Mr E. RUiNAL , I 908D THt ANNUAL MEETING. ~JULY.4 JuLY 4, 1938.] THE ANNUAL MEETING.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'I L E1A JOURWNAL 3I

Photograph by] Clumber House and Church. [(G. W. Wtlson ana Co. SEVENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE British Medical Association. AT -SHEFFIELD, JULY 24th to 31St, 1908.

d. ' * HE visit, now so near at numerous fine reservoirs and valuable water rights, to. 4 4 hand, of the British Medical which it has added considerably. It lhas acquired the Association to Sheffield has tramways, which yield it a handsome annual profit-no- aroused an interest among less a sum than £45,696 for the year ending March, 1907, the inhabitants of the city Electric lighting is also now in the hands of the Corpora-- generally, and an evident tion, though gas continues to be supplied by a private- desire to make the visit a company. The markets have been purchased from the memorable one, which lord of the manor, the Duke of Norfolk; and many augur well for the success parks and recreation grounds have been added to the of the gathering. There city. has been no lack of prof- In 1876 Sheffield was a town of narrow streets and ferred hospitality on the no architectural pretensions whatsoever. The Moor, or- part of --private individuals "Sheffield Moor," to the south of the town, and and of firms, and the mem- 'the Wicker," to the north, were then the only wide bers of the Association will thorouahfares; whilst the streets in the centre of the have opportunities of see- town, especially High Street, formed a sort of "bottle All this is and Roche Abbey ing the various processes neck" between. changed, High Street,, Photograph bq C. F. Coombe. of manufacture especially Fargate, and Pinstone Street, both in width and in identified with Sheffield in the character of their buildings, do credit to the city. the large works and factories of the city. On two previous The Town Hall, opened by Her late Majesty Queen occasions the Association has visited Sheffield in 1845. Victoria in 1897, has taken the place of a number iunder its original title, the Provincial Medical and Surgical of inconvenient Corporation offices and a "makeshift" Association, when Dr. Charles Favell was President and council chamber in the old Mechanics' Institute, now Dr. Ferguson Branson Secretary, and again in 1876 as the the Free Library. Its fine proportions, marble entrance British Medical Association. On the occasion of the latter hall and staircase, spacious council chamber, and hand-- visit the Presidential chair was occupied by Dr. De Bar- some suite of reception rooms are worthy of one of the tolome, who was for many years President of the Sheffield principal cities in the kingdom. Sheffield now possesses. Medical School and Senior Physician to the Infirmary. a university, and hopes shortly to become the centre of a and the Secretaries were Dr. Keeling, who is still in new episcopal see. practice in Sheffield, and the late Mr. Arthur Jackson. The Address in Surgery was delivered by the late SOME SHEFFIELD TRADES. Mr. William Favell, one of a family still represented in Down to-the latter part of the eighteenth century the. Sheffield which for upwards of a century has held a mianufacture of cutlery in Sheffield was almost a cottage prominent and honourable position in the profession in industry. Large works were then unknown, and the- the town. master and his journeymen and apprentices dealt with every process. With the introduction of the steam engine THE CITY OF SHEFFIELD. in 1786 a great change took place. The workmen were A great transformation has taken place in Sheffield gathered together in factories, and division of labour wash since 1876. Often spoken of satirically then as " a large introduced down to the smallest detail. At the present village," it has since risen to the dignity of a great city. time, in the case of a pocket-knife, different hands are From a population of about 260,000 then, the number of employed in cutting the scales of ivory, wood, bone, etc., its inhabitants has increased to about 460,000 at the which form the outer casing of the knife. Another set of present time. The Mayor has become the Lord Mayor, men make the springs, another the brass or iron fittings. and the dignity and importance of his office has increased The forging, hardening, and grinding of the blades are all materially in the last thirty years. The Corporation has of them specialized industries, and the only workman now acquired the property of the old Water Company, with its known as a " cutler " is the man who makes up the knife THUS BRITISH 1 32 MEDICAL JOURNAL J THE ANNUAL MEETING. [JULY 