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TESE Gina Cardoso De Oliveira Chaves.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO CENTRO DE TECNOLOGIA E GEOCIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE GEOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GEOCIÊNCIAS GINA CARDOSO DE OLIVEIRA CHAVES OS MASTODONTES DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL: distribuição geográfica e caracterização microestrutural do esmalte dentário Recife 2018 GINA CARDOSO DE OLIVEIRA CHAVES OS MASTODONTES DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL: distribuição geográfica e caracterização microestrutural do esmalte dentário Tese que apresenta a Pós-Graduação em Geociências do Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de doutora em Geociências. Área de concentração: Geologia Ambiental e Sedimentar. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Juliana Manso Sayão. Recife 2018 Catalogação na fonte Bibliotecária Maria Luiza de Moura Ferreira, CRB-4 / 1469 C512m Chaves, Gina Cardoso de Oliveira. Os mastodontes do nordeste do Brasil: distribuição geográfica e caracterização microestrutural do esmalte dentário / Gina Cardoso de Oliveira Chaves - 2018. 150 folhas, il., tabs. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Juliana Manso Sayão. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. CTG. Programa de Pós- Graduação em Geociências, 2018. Inclui Referências e Apêndices. 1. Geociências. 2. Proboscidea. 3. Nordeste. 4. Distribuição geográfica. 5. Paleohistologia. I. Sayão, Juliana Manso (Orientadora). II. Título. UFPE 551 CDD (22. ed.) BCTG/2018-408 GINA CARDOSO DE OLIVEIRA CHAVES Os Mastodontes do Nordeste do Brasil: distribuição geográfica e caracterização microestrutural do esmalte dentário Tese que apresenta a Pós-Graduação em Geociências do Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de doutora em Geociências. Aprovada em:06/07/2018 _________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Juliana Manso Sayão (Orientadora) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-Centro Acadêmico de Vitória de Santo Antão _________________________________________________ Dra. Carolina Saldanha Scherer (Avaliadora Externa) Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia _________________________________________________ Dra. Dimila Mothé Cordeiro do Santos (Avaliadora Externa) Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro _________________________________________________ Dr. Gustavo Ribeiro Oliveira (Avaliador Interno) Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco _________________________________________________ Dr. Jorge Luís Lopes da Silva (Avaliador Externo) Universidade Federal de Alagoas Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais, Mariana Cardoso de Oliveira e Francisco Pedro de Oliveira; ao meu esposo Arquimedes Pompeu de Paulo Chaves e minha filha, Marina Oliveira Chaves. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus, primeiramente, por ser responsável pela oportunidade da minha existência e pela permissão que me deu de poder concluir mais uma parte da minha formação acadêmica. Aos meus pais Francisco Pedro de Oliveira e Mariana Cardoso de Oliveira, pela dedicação, apoio e assistência que me prestaram desde o momento em que precisei sair de casa para iniciar uma nova etapa na carreira acadêmica. Ao meu esposo Arquimedes Chaves pelo companheirismo, compreensão e ajuda na confecção das imagens utilizadas neste trabalho. Agradeço grandemente à professora Dra. Somália Viana, pela oportunidade que me foi dada de extrair o conhecimento paleontológico sob sua orientação, desde a Graduação até agora, bem como seu bom exemplo de ética, profissionalismo e dedicação. À professora Dra. Juliana Sayão pela orientação durante o doutorado, contribuindo de forma relevante para minha formação com uma nova metodologia de trabalho. Ao professor Dr. Leonardo Avilla pela coorientação e ajuda na aquisição de materiais de estudo durante o doutorado. À Dra. Dimila Mothé pela ajuda na aquisição de amostras, além de sugestões para melhorias dos resultados deste trabalho. Ao Dr. Gary Morgan (EUA), Dr. Spencer Lucas (EUA), pela doação da amostra de Stegomastodon e Dr. Carlotto (Peru), pela doação da amostra de Amahuacatherium peruvium. À Bióloga Dra. Sônia Agostinho pelo apoio e acompanhamento nas visitas ao laboratório para observação das amostras em MEV. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES que me concedeu bolsa durante o período do doutorado. Ao Laboratório de Dispositivos e Nanoestruturas da UFPE (LDN), em especial ao professor Edval Santos, pela disponibilidade na utilização do Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura. À Dra. Deise Henriques do Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia/Museu Nacional/UFRJ, atualmente aposentada, pelo total apoio e assistência, juntamente com Lílian Alves, durante pesquisa na coleção. Ao Dr. Celso Ximenes e Silvio Teixeira pelo intenso auxílio antes, durante e depois das visitas realizadas à coleção de fósseis do MUPHI. À Andrea Villa, pela assistência durante a visita à coleção de fósseis da FUMDHAM, no Piauí. Ao Dr. Fernando Barbosa e a professora Dr. Maria de Fátima, pela assistência durante visita à coleção de fósseis do Câmara Cascudo, no Rio Grande do Norte. À Professora Dra. Carolina Scherer e Mariane Silva pela assistência durante visita à coleção da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Baia, em Cruz das Almas. Ao professor Juvandi dos Santos, à Erick de Brito e Vanderlei de Brito pelo apoio e assistência durante a visita às coleções de fósseis da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, em Campina Grande, e Museu Mastodonte, em Puxinanã. Aos professores Dr. Alexandre Liparini e Dr. Mário Dantas pela assistência durante visita à coleção de fósseis da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Aos meus amigos e colegas de pós-graduação Dr. Rony Barroso, Me. Robbyson Melo, Me. Clarissa Gomes, por toda a assistência que me deram durante minha estadia em Recife. Aos