DOCSLIB.ORG

L'odontologie De Gomphotherium Angustidens (Cuvier, 1817

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
L'odontologie De Gomphotherium Angustidens (Cuvier, 1817 L’odontologie de Gomphotherium angustidens (Cuvier, 1817) (Proboscidea, Mammalia) : données issues du gisement d’En Péjouan (Miocène moyen du Gers, France) Pascal Tassy To cite this version: Pascal Tassy. L’odontologie de Gomphotherium angustidens (Cuvier, 1817) (Proboscidea, Mam- malia) : données issues du gisement d’En Péjouan (Miocène moyen du Gers, France). Geodiversitas, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris, 2014, 36 (1), pp.35-115. 10.5252/g2014n1a2. hal- 01324877 HAL Id: hal-01324877 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01324877 Submitted on 1 Jun 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. L’odontologie de Gomphotherium angustidens (Cuvier, 1817) (Proboscidea, Mammalia) : données issues du gisement d’En Péjouan (Miocène moyen du Gers, France) Pascal TASSY Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Histoire de la Terre, UMR 7207 CNRS- MNHN-UPMC, Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) [email protected] Tassy P. 2014. — L’odontologie de Gomphotherium angustidens (Cuvier, 1817) (Proboscidea, Mammalia) : données issues du gisement d’En Péjouan (Miocène moyen du Gers, France). Geodiversitas 36 (1): 35-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2014n1a2 RÉSUMÉ L’anatomie dentaire de Gomphotherium angustidens (Cuvier, 1817), le probos- cidien le plus fréquemment cité dans les listes fauniques du Miocène moyen continental d’Europe est détaillée à partir des fossiles du gisement d’En Péjouan à Simorre (Gers), gisement de l’Astaracien (zone mammalienne MN7 ou MN7/8). L’examen de la variation morphologique et dimensionnelle des défenses et des MOTS CLÉS dents jugales appartenant à une seule espèce d’un seul gisement donne une Mammalia, Proboscidea, base relativement objective, plutôt fiable vu le nombre de spécimens, pour non gomphothères, seulement définir G. angustidens mais aussi pour interpréter les variations inter- anatomie, spécifique parmi les Elephantida. On insiste également sur l’occlusion dont les dents, Simorre, modalités en liaison avec le mode d’éruption dentaire sont valables pour toute Miocène. espèce d’Elephantida de grade trilophodonte. GEODIVERSITAS • 2014 • 36 (1) © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.geodiversitas.com 35 Tassy P. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Odontology of Gomphotherium angustidens (Cuvier, 1817) (Proboscidea, Mam- malia): data from the Middle Miocene locality of En Péjouan (Gers, France). e dental anatomy of Gomphotherium angustidens (Cuvier, 1817), the com- monest proboscidean in the faunal lists of the Middle Miocene of Europe, is detailed on the basis of the numerous fossils found at En Péjouan in the vicin- ity of Simorre (Gers, France), a locality of Astaracian age (mammal zone MN7 or MN7/8). e examination of the morphologic and biometric variation of tusks, premolars and molars, based on an unprecedented number of specimens of one species in one locality, yields several results. e first is a better under- standing of the evolutionary level of G. angustidens during the Astaracian. A second is a better knowledge of dental characters and their variation. e presence or absence of both upper and lower incisors (tusks), due to sexual di- morphism, is documented. In females, when they exist, upper tusks are much reduced. e relation between shape and growth stages of evergrowing tusks is illustrated in relation to a dental-age scale based on crania and mandibles with different premolars and/or molars and different wear stages. Variation of the orientation of the enamel band of upper tusks and of the piriform transverse sections of lower tusks is directly observed based on numerous specimens. e upper tusks are slightly curved outwards; they are not much curved ventrally although they display a twist even on rather straight tusks: in lateral view they are slightly concave dorsally at the premaxilla, then rather straight, and finally ventrally curved at the tip. e fabrication of enamel is stopped on male upper tusks at the dental ages XVII-XVIII (that is, with worn M2/m2 and first loph [id] of M3/m3 worn). No lower tusk shows circular or flat transverse sections, even if the longitudinal sulcus (on both dorsal and ventral sides) is more or less marked; the dorsal wear