4, I908. by putting together the several parts which-have been Silver-plating is one of the older industries of Sheffield, fashioned by other hands; In other branches of the asid old Sheffield plate, which represents the earliest form cutlery trade the same division of labour is met with. of'silver-plating, is now much sought after by collectors, Fortunately, the spirit fostered in bygone years by the and when genuine commands a high price. The art of Cutlers' Company, before the era of specialization, still plating silver upon copper was discovered in Sheffield in survives, and the Sheffield workman continues to take a 1742 by Thomas Bolsover, and held the field for a hundred pride in the quality of the work he turns out, with the years. In 1840 electro-plAting was discovered by a Bir- result that the reputation of knives made in Sheffield still mingham surgeon, Mr. John Wright, a native of the neigh- stands high in the markets of the world. bourhood of Sheffield, and for some time assistant to Although the name of Sheffield is, perhaps, more widely Dr. Shearman, of Rotherham. Although Messrs. Elkington, identified with the manufacture of cutlery than with any- of Birmingham, bought and patented the process, a Sheffield thing else, the city is also the chief armoury of the Empire, manufacturer obtained a licence to carry it out in Sheffield, no less than three of its leading firms being now able to and the Mr. Walker whom he sent to study the process furnish a battleship and its complete equipment of engines, at Messrs. Elkington's was the founder of the firm of arm-our, arms, and ammunition-a fact which renders Walker and Hall, now carrying on the trade in the city. Shefield unique amongst the manufacturing cities of the Britannia metal, an alloy of tin, antimony, and copper, -world. There is also a considerable amount of railway used principally in the manufacture of teapots, jugs, imaticrial manufactured in Sheffield, though in recent years spoons, etc., was introduced about 1769 by James Vickers, the town has suffered much in this respect from foreign of Sheffield, and the trade was very largely developed by competition. the well-known firm of James Dixon and Sons, of Cornisli Steel is produced in Sheffield by three methods: Place. Sheffield possesses one of the few Assay Offices in

UEXTBENWH ANNIVERSARY rhe MUSEUM ofthe PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, Music Hall, Surrey Street. Open from eleven to four. 0P THE 10. The INFIRMARY. Dr. Favell, Mr. Henry Jackson, and Mr Thomas will meetgentlemen at the Infirmary at half past nme, on Thursday morning. 11. Messrs. Stuart, Smith & Cos STOVE GRATE MANUFAC- TORY, Roscoe Place Time of Casting, eleven A.M. and half-past four Ps.x. 12. Messrs. Dixon's BRlTANNIA METAL AND PLATED MANUFACTORY, Cornish Place. 13. The SOHO GRINDING WHEEL. JULY 30th AND- 3st, 1846. 14. Messrs. Shaw and Yeoman's SPINDLE MANUFACTORY, Bridge Street. (Du*t Fans.) 1-5. Messr Chadburn'sOPTICAL GLASS GRINDING ESTAB- LISHMENT, Staley Street, Wicker. 16. Joseph Rodgers 4nd.Sons SHOW ROOMS and IANNUFAC- T(ORY, Norfolk Street.. 17. Messrs. Creswick's SILVER PLATING ESTABLISH- MENT, Paternoster Row. 18. Yotnge's SILVER ROLLING MILL, Brammall Lane. OBJECTS WORTHY OF NOTICE IN THE TOWN AND NEIGHBOURHOOD OF SHEFFIELD. I The above-named Establishments will be opened to any Member Qf the tsociatitn durisg the two days of Meet. 1. The PARISH CHURCH. The Chancel contains Chantrey's first Bust. (Closed on Weduesday between the hours of ing, on the production of this Card. 11 and 12, and 3 and 4.) 2. The BOTANICAL GARDENS.... Mr. W. Jackson, M-r. CH&TSWORT , 12 Miles from Sheffield,onthe Rd. 3. liue CEMETERY...Ra. and Mr. BuSxton Beckitt HADDON HALL, ... 16 ditto.... . on the Matlock Road. 4. T'he SHREWSBURY HOSPITAL {will be at the Cu'lers' HAuDwIcx ...... 20 ditto. o onthe Mansfield Road. The CHOLERA Hall at 5. GROUND ...... ) half-past six BosovaStR ...... 18 ditto on the Mansfield to Road. on Thursday morning accompany any Members of the W zNTWOiTET HOUSB 9 ditto. on the Barnsley Road. Association who may desire to visit these places. We4YTWORTU CASTLU 12 ditto . on the Barnsley Road. 6. T'he GOVERNMENT SCHOOL of DESIGN Dr.Harwood RociCa ABBSY...... 12 ditto...... on theRetfordlRoad. 7. WESLEY COLLEGE .-...... I &Mr.Nichol- son wiU attend on Thursday, at the Custlet-s' Hall, at half- ( past SiX A.M. All letters for Members of the Association directed, " Pro- 8 Messrs. Sanderson's STEEL CONVERTING FURNACES, vincial Medical and Surgical Association, Sheffield,' will be 132, West Street. forwarded to the care of Dr. BRANSON, the Local Secretary,I (Tt,tn over.), at the Cutlers' Hall.

