sheppard/RHS ©Carol BOG Titchmarsh/RHS ©Graham Carex elata 'Aurea' Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Bowles's Golden Sedge Frogbit Rhizomatous, perennial sedge to 70cm, dying back in Stoloniferous perennial spreading on the surface of water winter with leaves that bear a central, golden variegation. and producing rounded, glossy leaves to 3cm long. White, Small fl owers are produced in spring and early summer. bowl-shaped fl owers, 2cm across, yellow at the centre are borne in the summer. Less vigorous in deeper water. ©Leigh Hunt/RHS ©Leigh BOG owers.com ©ukwildfl Ceratophyllum demersum Iris pseudacorus Rigid Hornwort Yellow Iris Submerged oxygenating plant with low light requirements. Vigorous, rhizomatous perennial to 1.5m tall with lance- Perennial with stiff stems eventually growing to 1m if left shaped, greyish leaves and bright yellow fl owers with unchecked. Leaves are dark green and forked into linear, darker markings. FOR LARGE PONDS ONLY. toothed segments. Prefers quite nutrient rich water.

BOG Sutton/Plantlife ©Joe ©Bob Gibbons/Natural Image Gibbons/Natural ©Bob Eleocharis acicularis Mentha aquatica Needle Spike-rush Water Mint Rhizomatous oxygenating perennial to 10cm with rush-like Rhizomatous perennial to 90cm with purple stems and leaves and fl owers in spikelets to 5mm (not produced when narrow, toothed, hairy and aromatic leaves. In summer submerged). dense spheres of tubular lilac fl owers are produced. Grows  in water to 15cm deep. Plant in baskets to contain spread. ©Phil Sellens ©Phil ©Nick Stewart/Plantlife ©Nick 28 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 29 Pond & bog garden plants Pond & bog garden plants

Menyanthes trifoliata Nymphaea alba Bogbean White Water-lily  Rhizomatous perennial forming fl oating mats of three- Perennials with fl oating, rounded, dark green, often red-

parted leaves with leafl ets to 6cm long. Erect infl orescences tinged leaves to about 30cm across. The starburst fl owers  of white, star-shaped fl owers are sometimes produced to 20cm or more across are white with yellow centres. FOR in summer. WILL NEED REGULAR TRIMMING; FOR LARGE LARGE PONDS ONLY. PONDS ONLY. ©Randi Hausken ©Randi ©Christopher Whitehouse ©Christopher Myosotis scorpioides Nymphaea hardy hybrids Water Forget-me-not Garden Water-lily Creeping, rhizomatous perennial with leaves to 10cm and, There are many hybrids to choose from. Nymphaea in summer, a profusion of bright blue, very open fl owers to 'Marliacea Albida' (pictured) has cup-shaped fl owers to  8mm across with a paler eye. Grows best in water to 10cm 15cm across that are white with yellow centres. deep. ©Tuovi Kurttio ©Tuovi ©David Nunn/RHS ©David Myriophyllum spicatum Potamogeton crispus Spiked Water-milfoil Curled Pondweed Perennial oxygenator with whorls of deeply divided leaves Perennial oxygenator bearing submerged, dissected, borne on stems to 1m or more. In summer small reddish almost translucent leaves and leathery, fl oating leaves fl owers are carried just above the water. with very undulating margins. The fl owers are very small and whitish, carried just above the water. ©Ben Goldsmith ©Ben ©Andrew Gagg/Plantlife ©Andrew Myriophyllum verticillatum Ranunculus aquatilis Whorled Water-milfoil Common Water-crowfoot Perennial oxygenator with whorls of deeply divided leaves Pretty annual/short-lived perennial with submerged

 and linear leafl ets borne on stems to 1m or more. In branching stems and ﬁ nely divided leaves and fl oating summer very small yellowish fl owers are carried just above lobed, kidney-shaped leaves. Produces white fl owers (2cm) the surface of the water. at the water's surface in summer. Prefers shallow water with good nutrient levels. ©Kristian Peters ©Kristian ©Bob Gibbons/Natural Image Gibbons/Natural ©Bob Nuphar lutea Sagittaria sagittifolia Yellow Water-lily Arrowhead Perennial bearing fl oating, rounded, thick-textured, hairless Spreading perennial bearing arrow-shaped leaves with long

 leaves to 40cm long. Above these in the summer are carried lobes at the base and 1m tall infl orescences carrying white almost spherical yellow fl owers to 6cm across singly on fl owers to 2.5cm across. In deep water long, fl oating leaves stems. FOR LARGE PONDS ONLY. may also be produced. FOR LARGE PONDS ONLY. ©Randi Hausken ©Randi ©Ben Goldsmith ©Ben