facet is strong but short. e bunolophodont pattern of decidual premolars, premolars and molars is extremely variable. e range of this variation is understood in details through several parameters: 1) the subdivision of lophs(ids); 2) the shape of central conules and the resulting trefoiled wear figure; 3) the degree of subdivision of the central conules; 4) the posttrite conules; 5) the labial cristae of upper molars; 6) the development of the cingulum; 7) the degree of development of the fourth loph of M3s and of the fifth lophid of m3; and 8) the amount of cement. It appears that: 1) the binary subdivision of lophs(ids) is the rule, posttrite half lophs with three cusps are rare and variable on right and left sides; on upper molars, the mesoconelet is often fused with the anterior central conule; 2) the pretrite trefoiled wear figure of upper molars shows an enlargement of the posterior central conule com- pared to the anterior, and this asymetry is seen even on worn teeth – this trait seems to be significant at the Astaracian, especially for M2 and M3; 3) pretrite central conules are subdivided (“serridentine” pattern), or not, and variation can be seen of right and left molars of same individuals; 4) posttrite conules are weak or absent; 5) the labial cristae of upper molars (mainly postparacrista and premetacrista) have the shape of smooth ridges and are never strongly de- veloped; 6) the cingulum is mostly weak on the pretrite side, the development of the postingulum is extremely variable, as that of the last loph(id); 7) all M3s are tetralophodont, even the teeth which bear weak fourth loph and only one postcingulum cusp show an entoflexus between third and fourth lophs; m3s have four or five lophids ; and 8) the cement is usually present in the inter- lophs (ids) and around the cusps. e biometric variation of molars, especially 36 GEODIVERSITAS • 2014 • 36 (1) L’odontologie de Gomphotherium angustidens (Cuvier, 1817) d’En Péjouan (Miocène moyen du Gers, France) M3s and m3s, is compatible with the explanation of sexual dimorphism. As a consequence, the variation of the dental traits described at En Péjouan brings a rationale for understanding any interspecific variation among the Elephantida. e study of wear facets of associated upper and lower premolars and molars lead to the description of the mode of occlusion in respect to horizontal tooth displacement and anatomical characters of the skull (cranium and mandible). e occlusion depicted for G. angustidens is probably valid for any species that belongs to the trilophodont grade of Elephantida and even, based on comparisons with the mammutid Zygolophodon turicensis (Schinz, 1824), of Elephantimorpha. Occlusal movements are mainly due to an upward compo- nent, as for deinotheres, with a secondary component, transversal (inward). e latter component is illustrated by the angle made by the longitudinal axis of occluding molars (= shear angle of elephantine molars). Yet, the extension of the pendulous movement (both vertical and postero-anterior) of the mandible toward the maxilla is limited in G. angustidens compared to elephants due to the different orientation of temporalis, digastricus and masseter muscles. e odontology of the “population” of G. angustidens at En Péjouan, and compari- sons with Miocene European taxa, bring some reliable taxonomic statements. No subtapiroid or annectens-like morphotypes (rather frequent in MN4-MN5 zones) is seen at En Péjouan. Molar and incisor characteristics of the contem- poraneous species G. steinheimense are also absent in the variation described at En Péjouan. From the viewpoint of dental morphology, G. angustidens is closer to Archaeobelodon filholi (Frick, 1933). Yet, an association of characters seen only in G. angustidens is made of the double twist of upper tusks and enamel band, the piriform transverse section of lower tusks, the enlargement of the posterior central conules with resulting asymmetrical trefoil and reduced post- KEY WORDS trite conules of upper molars, the alternate pattern of the lophs(ids) of dP3/ Mammalia, Proboscidea, dp3. As a consequence, derived traits seen on the dentition of Gomphotherium gomphotheres, angustidens in Astaracian localities lead to the conclusion that most molars of anatomy, bunolophodont trilophodont grade of Orleanian localities rather belong to teeth, Simorre, Gomphotherium subtapiroideum (Schlesinger, 1917). Identification of isolated Miocene. teeth, especially lower molars, remains sometimes tentative if not hazardous. INTRODUCTION la formule dentaire et les caractères des molaires – jugés prééminents par rapport à tout autre caractère. Les matériaux les plus abondants dans les collections Cet auteur est allé même jusqu’à reconnaître une de mammifères fossiles sont les