1. The Crucible Process, of which a Sheffield man, the kinadom, the other Enalish offices being in London, Huntsman, was the discoverer a century and a half ago, Birmingham, and Chester. and which, in the opinion of good judges, still produces the -finest steel for edge tools. THE RuSKIN MUSEUM. 2. The Bessemer-Mushet Process, which purifies and It was the association of Sheffield with art in the handi- uconverts into steel 10 tons of pig-iron in twenty minutes, crafts of the town that Ruskin himself assigned as one of by a blast of air blown through the metal at a pressure of the reasons for establishing his museum in Sheffield. 25 lb. to the square inch, dissolved oxygen being removed Founded originally in 1875, in a small house at Walkley, by means of metallic manganese. one of the suburbs of Sheffield, in connexion with the 3. The Siemen;s or Open Hearth Process, which is now Guild of St. George, this unique little museum is now superseding the Bessemer process. In the Siemens process, housed in more suitable quarters at Meersbrook Park, on an open hearth, holding up to 50 tons of steel and kept one of the- public parks of Sheffield, under municipal at a temperature of 17500 C., the pig-iron is purified by the management. -addition of oxygen in the form of red hematite ore; the The only museum of its kind in existence, it was the -purified bath being finally treated with metallic manganese object -of Mr. Ruskin's peculiar care, and the various -to deoxidize it. Siemens steel is largely used for making objects in the collection, many of them of almost priceless armour plates, guns, and the Titanic engines of battleships value, were for the most part acquired and-presented by and giant liners, such as the Lsitania, which was built by Mr. Ruskin himself. There are drawings by his own the Sheffield firm of John Brown and Co. hand, and the casts of sculpture from Venice and Rouen, The manufacture of armour plates, which has been for and many copies of paintinas and architectural drawings, some years almost exclusively confined to the process were made under his personal supervision. The thirtieth generally known as the Krupp P,rocess, is of too complicated volume of the Library Edition of his works, recently a nature to be eescribel hke c. issued, deals with 4he Guild and Museu-n of St. George, [ HE1 BRITISH JULY 4, I908.] THE ANNUAL MEETING. MEDICAL JOURNAL 33 and is in reality a beautifully illustrated guide to this follower, Little John, is still shown in Hathersage Church- incomparable collection of works of art and nature. There yard; while Conisbro' Castle, on the Don, is made the is a remarkable collection of precious stones used as gems, scene of Athelstane's resurrection in Scott's most popular mostly in an uncut condition and partially embedded in novel. their native rock. There are several rooms devoted to Some sylvan scenery still lingers on the banks of the pictures. Beautiful copies of the old, masters of the early Don above Sheffield, and Wharncliffe Woods, five miles Italian schools of Florence and Venice, some of the earlier from Sheffield, is a favourite resort of Sheffield folk. The- water-colour drawings of Turner, natural history studies, view from Wharncliffe Craas is still a remarkable one, and pen and pencil drawings. Among the latter somc of although the smoke from Sheffield, and from works now- John Leach's oriainal sketches. There are a large number established in the valley below, has changed its aspect of beautiful prints, and an exceedingly valuable collection since the time when Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, a great of illuminated missals, codices, lectionaries, decretals, etc., traveller, described it as the finest land prospect she had covering a period from the eleventh to the sixteenth cver seen. The buildina known as the Lodge, standing centuries, among them a Missal Album containing twenty on the edae of Wharncliffe Crags, occupies the site of a, exquisite miniatures and the autographs of Mary Queen of much earlier building, referred to in the following inscrip- Scots and many celebrities of the French Court of the tion, cut in the living rock upon which the house is built: sixteenth century. The library contains many large and Pray for the saule of beautifully illustrated works and rare old black-letter Thomas Wryttelay knyght books. for the Kyngys bode to Edward the forthe Rychard therd Hare the vii & Hare viii hows saules God perdon wyche WESTON PARK MUSEUM3 AND THE MAPPIN ART GALLERY. Thomas cawsyd a loge to be made Sheffield is very well off in the matter of public parks hon this crag ne mydys of and recreation grouuds, distributed over every suburb of Wanclife for his plesor to her the the city. The most central is the little Weston Park, hartes bel in the yere of olr adjoining the university buildings, which contains a Lord a thousand cccccx. museum and the Mappin Art Gallery. The Museum Wortley Hall, the seat of thc Earl of Wliarncliffe, is possesses collec- between two and ti o n s illustrating three miles distant. recent natural his- The Loxley