meus colegas de Laboratório Dr. Renan Bantim, Me. Lúcia Eleutério e Me. Rafael Andrade pela assistência na preparação das lâminas histológicas utilizadas neste trabalho. À Me. Maria Gomes, pelas informações sobre coleção de fósseis da qual não tinha conhecimento e que foram de grande importância na aquisição de amostras para este trabalho. Aos professores Dr. Marco Ferretti, da Universidade de Florença, Itália, e Dr. Wighart Von Koenigswald, da Universidade de Bonn, na Alemanha, pela ajuda com a metodologia e interpretação das lâminas analisadas neste trabalho. À professora Dra. Betânia Andrade, da UVA, e à Mestra Isabelle Bezerra, pela ajuda em uma das fases do processo de confecção das lâminas de esmalte molar. Ao professor Dr. Sérgio Cabreira, da Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Museu de Ciências Naturais – ULBRA, pelo fornecimento de material bibliográfico utilizado neste trabalho. RESUMO Os fósseis de megafauna Pleistocênica do Nordeste do Brasil são encontrados desde o século XVIII, com os achados de mastodonte no estado do Ceará, município de Sobral. A partir dessa data muitos registros de ocorrências foram feitos na região, causando interesse de vários pesquisadores como Dr. Carlos de Paula Couto, paleontólogo que publicou diversos trabalhos sobre mamíferos pleistocênicos. Com base nesses estudos publicados, em bibliografias adicionais, e em visitas à várias coleções de paleontologia do Brasil, apresentamos aqui as localidades onde ocorrem mastodontes em todo o Nordeste, e em quais destas podemos identificar Notiomastodon platensis (Ameghino, 1888) com base em elementos diagnósticos. Algumas das localidades foram marcadas como ocorrência dúbia, por não constarem na bibliografia citada, ou pelos autores não identificarem os fósseis como proboscídeos, mas por algum motivo, tais registros foram citados em diversos trabalhos como pertencentes à Ordem. Até o momento, foram registradas 183 ocorrências somente no Nordeste, com registro da espécie em apenas 29 localidades. Seis foram atribuídas a mamíferos indeterminados e três, a localidades dúbias. Os demais registros foram identificados aqui como Proboscidea, pois os dados anatômicos não fornecem características suficientes para identificação a nível específico. Assim, para contribuir com a identificação dos fósseis de proboscídeos, foram feitas análises da microestrutura do esmalte dentário de Notiomastodon platensis, Stegomastodon, e Amahuacatherium peruvium, primeiras realizadas para esses gêneros. As análises revelaram que estes táxons possuem prismas em forma-de-leque (fan-shaped), como forma predominante, característica também compartilhada por Cuvieronius, Gomphotherium e Anancus, mas diferem entre si em relação à espessura relativa das camadas da shmelzmuster e do diâmetro transverso dos prismas, podendo assim descartar, com base em características microestruturais, a possibilidade ocorrência de Stegomastodon para a América do Sul, como constatada por diversos autores. Também foi observado que o esmalte molar de Amahuacatherium peruvium é semelhante ao esmalte molar Notiomastodon platensis, e não foram encontradas caraterísticas microestruturais que levem a caracterizá-lo como Amahuacatherium peruvium. Palavras-chave: Proboscidea. Nordeste. Distribuição geográfica. Paleohistologia. ABSTRACT The Pleistocene megafauna fossils from Northeast Brazil are found since the 18th century, with the findings of mastodont in the state of Ceará, Sobral municipality. From that date many records of occurrences were made in the region, causing interest of several researchers such as Dr. Carlos de Paula Couto, paleontologist who published several papers on Pleistocene mammals. Based on these published studies, additional bibliographies, and visits to several paleontology collections in Brazil, we
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  • Advances in Proboscidean Taxonomy & Classification, Anatomy
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Quaternary International 126–128 (2005) 5–20 Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior Jeheskel Shoshania,b,*, Pascal Tassyc a Department of Biology, University of Asmara, P.O. Box 1220, Asmara, Eritrea (Horn of Africa) b Elephant Research Foundation, 106 East Hickory Grove Road, Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304, USA c Museum national d’Histoire naturelle Laboratoire de Paleontologie, 8 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Available online 26 June 2004 Abstract With the addition of 13 new taxa, we recognized 175 species and subspecies of proboscideans, classified in 42 genera and 10 families. The three extant species are: forest African elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), bush African elephant (L. africana), and Asian elephant (Elephas maximus, with three subspecies). Rigorous analysis of characters published or awaiting publication is imperative for better understanding of the cladistic relationships among currently recognized proboscideans. Here we focus on ‘‘aquatic ancestry’’ of Proboscidea, interordinal relationships within Placentalia, proboscidean taxonomy in general and South American in particular, anatomy and physiology and some ecological considerations. New taxa above the family level include sister taxa Mammutida and Elephantida, and Plesielephantiformes as a sister taxon to Elephantiformes. Neontological research is currently under way on the hyoid apparatus, lungs, brain, hearing, ecology and behavior. Topics for future research include: phylogenetic positions of anthracobunids, Moeritherium, tetralophodont gomphotheres, Stegolophodon and Stegodon, and intra-familial relationships among Loxodonta, Elephas and Mammuthus, and continuing studies on encephalization quotient. Certain anatomical features and functions (e.g., the hyoid apparatus that helps in food procurement, in production of infrasonic sounds, and in storing water to be used in time of stress) evolved about 25 million years ago, in time for diversification into new niches when grasses appeared in the landscape.