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1.1 První Chobotnatci 5 1.2 Plesielephantiformes 5 1.3 Elephantiformes 6 1.3.1 Mammutida 6 1.3.2 Elephantida 7 1.3.3 Elephantoidea 7 2
    MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV GEOLOGICKÝCH VĚD Jakub Březina Rešerše k bakalářské práci Využití mikrostruktur klů neogenních chobotnatců na příkladu rodu Zygolophodon Vedoucí práce: doc. Mgr. Martin Ivanov, Dr. Brno 2012 OBSAH 1. Současný pohled na evoluci chobotnatců 3 1.1 První chobotnatci 5 1.2 Plesielephantiformes 5 1.3 Elephantiformes 6 1.3.1 Mammutida 6 1.3.2 Elephantida 7 1.3.3 Elephantoidea 7 2. Kly chobotnatců a jejich mikrostruktura 9 2.1 Přírůstky v klech chobotnatců 11 2.1.1 Využití přírůstků v klech chobotnatců 11 2.2 Schregerův vzor 12 2.2.1 Stavba Schregerova vzoru 12 2.2.2 Využití Schregerova vzoru 12 2.3 Dentinové kanálky 15 3 Sedimenty s nálezy savců v okolí Mikulova 16 3.1 Baden 17 3.2 Pannon a Pont 18 1. Současný pohled na evoluci chobotnatců Současná systematika chobotnatců není kompletně odvozena od jejich fylogeneze, rekonstruované pomocí kladistických metod. Diskutované skupiny tak mnohdy nepředstavují monofyletické skupiny. Přestože jsou taxonomické kategorie matoucí (např. Laurin 2005), jsem do jisté míry nucen je používat. Některým skupinám úrovně stále přiřazeny nebyly a zde této skutečnosti není přisuzován žádný význam. V této rešerši jsem se zaměřil hlavně na poznatky, které následovaly po vydání knihy; The Proboscidea: Evolution and Paleoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives, od Shoshaniho a Tassyho (1996). Chobotnatci jsou součástí skupiny Tethytheria společně s anthracobunidy, sirénami a desmostylidy (Shoshani 1998; Shoshani & Tassy 1996; 2005; Gheerbrant & Tassy 2009). Základní klasifikace sestává ze dvou skupin. Ze skupiny Plesielephantiformes, do které patří čeledě Numidotheriidae, Barytheriidae a Deinotheridae a ze skupiny Elephantiformes, do které patří čeledě Palaeomastodontidae, Phiomiidae, Mammutida, Gomphotheriidae, tetralofodontní gomfotéria, Stegodontidae a Elephantidae (Shoshani & Marchant 2001; Shoshani & Tassy 2005; Gheerbrant & Tassy 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography
    J Mammal Evol DOI 10.1007/s10914-012-9192-3 ORIGINAL PAPER The South American Gomphotheres (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae): Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography Dimila Mothé & Leonardo S. Avilla & Mario A. Cozzuol # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 Abstract The taxonomic history of South American Gom- peruvium, seems to be a crucial part of the biogeography photheriidae is very complex and controversial. Three species and evolution of the South American gomphotheres. are currently recognized: Amahuacatherium peruvium, Cuvieronius hyodon,andNotiomastodon platensis.Thefor- Keywords South American Gomphotheres . Systematic mer is a late Miocene gomphothere whose validity has been review. Taxonomy. Proboscidea questioned by several authors. The other two, C. hyodon and N. platensis, are Quaternary taxa in South America, and they have distinct biogeographic patterns: Andean and lowland Introduction distributions, respectively. South American gomphotheres be- came extinct at the end of the Pleistocene. We conducted a The family Gomphotheriidae is, so far, the only group of phylogenetic analysis of Proboscidea including the South Proboscidea recorded in South America. Together with the American Quaternary gomphotheres, which resulted in two megatheriid sloths Eremotherium laurillardi Lund, 1842, most parsimonious trees. Our results support a paraphyletic the Megatherium americanum Cuvier, 1796,andthe Gomphotheriidae and a monophyletic South American notoungulate Toxodon platensis Owen, 1840, they are the gomphothere lineage: C. hyodon and N. platensis. The late most common late Pleistocene representatives of the mega- Miocene gomphothere record in Peru, Amahuacatherium fauna in South America (Paula-Couto 1979). Similar to the Pleistocene and Holocene members of the family Elephan- tidae (e.g., extant elephants and extinct mammoths), the D.