Valley, tory, geology, a tributary valley mineralogv, pot- of the Don, and- tery, and indus- the scene of the tribi art, and the gre at Sheffield Bateman collection Flood of 1864, con- of British antiqui- tains some of the ties, the. latter principal reservoirs m o s tly obtained for the supply of from the graves of water to Sheffield. the ancient inha- The wild moorland bitants of Britain. scenery at the Mr. Thomas Bate-- head of this valley, man, in his Ves- its artificial lakes, tiges of the Anti- - and the ancient qzities of Derby- 8 hire and Ten Bradfield, invite a. Years' Digging in visit from those Celtic and Saxon who arc goodd Grave-Hills, re- walkers. Below cords the opening Sheffield cn the- Don, at its junc- of 400 tumuli and tion with the the discovery of of the #.- -.-- Rotlier, is the. objectsmany to be seen town of Rother- in this collection, Ph t aph bhyj Valley looking downwsfti,rds towards A shopton. [C. F. Coombe. ham, a place in which is one of Saxon times of the finest in the Kingdom. There are also collections some importance, possessing a clhurch and a priest. in the Museum of Egyptian and other antiquities, of The present church is mainly of fifteenth century pottery, glass, wrought iron work, and of old Sheffield date, and there is a small chapel in the middle of plate. The Art Gallery adjoins the Museum, to the old bridge, now used as a shop, of about the which it is connected by a corridor, and contains a same date; both were built by Thomas Rotheram, permanent collection of the works of modern English Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor of England painters, among whom may be mentioned Constable, in the reign of Edward IV, whio also founded a, David Cox, Sidney Cooper, Creswick, Etty, Sir John College at Rotherham, despoiled at the Reformation. Gilbert, Frederick Goodall, Sir Edwin Landseer, B. W. From Rotherham the old Norman castle of Conisbro', the Leader, Linnell, Maplise, Millais, Morland, Orchardson, ruins of the Cistercian house Roche Abbey, and Went- Pettie, Val Prinsep, Stanfield, Marcus Stone, and J. M. W. worth House, the seat of Earl FitzWilliam, can be Turner. There are generally also one or more loan visited. collections on view. The Peak. Part of the city of Sheffield is actually in Derbyshire, THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF SHEFFIELD. and the Peak is the name- given to the mountainous The neighbourhood of Sheffield includes portions of three region of moorland and bare grassy slopes in which the counties-Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire. great Pennine Chain terminates in the north-western Although collieries and ironworks and other manifestations corner of the county. From many of the Sheffield streets of industrial progress have, within the last half-century or the Derbyshire moors are visible in clear weather to the so, done much to disfigure what was once one of the most west of the city. Across these moors several good roads beautiful parts of England, Sheffield still possesses in its connect the city with the valley of the Derwent, and the neighbourhood scenery of a hiaher order and more varied Dore and Chinley railway tunnels under them. The beauty than most large towns in England can boast. The journey by road affords the visitor the best means of valley of the Don was once clothed with forest, almost appreciating the peculiar charm of this moorland scenery, continuous with the great forest of Sherwood, the scene of and even in the height of suimmer, the air of these uplands Ivanhoe and of the doings of Robin Hood and his merry is cool and bracing. men. Loxley, near Sheffield, has long claimed to be the One of the most favoured drives over the moors is by birthplace of that doughty outlaw, and the grave of his way of Froagatt Edge to Baslow and Chatsworth. The THE: BRITISH 34 MEDICAL JOURNAL I THE ANNUAL MEETI\NG. [JULY 4, I908. road descends below the Edge, a fine millstone grit escarp- level, yet protected by hills from the prevailing winds. Its -ment, affording charming views of the Derwent Valley advantages as a health resort, and the efficacy of its beneath, past Stoke..Hall, nestling in its woods on the natural warm sprinas in the treatment of rheumatic and opposite bank of the river, to Calver and Baslow. Clhats- other affections, are too widely known to need more than a worth House-the Palace of the Peak, as it is called-is passing notice here. Its bathing establishments are most one of the best known show houses in the country, and its complete and fitted up with every contrivance of modern.. stately park, through which the river Derwent winds, its date, having been recently extended and improved by the terraces and cascades, and the wooded heights belhind the town council and a complete installation of the latest house, form a picture, perfect of its kind, where art and Continental douches and electrical appliances added. The niature blend in harmony. water from the natural sprilngs has a temperature of Another favourite drive is to Hathersage, the most 82° F., is clear and bluish in colour, and its principal