30 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 31 Pond & bog garden plants Plants for wildlife

Thalia dealbata Chimonanthus praecox 'Luteus' Powdery Alligator-fl ag

Wintersweet 'Luteus'  Perennial to 2.5m bearing lanceolate grey-green leaves Deciduous shrub to 4m with open, clear yellow fl owers.

 on long stalks. Striking, violet fl owers are borne in slender spikes in summer. Not fully hardy and may be deciduous in

e Moll e cold weather.

©Joy Wees ©Joy Early Season ©Christopher Whitehouse ©Christopher Veronica beccabunga Erica  darleyensis Brooklime Darley Dale Heath (pictured: cultivar 'Arthur Johnson')  Creeping perennial bearing fl eshy stems and leaves. Its Low-growing shrub with needle-like leaves, bearing fl owers rounded leaves can be entire or toothed. Racemes of blue in late winter and spring. Flowers are urn-shaped, usually  fl owers with a white eye appear in spring/summer. Can only in shades of pink and form racemes to 10cm long. Many tolerate shallow water, but good for groundcover in wet/ cultivars are available. Alkaline soils may be tolerated. semi-aquatic areas. ©Bastiaan Brak ©Bastiaan

 Buddleja globosa Hamamelis  intermedia Orange-ball-tree Intermediate Witch-hazel Erect, deciduous shrub with orange fl owers borne in eye- Shrub to 4m with upright branches which carry green leaves catching spheres in June. May be damaged by hard frosts. (to 15cm) that turn yellow in autumn. In winter the bare twigs bear spidery, fragrant fl owers in shades of yellow, orange or red. Various cultivars are available. Plants for wildlife Plants for ©Jonathan Brazil fl ickr.com/jbwan fl Brazil ©Jonathan

Early Season Sheppard/RHS ©Carol Ceanothus thyrsiﬂ orus Hedera helix Californian Lilac Ivy Dense evergreen shrub providing cover and shelter for Climbing or scrambling plant eventually becoming wildlife. Bears bright blue fl owers in early summer. Hardy in shrubby. Non-variegated selections have the best chance all but the coldest areas. of producing the nectar-rich fl owers, but these will need at least some sun. Prefers alkaline soils. ©Barry Phillips/RHS ©Barry Late Season owers.com ©ukwildfl Chimonanthus praecox Hyssopus ofﬁ cinalis Wintersweet Hyssop Strong-growing deciduous shrub to 4m with glossy Dwarf semi-evergreen shrub to 60cm with small, dense, lanceolate leaves to 20cm. Nodding, deliciously fragrant, aromatic foliage and spikes of two-lipped, dark blue fl owers greenish-yellow fl owers are produced on the bare twigs in from midsummer.   winter. The fl owers are often stained purple inside and are up to 2.5cm across. ©Salomé Bielsa ©Salomé ©tanakawho Early Season 32 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 33 Plants for wildlife Plants for wildlife

Ilex aquifolium 'J. C. van Tol' Sedum spectabile Holly 'J.C. van Tol' Butterfl y Stonecrop

Self-fertile tree to 6m with glossy evergreen, fairly spine- Easily propagated, fl eshy perennial with fl at heads of  free leaves and copious bright red berries. (usually) pink fl owers. For best wildlife value sterile hybrids should be avoided. Neutral, moderately fertile soil is best. ©RHS Late Season ©www.olliecrafoord.se Ilex  altaclarensis Sorbus aucuparia Highclere Holly Rowan

 Evergreen shrubs providing cover and shelter for wildlife, Pinnate-leaved, deciduous tree to 15m with white fl owers with broad, glossy leaves that are variegated in many in spring which are followed by copious orange-red berries cultivars. Female plants bear fruit. May be damaged by to 8mm across.  hard frosts. ©frankenstoen ©CAMERA MAD DOM MAD ©CAMERA Kniphoﬁ a rooperi Taxus baccata