    [Show full text]
  • Retour Sur La Série Type De Gomphotherium Angustidens
    e390-11 Tassy.qxd 30/1/12 14:24 Página 321 Estudios Geológicos, 67(2) julio-diciembre 2011, 321-332 ISSN: 0367-0449 doi:10.3989/egeol.40539.191 Retour sur la série type de Gomphotherium angustidens (Proboscidea, Mammalia): de Daubenton à Cuvier, et après Focus on the type series of Gomphotherium angustidens (Proboscidea, Mammalia): from Daubenton to Cuvier, and further P.Tassy1, U.B. Göhlich2 RESUME Les spécimens qui ont permis à Cuvier de décrire le «mastodonte à dents étroites» en 1806, dénom- mé par lui Mastodon angustidens en 1817, sont révisés. Certains d’entre eux (molaires et fragments de molaires), provenant de Simorre (Gers), avaient déjà été mentionnés par Réaumur et par Daubenton au 18e siècle. La série type de Gomphotherium angustidens (CUVIER, 1817) est présentée, discutée et réin- terprétée. Mots clés: Gomphotherium angustidens, proboscidiens, nomenclature, Miocène, Simorre, Daubenton, Cuvier. ABSTRACT We analyze the specimens used by Cuvier to describe in 1806 his «mastodonte à dents étroites», named by him Mastodon angustidens later in 1817. Some of them – molars and partial molars from Simorre (Gers) – were already mentioned by Réaumur and Daubenton during the 18th century. What is considered as the original type series of Gomphotherium angustidens (CUVIER, 1817) is presented and newly interpreted. Key words: Gomphotherium angustidens, proboscideans, nomenclature, Miocene, Simorre, Daubenton, Cuvier. Introduction supérieure restent conjecturales, même si l’espèce est reconnue depuis la Zone MN5 (peut-être même [L]es méthodes de travail et de raisonnement scien- MN4) jusqu’à la Zone MN9 (Göhlich, 1999, pp.162, tifique ont considérablement évolué au cours des 166).
    [Show full text]
  • Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants
    BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, AND SURGERY OF ELEPHANTS BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, AND SURGERY OF ELEPHANTS Murray E. Fowler Susan K. Mikota Murray E. Fowler is the editor and author of the bestseller Zoo Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or and Wild Animal Medicine, Fifth Edition (Saunders). He has written the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids; Restraint and Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to Handling of Wild and Domestic Animals and Biology; and Medicine the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals for Blackwell. He is cur- MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a pho- rently Professor Emeritus of Zoological Medicine, University of tocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been California-Davis. For the past four years he has been a part-time arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting employee of Ringling Brothers, Barnum and Bailey’s Circus. Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-0676-1; ISBN-10: 0-8138-0676- 3/2006 $.10. Susan K. Mikota is a co-founder of Elephant Care International and the Director of Veterinary Programs and Research. She is an First edition, 2006 author of Medical Management of the Elephants and numerous arti- cles and book chapters on elephant healthcare and conservation. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Elephant biology, medicine, and surgery / edited by Murray E. All rights reserved Fowler, Susan K. Mikota.—1st ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Mammut from the Upper Miocene of Northern China, and Its Implications for the Evolution and Differentiation of Mammutidae
    第55卷 第3期 古 脊 椎 动 物 学 报 pp. 233-256 2017年7月 VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA figs. 1-7 Early Mammut from the Upper Miocene of northern China, and its implications for the evolution and differentiation of Mammutidae WANG Shi-Qi1,2 LI Yu1,3 Jaroon DUANGKRAYOM1,3,4 CHEN Shao-Kun5 HE Wen6 CHEN Shan-Qin6 (1 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044, China [email protected]) (2 CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101, China) (3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049, China) (4 Northeastern Research Institute of Petrified Wood and Mineral Resources, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand) (5 Three Gorges Institute of Paleoanthropology, China Three Gorges Museum Chongqing 400015, China) (6 Hezheng Paleozoological Museum Hezheng, Gansu 731200, China) Abstract Mammut is the terminal taxon of the proboscidean group Mammutidae, which survived to the Late Pleistocene. Although this genus was widely distributed in the Pliocene of Eurasia and the Pleistocene of North America, little is known about its early evolution. Here, we report on Mammut cf. M. obliquelophus from the Upper Miocene of northern China based on new fossil material, including an almost complete juvenile cranium and other remains, which show many primitive features within Mammutidae and clearly demonstrate the morphological evolution of Mammut. The strongly laterally expanded lateral wing of the occiput and the presence of basal constriction of the incisive fossa display cranial similarity between Mammut cf. M.