striking feature of which is thc " surprise view" at a characteristic is the presence of free nitrogen and carbonic- point where the road suddenly emerges from between two acid gases in their nascent state. Buxton is well supplied- masses of gritstone rock, and a very beautiful panorama with goo'd hotels and hydropathic establishments, gardens of the Hope Valley and the surrounding hills is disclosed. and facilities for recreation and amusement both outdor At the head.of the Hope Valley lies Castleton, and the and indoor, and all' the attractions of a fashionable ruined Norman keep of Peak Castle, above the village, watering-place, apart from those which appeal more to stands almost at the edge of a sheer precipice of rock the invalid and valetudinarian. From Buxton., t:o, the 260 ft. high, overhangina the entrance to the Peak Cavern. beautiful scenery of the Peak District is very accessibe; This entrance, with its huge natural arch, 120 ft. wide, and Dovedale, the fishing grouind of good old Isaac Walton and overhanging precipice, is cortainly as effcctive of its and his friend Charlc3 Cotton, is wiLhin the limits of an kind as anything to be found in this country. The Peak eXcursion. Some members attending the annual meet n Cavern penetrates 2,250 ft. into the bowels of the earth, in Sheffield may prefer to sleep at Buxton and go iiito

Photograph byJ IIadd n Hall. [Frith and CJ. presenting a series of natural vaults of varying size, some Sheffield daily by train. If a sufficient number adopt this exceedingly lofty, to which special names are attached. plan a special train will be run morning and evening. A subterranean stream runs through the cavern, appearing Further information can be obtained on application to and disappearing mysteriously in the darkness, to which Dr. G. H. Thompson, Grafton House, Buxton. the name of the Styx has been given-no doubt owing to From Buxton the railway, following the course of the the fact that in former times access into thc interior of the Wye through a succession of lovely limestone dales- cavern could only be obtained by the use of a boat for a Ashwood Dale, Chee Dale, Miller's Dale, and Mcnsal short distance, a disaareeable necessity which has been Dale reaches the picturesque old Derbyshire town of overcome by blasting a passage through the rock on one Bakewell. From Bakewell it is a very pleasant walk side of tlle stream. There are other caverns in the neigh- through the meadows by the riverside to Haddon Hall, bourhood of Castletoll, partly natural and partly the result familiar to every one through the art of photography and of mining operations, which can be visited. From one of the romantic legend of the elopement of the heiress of them the beautiful Blue John variety of fluor-spar is Haddon, Dorothy Vernon, with the ancestor of the Duke obtained. It is said to be met with only in one other of Rutland, John Manners. Haddon, however, needs no, locality in the world, and as it is getting worked out good such fictitious romance to enhance its charms. Its old specimens are becoming increasingly valuable. The grey walls and towers, its terraces and gardens, its court- Winnats Pass is another attraction of Castleton which yard, chapel, banqueting hall, and long, gallery, speak for should not be omitted-a narrow defile winding tlhrough themselves to those who have cars to hear and. sentiment the hills, from the grassy slopes of which on either hand to cherish suCh voices from the past. huige buttresses of limestone tower aloft. Mratlock. Buxton. Two miles below Haddon, at Rowsley, the Wye joins the Over the hills behind Castleton lies Buxton, in an upland Derwent below Chatsworth Park, and the latter flows valley near the source of the river Wye, 1,000 ft. above sea through the broad valley of Darley Dale to Matlock. The THF, BRITISH JULY 4, I908.] THE ANNUAL MEETING.. I MEDICAL JOURNAL 35 Matlocks, for, like the Malverns, there are several places Chesterfield, Hardwick Hall, and Bolsover. bearing the name-Matlock Bath, Matlock Bank, Matlock The crooked spire of Chesterfield Church is familiar to Bridge, and Old Matlock-are grouped around the river railway travellers by the Midland line. There is no doubt Derwent for a distance of upwards of two miles. Matlock that it is accidental rather than an intentional freak on the Bank and Matlock Bath, at opposite extremities, are the part of the builders, and that the corkscrew-like twist has chief health resorts, and differ somewhat in their arisen through warping of the woodwork which enters situation. largely into the composition of the spire. The church is of Matlock Bank, as its name implies, is upon a rather the Early English and Decorated periods, principally the steeply inclined hillside, with south aspect, at the upper latter (fourteenth century), and possesses many features of and more open part of the valley. Its situation therefore real interest, some notable screen work and old monuments affords a choice of altitudes with some corresponding to members of the Foljambe family, once resident at, variation in climate, the upper part of