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Introduction: Michael Thomas Sadler and 'The Revival of the Aristocratic

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Introduction: Michael Thomas Sadler and 'The Revival of the Aristocratic Notes Introduction: Michael Thomas Sadler and ‘the Revival of the Aristocratic Paternalist Ideal’ 1 Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society 1780–1880 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969) pp. 218–70 ff. 2 Ibid., p. 237. 3 Ibid., pp. 243–4. 4 Ibid., p. 241. 5 Ibid., p. 243. 6 Barry Gordon, Economic Doctrine and Tory Liberalism, 1824–1830 (London: Macmillan, 1979) p. 87; Raymond G. Cowherd, The Humanitarians and the Ten Hour Movement in England (Massachusetts: Baker Library, Harvard, 1956) p. 9; R.K. Webb, Modern England From the Eighteenth Century to the Present (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1969) p. 241; J.R. Poynter, Society and Pauperism. English Ideas on Poor Relief, 1795–1834 (London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969) pp. 148, 308–9. 7 Norman Gash, Aristocracy and the People, Britain 1815–1865 (London: Edward Arnold, 1979) pp. 193–4; Elie Halévy, The Liberal Awakening 1815–1830 (London: Ernest Benn Ltd, 1926, 1961) p. 283. 8 Geoffrey Carnall, Robert Southey and his Age (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960) pp. 190, 193; Poynter, op. cit., pp. 308–9; E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1980 edn) pp. 377–8. 9 Ibid., pp. 378–80. 10 Perkin, op. cit., pp. 243–4. 11 J.C.D. Clark, English Society 1688–1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Polit- ical Practice during the Ancien Régime (Cambridge, 1985). Joanna Innes, ‘Jonathan Clark, Social History and England’s “Ancien Regime”’, Past and Present, 115 (May 1987) 165–200; John Money, ‘Provincialism and the English “Ancien Regime”: Samuel Pipe-Wolferstan and the “Confessional State”, 1776–1820’, Albion, 21, 3 (1989) 389–425. 12 Clark, op. cit., pp. 4, 7, 64–5, 71, 90. 13 Ibid., p. 65. 14 Ibid., p. 73. 15 Ibid., pp. 4, 7, 90, 92, 350, 409, 411. 16 David Roberts, Paternalism in Early Victorian England (London: Croom Helm, 1979) p. 1. 17 Ibid., pp. 26–7. 18 Ibid., pp. 1–2, 189. 19 John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy (1848), Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, III (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977) bk. iv, ch. vii, pp. 758–60. 20 Roberts, op. cit., pp. 38–47. 194 Notes 195 1: Continuity and Change in the Revival of Paternalist Social Thought 1 Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society 1780–1880 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969), p. 243. 2 Jean-Jacques Rousseau voiced similar sentiments in the Discourse on Inequality, Alan Ritter and Julia Conaway Bondanella, eds, Rousseau’s Political Writings (New York and London: W.W. Norton and Co., 1988) p. 42. 3 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Statesman’s Manual (1816) and A Lay Sermon Addressed to the Higher and Middle Classes on the Existing Distresses and Discontents (1817), The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, VI (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972). 4 Coleridge, The Statesman’s Manual, pp. 7, 39, 40. 5 William Hazlitt, ‘Coleridge’s Lay Sermons’, ER, XXVII, LIV (December 1816) 449. 6 Coleridge, The Statesman’s Manual, pp. 39, 40. 7 Coleridge, A Lay Sermon, pp. 144–55 ff. 8 Ibid., p. 163. 9 Ibid., pp. 169–70 ff. 10 Ibid., p. 189. 11 Ibid., p. 207. 12 Ibid., pp. 170–4, 193–4. 13 Ibid., p. 223. 14 Ibid., p. 161. 15 Ibid., pp. 219–20. 16 Ibid., pp. 215–16. 17 Ibid., pp. 226–7. 18 Ibid., pp. 228–9. 19 Ibid., p. 216. 20 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ‘Essay IX’, The Friend, II (1818), Works, IV, 1 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969) p. 252. 21 Edmund Burke, ‘Thoughts and Details on Scarcity’ (1795), The Works of the … Edmund Burke, IV (London: Oxford University Press, 1907) p. 3. 22 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, On the Constitution of the Church and State (1829, 1830), Works, X (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976) pp. 25, 27, 29, 31, 44, 88ff. 23 Ibid., p. 69. 24 Ibid., p. 29. 25 Ibid., p. 54. 26 ‘If … [citizens] are trained early enough never to consider their own persons except in terms of their relations with the body of the state, and not to perceive of their own existence, so to speak, except as part of that of the state, they may finally succeed in identifying themselves in some way with this greater whole, in feeling themselves members of the home- land, in loving it with that exquisite sentiment which every isolated man feels only for himself, in perpetually lifting up their souls towards this great objective, and thus in transforming into a sublime virtue that dangerous disposition from which all our vices arise.’ Jean-Jacques 196 Paternalism and Politics Rousseau, Discourse on Political Economy, Ritter and Bondanella, op. cit., p. 73. 27 Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Two Addresses on Sir Robert Peel’s Bill (April 1818), Edmund Gosse, ed. (London, 1819) pp. 8–9. 28 [Samuel Taylor Coleridge], ‘To the Editor of the Courier’, Works, III, 3 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978) p. 155; see also Lay Sermons, p. 229. 29 John Colmer, Coleridge, Critic of Society (Oxford, 1959) p. 44. 30 Robert Southey, ‘On the State of the Poor’ (1816), Essays, Moral and Political, I (Shannon, Ireland: Irish University Press 1971) p. 214. 31 Robert Southey, ‘On Emigration’ (1828), Essays, p. 224; ‘On the State of the Poor, the Principle of Mr. Malthus’s Essay on Population, and the Manufacturing System’ (1812), Essays, pp. 98, 11; Colloquies, II, p. 234. 32 Robert Southey, Sir Thomas More: or Colloquies on the Prospects of Society, II (London: John Murray, 1829) pp. 246–7, 250. 33 Robert Southey, Letters from England (1807), Jack Simmons, ed. (London: Cresset Press, 1951) p. 209. 34 Southey, Colloquies, II, p. 253. 35 Southey, ‘On the State of the Poor’ (1816) pp. 175–8. 36 Ibid., pp. 179–81; see also ‘On the Means of Improving the People’ (1818), Essays, pp. 113–14. 37 Southey, ‘On the State of the Poor’ (1812) pp. 112–13. 38 Southey, Colloquies, I, pp. 100–1. 39 Southey, ‘On the State of the Poor’ (1812) pp. 95, 142. 40 Southey, Colloquies, I, p. 111. 41 Southey, Colloquies, II, p. 420. 42 Thomas Babington Macaulay, ‘Southey’s Colloquies on Society’, ER, L, C (January 1830) 565. 43 Ibid., 546. 44 John Dennis, ed., Robert Southey: The Story of his Life written in his Letters (London: George Bell and Sons, 1894, pp. 27–8. 45 Macaulay, op. cit., p. 565. 46 Southey, Colloquies, II, p. 73. 47 Southey, ‘On the State of the Poor’ (1816) p. 212. 48 Southey, Colloquies, I, 142. 49 Southey, ‘On the Means of Improving the People’ (1818) p. 160. 50 Southey, ‘On the State of the Poor’ (1816) pp. 223–6. 51 Ibid., pp. 219–23, 237, 244–5; ‘On the Means of Improving the People’ (1818) p. 173; Colloquies, I, p. 170. 52 Ibid., p. 193; ‘On the State of the Poor’ (1812) p. 144. 53 Southey, ‘On the State of the Poor’ (1816) p. 183. 54 Southey, Colloquies, II, p. 78; ‘On the State of the Poor’ (1812) p. 146; ‘On the State of the Poor’ (1816) p. 230; ‘On the Means of Improving the People’ (1818) p. 137. 55 Southey, ‘On the State of the Poor’ (1812) p. 149. 56 Robert Southey, Journal of a Tour in Scotland, in Anne Taylor, Visions of Harmony: A Study in Nineteenth-Century Millenarianism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987) p. 82. 57 Southey to Ashley (12 May 1832), Edwin Hodder, The Life and Work of the Notes 197 Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, I (London: Cassell and Company, 1886) pp. 195–6. 58 Robert Owen, A Statement Regarding the New Lanark Establishment (1812) p. 17, A New View of Society (1813) p. 58 and Address Delivered to the Inhabitants of New Lanark (1816) p. 124, Gregory Claeys, ed., Selected Works of Robert Owen, I (London: William Pickering, 1993). 59 Owen, A Statement, p. 16. 60 Ibid., pp. 17–19; A New View of Society, pp. 56–8, 64, 66; Address (1816) pp. 124–5. 61 Ibid., p. 134. 62 Owen, A Statement, p. 14. 63 Owen, A New View of Society, p. 28. 64 In 1813, Jeremy Bentham together with a number of prominent Quakers and educationists, including William Allen and Joseph Fox, helped Owen finance a takeover of the New Lanark mill. This was after Owen’s existing partners began to object to his visionary methods. Their refusal to allow construction of the Institution prompted Owen to resign as manager of the mill and surreptitiously set about organizing a new partnership. A New View of Society was privately circulated in 1813 as a prospectus for New Lanark. Robert Owen, The Life of Robert Owen (1857), Works, IV, pp. 140–9; A Statement, pp. 13–15. 65 Robert Owen, Mr Owen’s Speech at a Public Dinner at which He Presided, Given to Joseph Lancaster (1812), Works, I, p. 9. 66 Owen, A New View of Society, pp. 75, 92–4. 67 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1798), The Utilitarians (New York: Anchor Press) p. 18. 68 Robert Owen, Permanent Relief for the British Agricultural and Manufacturing Labourers, and the Irish Peasantry (1822), Works, I, p. 352. 69 Owen, A New View of Society, pp. 48, 64. 70 Owen, Address (1816) p. 126. 71 Owen, A New View of Society, p. 53, fn. b. 72 Owen, Report to the County of Lanark; An Address to the Working Classes (1819), Works, I, pp. 281, 332–4. 73 Reprinted in William Reitzel, ed., The Progress of a Plough-boy to a Seat in Parliament as Exemplified in the History of the Life of William Cobbett (London: Faber and Faber) 1933, pp.
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