    [Show full text]
  • Mastodon Teeth in Câmpulung Muscel Museum Collections
    MUZEUL JUDEŢEAN ARGEŞ, PITEŞTI, ROMÂNIA ARGESIS - STUDII ŞI COMUNICĂRI - seria ŞTIINŢELE NATURII, TOM XXVI, 2018 MASTODON TEETH IN CÂMPULUNG MUSCEL MUSEUM COLLECTIONS VLAD AUREL CODREA Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, Laboratory of Paleotheriology and Quaternary Geology, 1 Kogălniceanu Street, 400084, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, e-mail: [email protected] NICOLAE TRIF Natural History Museum, Brukenthal National Museum, 1 Cetății Street, 550160, Sibiu, Romania, e-mail: [email protected] VENCZEL MÁRTON Țării Crișurilor Museum, 1-3 Dacia Avenue, 410464, Oradea, Bihor, Romania; Babeș-Bolyai University, Department of Geology, 1 Mihail Kogălniceanu Street, 400084, Cluj- Napoca, Romania, e-mail: [email protected] CONSUELA ELENA GRECU Câmpulung Muscel Municipal Museum, 119 Negru Vodă Street,115100, Câmpulung Muscel, Argeș, Romania, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Two mastodon cheek teeth are hosted in the collection of Natural History of the Câmpulung Muscel Museum, documenting Pliocene species. The first is originating from Capu Piscului locality and concerns Auvergne mastodon (Anancus arvernensis). The fossil probably originates from Upper Pliocene (Dacian) deposits. The second documents the presence of the Borson’s mastodont (Mammut borsoni) and was collected decades ago from Aninoasa locality. According the geology of the area, the deposits the fossil may originated from are Lower Pliocene (Dacian). Both species are very characteristic for the Pliocene of the Dacian basin. Obviously, since the early Pliocene, large areas of the actual Argeș County were already emerged and fluvio-lacustrine environments allowed the development of these mastodon species. Although these fossils were found decades ago and their stratigraphy is not very detailed, their presence in the exhibition of the Câmpulung Muscel Museum is important for the large public, allowing a better understanding of the Pliocene evolution in this region.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinaxiv:201708.00170V1
    第55卷 第3期 古 脊 椎 动 物 学 报 pp. 233-256 2017年7月 VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA figs. 1-7 Early Mammut from the Upper Miocene of northern China, and its implications for the evolution and differentiation of Mammutidae WANG Shi-Qi1,2 LI Yu1,3 Jaroon DUANGKRAYOM1,3,4 CHEN Shao-Kun5 HE Wen6 CHEN Shan-Qin6 (1 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044, China [email protected]) (2 CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101, China) (3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049, China) (4 Northeastern Research Institute of Petrified Wood and Mineral Resources, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand) (5 Three Gorges Institute of Paleoanthropology, China Three Gorges Museum Chongqing 400015, China) (6 Hezheng Paleozoological Museum Hezheng, Gansu 731200, China) Abstract Mammut is the terminal taxon of the proboscidean group Mammutidae, which survived to the Late Pleistocene. Although this genus was widely distributed in the Pliocene of Eurasia and the Pleistocene of North America, little is known about its early evolution. Here, we report on Mammut cf. M. obliquelophus from the Upper Miocene of northern China based on new fossil material, including an almost complete juvenile cranium and other remains, which show many primitive features within Mammutidae and clearly demonstrate the morphological evolution of Mammut. The strongly laterally expanded lateral wing of the occiput and the presence of basal constriction of the incisive fossa display cranial similarity between Mammut cf. M.