the village attaining Walton, near Chesterfield. The town of Chesterfield is a height of 800 ft. above sea level. It is the home of ancient, and its incorporation dates back to the reign of hydropathy, and several large and well-equipped hydro- King John. It is the centre of the North Derbyshire coal- pathic establishments are conspicuous on the hillside. field, and has several important iron wbrks in its vicinity- The treatment may be termed " thermo-therapeutic," as it Much of the country round has suffered in consequence. does not depend upon any minerat or gaseous constituent but there are three historic buildings in its neighbourhoo& in the water. At the foot of Matlock Bank is Matlock which have a special interest for archaeologists. - Wing-- Bridge, beyond which the valley narrows abruptly, the field Manor is some little distance away, in fact it is nearer river, overhung by trees, flowing at the foot of precipitous Matlock Bath, but it is more easily accessible by rail from limestone cliffs culminating in the High Tor, which attains Chesterfield. It is well worth visiting, and is in some- a height of 380 ft. above the river and is a favourite subject respects the most interesting ruin in Derbyshire. Built by- for the artist's brush and the camera. On the other side Ralph, Lord Cromwell, in the reign of Henry VI, it was

Photograph byj Hardwick Hall. [Fawson and Bruils8ord. of the high road, which here runs parallel to the river, rise demolished by the soldiers of Oliver Cromwell in the Civil the wooded slopes of Masson. Half a mile further the Wars. It was for a time a residence of the Earls of river makes a sudden bend and Matlock Bath is reached. Shrewsbury, and formed one of the prisons of the unfortu-- Matlock Bath is situated in another narrow part of the nate Queen of Scots. The apartments she occupied can valley, the main street side by side with the river or only still be distinguished among the ruins. The banqueting; separated from it by a narrow strip of public garden, and hall with its beautiful oriel window and the fine- detached houses nestling among trees on the steep western undercroft, often described erroneously as the crypt, are- slope of the valley. Across the river the limestone rock the chief features of this very interesting building. again crops out from among foliage and ivy, where shady Hardwick Hall, seven miles from Chesterfield, built by " lovers' walks " are to be found. Matlock Bath abounds the celebrated Bess of Hardwick, Countess of Shrewsbury, in "lovers' walks" and caves and petrifying wells, and is an interesting example of Elizabethan architecture of other attractions for the holiday maker. As a health resort the pretentious type, and contains many relics connected it is much older than Matlock Bank, and its thermal with Mary Queen of Scots, though it is certain that she. spring was first brought into prominent notice in 1698. was never there. The celebrated Sheffield portrait of that The spring has a uniform temperature of 680 F., and queen hangs in the beautiful long gallery at Hardwick, contains 32.76 grains per gallon of mineral matter, prin- together with those of Queen Elizabeth, Bess of Hardwick cipally carbonate of lime and sulphate of magnesia. It herself, and many other historical portraits of that time has long been used for the treatment of rheumatism and The Countess of Shrewsbury was at some pains to identify gout and some other affections. Other springs have since herself with the building, and her initials, E. S., figure in been discovered. At the Matlock Royal Baths, in addition the stonework of the balustrading of the towers at several to the use of the thermal waters, a speciality is made of points, after the manner of a sky sign. The Countess her- the Fango treatment, or volcanic mud pack, from the hot self was born in the older hall, now a picturesque ruin springs of Battaglia, in Italy. Many beautiful drives and outside the walled-in court of the later Elizabethan walks can be indulged in from Matlock Bath. mansion. The daughter of a plain country squire, John THE DRITI'414 THE ANNUAL MEETING. 36 MY.DICALMICDICAL JOURNAL]JOURNAL I THE ANNUAL MEETING. [JULY 4, 1908.I908. Hardwick of Hardwick, by force of character and advan- somewhat later buildings, added by Sir Charles's son, the tageous marriages, she raised herself to the front rank of first Dtuke of Newcastle, are in ruins. The Duke was a the nobility, and the Dukes of Norfolk, Devonshire, New- well-known authority on horsemanship, and'the writer of castle, and Portland, as well as the Earls of Carlisle and an elaborate treatise on the subject, and one of the ruined Scarborough, are among her many descendents. At the buildings was once a fine riding school. Charles I was early age of 12 she married a gentleman of her own rank, thrice entertained at Bolsover Castle,-and on one of these Robert Barlow of Barlow, and he dying a year later left his occasions, wheh the Queen was with him, the entertain- considerable estate to his youthful widow. Fourteen years ment was of a most sumptuous character, Ben Jonson later