 Rooper's Red-hot-poker Yew Imposing perennial to 1.2m with clumps of broadly linear Coniferous evergreen bearing thick, dark needles and, leaves and impressive, fat heads of red hot poker fl owers in in female plants, red fruit which is eat eaten by birds. autumn. Eventually becoming large but easily pruned to size.  ©Christopher Whitehouse ©Christopher

Late Season Kanu ©Gertrud Mahonia  media Viburnum opulus  Yellow Lily-of-the-valley Bush Guelder-rose Upright shrub, eventually to 5m, with leathery, hairless, Vigorous shrub to 4m bearing lobed leaves that turn red in sharp-pointed pinnate leaves to 45cm long and racemes autumn. Lacecap fl owers are followed by glossy red fruit.

of fragrant yellow fl owers to 35cm long at the ends of the Full sun to part shade in any moderately fertile soil.  shoots. If planting in full sun requires damp soil. ©amandabhslater on Flickr on ©amandabhslater Early Season Roy Van ©Ann Malus 'Golden Hornet' Viburnum  bodnantense Crab Apple 'Golden Hornet' Bodnant Viburnum Deciduous tree to 8m with copious, spherical, golden yellow Deciduous shrub to 3m bearing toothed leaves to 10cm

fruit to 2cm across which are carried over a long period. that have a reddish tinge when young. The highly fragrant,  White fl owers are produced in spring. tubular fl owers in shades of pink are borne in clusters at the ends of the branches. ©RHS Early Season Flickr on ©unforth 34 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 35 CONDITIONS u CONDITIONS u

PLANT PAGE Dry Well-drained Moist Wet Boggy Fertile Poor Alkaline Acid sun Full sun Partial Shade Submerged Emergent Marginal Floating Coastal Exposed Evergreen growing Fast Hardy PLANT PAGE Dry Well-drained Moist Wet Boggy Fertile Poor Alkaline Acid sun Full sun Partial Shade Submerged Emergent Marginal Floating Coastal Exposed Evergreen growing Fast Hardy Calluna vulgaris 6 Veronicastrum virginicum 13 Ligustrum vulgare 6 Berberis verruculosa 14 Prunus spinosa 'Plena' 6 Buxus sempervirens 14 Rhamnus cathartica 6 Cornus alba 14 Ulex europaeus 6 Elaeagnus  ebbingei 14 Bergenia cordifolia & hybrids 7 Escallonia macrantha 14 Ceratostigma plumbaginoides 7 Forsythia  intermedia 15 Leucothoe fontanesiana 7 Garrya elliptica 15 Pachysandra terminalis 7 Hebe rakaiensis 15 Salix repens var. argentea 7 Hebe topiaria 15 Sarcococca hookeriana var. humilis 8 Ilex aquifolium 15 Stachys byzantina 8 Ligustrum lucidum 16 Colchicum autumnale 8 Olearia macrodonta 16 Colchicum speciosum 8 Olearia  haastii 16 Crocus biflorus 8 Photinia  fraseri 16 Crocus chrysanthus 9 Viburnum opulus 16 Crocus nudiflorus 9 Euonymus japonicus & cultivars 17 Crocus tommasinianus 9 Abelia  grandiflora 17 Cyclamen coum 9 Acer palmatum var. dissectum 17 Cyclamen hederifolium 9 Aucuba japonica 'Crotonifolia' 17 Digitalis purpurea 10 Camellia japonica cultivars 17 Echium vulgare 10 Cotinus coggygria 18 Fritillaria meleagris 10 Euonymus alatus 18 Narcissus 'Actaea' 10 Euonymus europaeus 'Red Cascade' 18 Scilla siberica 10 Hamamelis vernalis 18 Ampelodesmos mauritanica 11 Hydrangea macrophylla 18 Astelia chathamica 11 Hydrangea serrata Chusquea culeou 11 19 Fargesia nitida 11 Nandina domestica 19 Osmanthus  burkwoodii Miscanthus  giganteus 11 19 Phyllostachys nigra 12 Philadelphus coronarius 19 Pleioblastus simonii 12 Pieris japonica 19 Stipa gigantea 12 Sarcococca hookeriana 20 Aralia cachemirica 12 Skimmia japonica 'Nymans' 20 Crambe cordifolia 12 Viburnum betulifolium 20 Datisca cannabina 13 Viburnum  burkwoodii cultivars 20 Eupatorium maculatum Atropurpureum Group 13 Actinidia kolomikta 21 Rheum palmatum 13 Ampelopsis brevipedunculata 21 Rodgersia aesculifolia 13 Ceanothus arboreus 'Trewithen Blue' 21