    [Show full text]
  • Archidiskodon Pohlig, Family Elephantidae Gray
    Cranium,jrg. 15, nr. l.pag. 15-20,juli 1998 Is there a genus Archidiskodon Pohlig, 1885, of the family Elephantidae Gray, 1821? Wadim+E. Garutt Summary In 1885 Pohlig established the elephant genus Archidiskodon. The earliest representatives of the genus appeared at the begin- ning of the Pliocene in Africa. Representatives of the genus migrated to Eurasia and North America where they gave rise to Substantial climatic in the in the Pleistocene led the of the Mam- several new species. change Holarctic to emergence genera muthus Brookes, 1828, and Parelephas Osborn, 1924, in Eurasia and North America, respectively. Some paleontologists con- of others it valid. In end the sider Archidiskodon a junior synonym Mammuthus, regard as an attempt to put an to Archidiskodon disagreement, I here undertake a detailed comparison of the skeleton and teeth identified as and Mammuthus. of the Archidiskodon. There are 23 differentfeatures and only 10 shared ones, which confirms the validity genus Samenvatting Pohlig beschreef in 1885 het olifantengeslacht Archidiskodon. De oudste vertegenwoordigers van dit genus verschijnen aan in Afrika. Vanuit Afrika Archidiskodon Eurazië Noord het begin van het Plioceen migreerde naar en Amerika, waar ver- scheidene nieuwe soorten ontstonden. De grootschalige Pleistocene klimaatsveranderingen op het noordelijk halfrond waren 1924 in de oorzaak van het ontstaan van de geslachten Mammuthus Brookes, 1828 en Parelephas Osbom, respectievelijk Eu- is Archidiskodon anderen razië en Noord Amerika. Volgens sommige paleontologen een junior synoniem van Mammuthus, te beslechten dit artikel beschouwen het als een goed genus. In een poging om het pleit geeft een gedetailleerde vergelijking tussen skeletten en kiezen die als Archidiskodon en Mammuthus gedetermineerd zijn.
    [Show full text]
  • Advances in Proboscidean Taxonomy & Classification, Anatomy
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Quaternary International 126–128 (2005) 5–20 Advances in proboscidean taxonomy & classification, anatomy & physiology, and ecology & behavior Jeheskel Shoshania,b,*, Pascal Tassyc a Department of Biology, University of Asmara, P.O. Box 1220, Asmara, Eritrea (Horn of Africa) b Elephant Research Foundation, 106 East Hickory Grove Road, Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304, USA c Museum national d’Histoire naturelle Laboratoire de Paleontologie, 8 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Available online 26 June 2004 Abstract With the addition of 13 new taxa, we recognized 175 species and subspecies of proboscideans, classified in 42 genera and 10 families. The three extant species are: forest African elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), bush African elephant (L. africana), and Asian elephant (Elephas maximus, with three subspecies). Rigorous analysis of characters published or awaiting publication is imperative for better understanding of the cladistic relationships among currently recognized proboscideans. Here we focus on ‘‘aquatic ancestry’’ of Proboscidea, interordinal relationships within Placentalia, proboscidean taxonomy in general and South American in particular, anatomy and physiology and some ecological considerations. New taxa above the family level include sister taxa Mammutida and Elephantida, and Plesielephantiformes as a sister taxon to Elephantiformes. Neontological research is currently under way on the hyoid apparatus, lungs, brain, hearing, ecology and behavior. Topics for future research include: phylogenetic positions of anthracobunids, Moeritherium, tetralophodont gomphotheres, Stegolophodon and Stegodon, and intra-familial relationships among Loxodonta, Elephas and Mammuthus, and continuing studies on encephalization quotient. Certain anatomical features and functions (e.g., the hyoid apparatus that helps in food procurement, in production of infrasonic sounds, and in storing water to be used in time of stress) evolved about 25 million years ago, in time for diversification into new niches when grasses appeared in the landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • ADAPTIVE RADIATION and CLASSIFICATION of the PRO- BOSCIDEA' Therium, Palaeomastodon, Phiomia, Confirmed by Subsequent Explora