she married Sir William Cavendish, by whom she superintending the performance of his .own masque, Love's Ihad issue, and after ten years of married life again became TVelcome. By a Cavendish-Bentinck marriage Bolsover a widow and the owner of Chatsworth. Very soon after- became a part of the Portland estates. -wards she married a rich widower, Sir William St. Loe, At Shirecaks, a station on the Great Central line a few and in a short space of time was once more a widow in miles west of Worksop, the three counties of Yorkshire, possession of her last husband's large estates and wealth Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire meet; and on passing to the exclusion of his children by a former marriage. Her into Nottinghamshire a noticeable change of colour is fourth and last venture was more ambitious still. George, imparted to the country by the red-tiled. red-brick farm- sixth Earl of Shrewsbury, was a widower with children, houses and the red sandstone soil. The Manor of Worksop and before her marriage with him she secured a rich formed part of the estates of the Lovetots, and descended jointure and the union of her own daughter, Mary with their Sheffield estates through the families of ,Cavendish, with Gilbert Talbot, the Earl's second son, Furnival, Talbot, and Howard. In 1840 the Duke of

General view of Buxton. wvho ultimatelv succeeded to his title, and of her son, Norfolk sold the manor and manor house to the Dike of Henry Cavendish, to Lady Grace Talbot. Subsequently Newcastle. William De Lovetot founded a priory for she pushed her matrimonial intrigues further still, in- Black Canons at Worksop in 1103, of which the fine old curring the Royal displeasure by the secret alliance of her priory church remains as a fragmnent. There is a beau- ,daughter, Elizabeth Cavendish, with Charles Stuart, Earl tiful fourteenth-century gatehouse at the entrance to the -of Lennox and brother of the murdered Darnley, a possible churchyard in Potter Street, recently restored by the Duke claimant to the throne. The issue of this marriage was of Newcastle; and in the churchyard are the ruins of -the-unfortunate Lady Arabella Stuart. Of the mansions St. Mary's Chapel, a beautiful example of Early English built by Bess of Hardwick those at Chatsworth, Worksop, work with lancet windows attributed to about 1250, and and Welbeck have been replaced by later buildings-only the remains of the priory cloisters. Hardwick remains; but her descendants, the Dukes of Norfolk, Devonshire, Newcastle, and Portland, represent, Sherwood Forest. even in these democratic days, territorial influence extend- Sherwood Forest still covers a large tract of country to ing over a considerable area in the contiguous portions of the south of Worksop, including the parks of Clumber, ;three counties. Hardwick is a seat of the Duke of Welbeck, Thoresby, and Rufford, and extending around Devonshire, and is used occasionally as a residence by Budby, Edwinstowe, and Clipstone to the neighbourhood members of his family. of Mansfield. The name of the forest is still applied much Bolsover Castle, an equal distance of five miles from further south, in the neighbourhood of Nottingham. There Chesterfield and Hardwick, was bu'ilt in 1613 by Sir is not, perhaps, the same interest attaching to the interior Charles Cavendish, the youncest soIn of Bess of Hardwiek, of such houses as Clumber and Thoresby as there is to on the site of an older castle of Norman origin. It stands Haddon and Hardwick, and piobably the visitor with only aipon a rock in a commanding position overlooking a wide a limited time at his disposal will prefer to spend it in the stretch of country, and is still intact and inhabitable. The enjoyment of the natuial beauty of the forest; but thie JULY 4, -igo8.] EPSOM COLLEGE. [-L TH3 B .37 underground wonders of Wellieck,, created by the.eccpntric were willing to- be canvassed, but the council did not fifth Duke of Portland, no doubt. possess-a special attrac- recognize the system-of canvassing, and no assistance -in tion, and have been recalled to public jnotice by a recent the drafting -of canvassing cards was given by the action in the law courts. , The. view of ..Clumber House officials. from the lake, and the statelineqs of the modern Thoresby The part of the report referring speoially to the school mansion in its beautiful deer park, are no doubt attractive stated that at one time- it had seemed as if- the' erection 'of epough of their. kind; but the special charm of Sherwood further class rooms and better accommodation for teach- lies in the old forest, near the Buck Gates of Thoresby, and ing science -and of a day .boys' common room -must be between there and Edwinstowe. Huge old oaks abound abandoned. Thanks, however, to Mrs. Markham Skerritt, here, and the bracken grows tp a height of 4 or 5 ft. It who advanced a sum of £5,000 on favourable terms, the is in such surroundings that we can best picture the scenes new building would be erected forthwith, and -the labora- Xof Robin Hood and Ivanhoe. There are several very tories called the " Markham