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  • ADAPTIVE RADIATION and CLASSIFICATION of the PRO- BOSCIDEA' Therium, Palaeomastodon, Phiomia, Confirmed by Subsequent Explora
    VOL.- 7, 1921 PALEONTOLOGY: H. F. OSBORN 231 The solubility of CO2 also makes an empirical correction necessary for reabsorption of the gas while the volume is undergoing reduction from 50 -S cc. to a cc. In our apparatus, where S = 50 cc., a = 2 cc., the factor is approximately 1.020, the reabsorbed CO2 being 2 per cent of the total. For the less soluble gases reabsorption may be kept negligible. No correction for vapor tension is required, since it is practically the same at the reading of both m and n. For a given gas volume the value of the pressure change (m - n) is inversely proportional to that of a. a may accordingly be so chosen that for the gas volumes obtained the percentage error in measuring a cc. of gas will be of the same order of magnitude as that in measuring the ac- companying (m - n) mm. of pressure change. The total volume A of the pipette chamber is a matter of convenience, but it is desirable to have it so large that the greater part of the dissolved gases shall be extracted. For analysis of 1 cc. of blood convenient magnitudes are A = 50, a = 2, S = 2.5. At 200 1 volume per cent of gas under these conditions gives a reading of m - n = 3.9 mm., so that if m -n can be determined within 0.4 mm. the error is 0.1 cc. of gas per 100 cc. of blood. ADAPTIVE RADIATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE PRO- BOSCIDEA' By HZNRY FAIRILD OsBoRN AIuRIcAN MusEium oF NATuRAL HISTORY, NEW YoRK CITY Read before the Academy, April 26, 1921 In 1900 the author predicted that the source of the mammalian order of the Proboscidea would probably be discovered in Africa.
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  • Remarks on the Cranium of Eozygodon Morotoensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Africa, and the Question of the Monophyly of Elephantimorpha
    Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève (décembre 2018) 37 (2): 593-607 ISSN 0253-6730 Remarks on the cranium of Eozygodon morotoensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the early Miocene of Africa, and the question of the monophyly of Elephantimorpha Pascal TASSY Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Origines et Evolution, UMR 7207 CR2P, (CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), CP 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Anatomical characters of the cranium of Eozygodon morotoensis from Auchas (early Miocene of Namibia) discovered by Pickford in 2003 are discussed. The characters of the hypothetical ancestral morphotype of the Mammutidae are checked in relation to the discovery in Africa of elephantiforms and mammutids in the late Oligocene and early Miocene, such as Phiomia major from Chilga, aff. Phiomia from Lokone, and Losodokodon losodokius from Losodok. The question of the monophyly or diphyly of the Elephantimorpha is raised once more; the hypothesis of monophyly is supported by a cladistic analysis mainly based on the cranial characters displayed by Eozygodon morotoensis. The paraphyly of Mammutidae is a result that implies further investigation. Keywords Cranial osteology, phylogenetics, Eozygodon, Mammutidae, Elephantimorpha, Proboscidea. 1. INTRODUCTION variant of the hypothesis is the origination of the whole group from Palaeomastodon (Domning et al., 1986)]. The remarkable discovery of proboscideans in the early Among Elephantiformes, that is the clade including all Miocene of Auchas (Namibia) by Pickford (2003), proboscideans closer to elephants than to deinotheres, especially cranial remains of the mammutid Eozygodon the Elephantimorpha (Shoshani et al., 1998; Shoshani & morotoensis (Pickford & Tassy, 1980) allows for a re- Tassy, 2005) is composed of mastodons, gomphotheres examination of the cranial anatomy of the species, and and elephants.
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