36 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 37 CONDITIONS u CONDITIONS u

PLANT PAGE Dry Well-drained Moist Wet Boggy Fertile Poor Alkaline Acid sun Full sun Partial Shade Submerged Emergent Marginal Floating Coastal Exposed Evergreen growing Fast Hardy PLANT PAGE Dry Well-drained Moist Wet Boggy Fertile Poor Alkaline Acid sun Full sun Partial Shade Submerged Emergent Marginal Floating Coastal Exposed Evergreen growing Fast Hardy Celastrus orbiculatus 21 Hydrocharis morsus-ranae 29 Chaenomeles japonica 21 Iris pseudacorus 29 Elaeagnus  ebbingei 22 Mentha aquatica 29 Euonymus fortunei 'Silver Queen' 22 Menyanthes trifoliata 30 Hedera algeriensis 'Gloire de Marengo' 22 Myosotis scorpioides 30 Hedera colchica 'Sulphur Heart' 22 Myriophyllum spicatum 30 Hydrangea petiolaris 22 Myriophyllum verticillatum 30 Myrtus communis 23 Nuphar lutea 30 Rosa 'New Dawn' 23 Nymphaea alba 31 Vitis coignetiae 23 Nymphaea hardy hybrids 31 Acer palmatum 23 Potamogeton crispus 31 Arbutus  andrachnoides 23 Ranunculus aquatilis 31 Cercis siliquastrum 24 Sagittaria sagittifolia 31 Crataegus laevigata 'Paul's Scarlet' 24 Thalia dealbata 32 Crataegus  lavalleei 24 Veronica beccabunga 32 Fraxinus angustifolia 'Raywood' 24 Buddleja globosa 32 Fraxinus ornus 24 Ceanothus thyrsiflorus 32 Ligustrum lucidum 25 Chimonanthus praecox 32 Liquidambar styraciflua 25 Chimonanthus praecox 'Luteus' 33 Magnolia grandiflora 25 Erica  darleyensis 33 Malus 'Golden Hornet' 25 Hamamelis  intermedia 33 Nyssa sylvatica 25 Hedera helix 33 Parrotia persica 26 Hyssopus officinalis 33 Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' 26 Ilex aquifolium 'J. C. van Tol' 34 Sorbus aria 26 Ilex  altaclarensis 34 Sorbus 'Joseph Rock' 26 Kniphofia rooperi 34 Sorbus thibetica 'John Mitchell' 26 Mahonia  media 34 Alisma plantago-aquatica 27 Malus 'Golden Hornet' 34 Butomus umbellatus 27 Sedum spectabile 35 Callitriche stagnalis 27 Sorbus aucuparia 35 Caltha palustris 27 Taxus baccata 35 Canna 'Endeavour' 27 Viburnum opulus 35 Canna 'Erebus' 28 Viburnum  bodnantense 35 Canna 'Ra' 28 Carex elata 'Aurea' 28 Ceratophyllum demersum 28 Eleocharis acicularis 28 Fontinalis antipyretica 29 Hosta 'Sum and Substance' 29

38 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE 39 Royal Horticultural Society 80 Vincent Square London, SW1P 2PE T.: 0845 260 5000 (UK); +44 (0) 207 834 4333 (overseas) www.rhs.org.uk

The RHS is the UK’s leading gardening charity Registered Charity Number 222879/SCO38262

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Plantlife International - The Wild Plant Conservation Charity is a charitable company limited by guarantee. Registered in England and Wales, Charity Number: 1059559 Registered in Scotland, Charity Number: SC038951 Registered Company Number: 3166339. Registered in England and Wales ISBN: 978-1-907141-34-8 © 2010