    VOL.- 7, 1921 PALEONTOLOGY: H. F. OSBORN 231 The solubility of CO2 also makes an empirical correction necessary for reabsorption of the gas while the volume is undergoing reduction from 50 -S cc. to a cc. In our apparatus, where S = 50 cc., a = 2 cc., the factor is approximately 1.020, the reabsorbed CO2 being 2 per cent of the total. For the less soluble gases reabsorption may be kept negligible. No correction for vapor tension is required, since it is practically the same at the reading of both m and n. For a given gas volume the value of the pressure change (m - n) is inversely proportional to that of a. a may accordingly be so chosen that for the gas volumes obtained the percentage error in measuring a cc. of gas will be of the same order of magnitude as that in measuring the ac- companying (m - n) mm. of pressure change. The total volume A of the pipette chamber is a matter of convenience, but it is desirable to have it so large that the greater part of the dissolved gases shall be extracted. For analysis of 1 cc. of blood convenient magnitudes are A = 50, a = 2, S = 2.5. At 200 1 volume per cent of gas under these conditions gives a reading of m - n = 3.9 mm., so that if m -n can be determined within 0.4 mm. the error is 0.1 cc. of gas per 100 cc. of blood. ADAPTIVE RADIATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE PRO- BOSCIDEA' By HZNRY FAIRILD OsBoRN AIuRIcAN MusEium oF NATuRAL HISTORY, NEW YoRK CITY Read before the Academy, April 26, 1921 In 1900 the author predicted that the source of the mammalian order of the Proboscidea would probably be discovered in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Remarks on the Cranium of Eozygodon Morotoensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Africa, and the Question of the Monophyly of Elephantimorpha
    Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève (décembre 2018) 37 (2): 593-607 ISSN 0253-6730 Remarks on the cranium of Eozygodon morotoensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the early Miocene of Africa, and the question of the monophyly of Elephantimorpha Pascal TASSY Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Origines et Evolution, UMR 7207 CR2P, (CNRS-MNHN-UPMC), CP 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Anatomical characters of the cranium of Eozygodon morotoensis from Auchas (early Miocene of Namibia) discovered by Pickford in 2003 are discussed. The characters of the hypothetical ancestral morphotype of the Mammutidae are checked in relation to the discovery in Africa of elephantiforms and mammutids in the late Oligocene and early Miocene, such as Phiomia major from Chilga, aff. Phiomia from Lokone, and Losodokodon losodokius from Losodok. The question of the monophyly or diphyly of the Elephantimorpha is raised once more; the hypothesis of monophyly is supported by a cladistic analysis mainly based on the cranial characters displayed by Eozygodon morotoensis. The paraphyly of Mammutidae is a result that implies further investigation. Keywords Cranial osteology, phylogenetics, Eozygodon, Mammutidae, Elephantimorpha, Proboscidea. 1. INTRODUCTION variant of the hypothesis is the origination of the whole group from Palaeomastodon (Domning et al., 1986)]. The remarkable discovery of proboscideans in the early Among Elephantiformes, that is the clade including all Miocene of Auchas (Namibia) by Pickford (2003), proboscideans closer to elephants than to deinotheres, especially cranial remains of the mammutid Eozygodon the Elephantimorpha (Shoshani et al., 1998; Shoshani & morotoensis (Pickford & Tassy, 1980) allows for a re- Tassy, 2005) is composed of mastodons, gomphotheres examination of the cranial anatomy of the species, and and elephants.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants
    BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, AND SURGERY OF ELEPHANTS BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, AND SURGERY OF ELEPHANTS Murray E. Fowler Susan K. Mikota Murray E. Fowler is the editor and author of the bestseller Zoo Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or and Wild Animal Medicine, Fifth Edition (Saunders). He has written the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids; Restraint and Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to Handling of Wild and Domestic Animals and Biology; and Medicine the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals for Blackwell. He is cur- MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a pho- rently Professor Emeritus of Zoological Medicine, University of tocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been California-Davis. For the past four years he has been a part-time arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting employee of Ringling Brothers, Barnum and Bailey’s Circus. Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-8138-0676-1; ISBN-10: 0-8138-0676- 3/2006 $.10. Susan K. Mikota is a co-founder of Elephant Care International and the Director of Veterinary Programs and Research. She is an First edition, 2006 author of Medical Management of the Elephants and numerous arti- cles and book chapters on elephant healthcare and conservation. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Elephant biology, medicine, and surgery / edited by Murray E. All rights reserved Fowler, Susan K. Mikota.—1st ed.
    [Show full text]