Skerritt Laboratories." The ancient oaks in the forest distinguished by special names school roll during the summer term, 1907, contained tho and visited by tourists. The Major Oak, between Thoresby record number of 262 names. The window in the chapel and Edwinstowe, is the best known. There are also Robin erected in commemoration of the jubilee of the opening of Hood's Larder, in the Birklands, between Edwinstowe and the college, by contributions from old Epsomians and Welbeck;, the Greendale Oak, near Welbeck; and the others, at a cost of $700, was unveiled duriing. the year. Parliament Oak, under which King -John is said to have The new structural work included the heating of the base- held a Parliament near his ancient palace at Clipstone. ment and two floors of the main college building by Beeches and Spanish chestnuts grow to exceptional dimen- circulating water pipes, and the. provision of laboratory sions in Sherwood Forest, and the forest is seen at its best and other like accommodation. The heating arrangements in the early part of October, when these trees have attained had proved their value, not only by adding to the comfort the full glory of their autumnal colouring., In some parts of those concerned' but by bringing about a freedom from of the forest birches of several kinds predominate, and colds. -impart a, special character to the scener. Grass drives The teaching efficiency was proved by .the fact that intersect the forest in every direction, affording vistas of 12 pupils had passed the whole. or part of the Preliminary sylvan loveliness only to be equalled in the New Forest of Scientific Examination for the M.B., B.S. of the Univ7qsity Hampshire., of London, 12 had -passed the Matriculation Examination This is but a bref sketch of tthe beautiful scenery and: of the same university, 11 had. gained the Higher Certi- -many places of interest in the neiahbourhood o;f Sheffield ficate of 'the Oxford'and Cambridge Schools Examination but those Ato whom the Peak of Derbyshire and Sherwood; 86a'rd, and 27 had gained the Lower Certificate. Forest are terra incpgnqita, may thereby be induced to The proceedings concluded with a vote of thanks to -extend their holiday in order fully to enjoy the many: Mr.- He'nry Morris, which was moved by 'gir .WILLIAM charmsof this part of England. CiwuncH, seconded by the. Rev. E. W.- NORTHEY, and -duly [The programme will be found in the SUPPLE1ENT, carried. ... pp. 1 to 6,] _. _-_ _.__.._._ LITERARY NOTES. EPSOM COLLEGE. A BOOK entitled, fedicine in the Koran, by-' Dr. Carl Opitz, THE fifty-fifth annual general meeting of the governors of was published some time ago by Ferd. Emke of Stuttgart. Epsom College was held on June 26th, Mr. HENRY MORRIS It deals -with all the parts of the sacred book of the (treasurer) in the chair. The report of the council, which 'Mohammedans which .'ontain matter. of 'medical rinterest. was submitted and adopted, contained expressions of regret The work is therefore an interesting-. co'mple'ment to at the loss,by death and other causes of several valuable -Ebstein's Medicine in the Old Testanent and Medicine in members of council. In' particular Dr. Galton,.in hiis the Nev Te8tament,- and.in the Talmud. f capacity 'of 'chairman' o'f 'the 'Works Conimittee, had' ren'- dered great services.throughout the very trying time' when The fourth volume' of the official records. of the 'Medical the extensive drainagc and sanitary opeiPatiois -at the Faculty of the' University of- Vienna (Acta._Facultatis college were in progress. Medicae Vindobonensis), extending from 1558 ii to 1604,.will The financial' position was deemed satisfactory, for, be published in the. autumn of the present year under the dlespite the fact that a suin of nearly £1 50'had been auspices of, the Vien'na Doctorenkollegium. The editor spent on structuralI alterations' at the cNl'^g, "the year is .'Dr. Leopold Senfelder. .The fifth (1605-76), sixth ,ended' with a' balance in' hand of £1,968. This balance, .(1677-1724),. and seventh (1725-90), all. well'.illustrated, however, was chiefly' due 'to the receipt tof a legacy of will appear' in thee course of the n-ext year and a' half. The -£4,500 under` the will of the late Mr. C. J.' Oldham, 'first volume, extending'. from -1399 to 1435, was'.issued in F.R.C.S., of Brighton. '1894;'the second (1436-1501) in'1899; the:third (1490-1558 i) With' regard to-the benevolent work of the college, the in 1904, all'under the cditorship of D'r. Karl Sehrauf. The number of candidates spoke for itself. Thus 17 applica- production of this great work is made possible by tions had been received for pensionerships, and -31 for a subvention from the Ministry of Public Worship and foundation scholarships, while for the new R. R. Cheyne Education. annuity there were as many as 20 applicants. In respect The salt-free diet, which has been introduced with a to the future, the higher standard of education now every- considerable flourish of trumpets 'by certain French where demanded inevitably led to a corresponding increase physicians in recent years, is not new. To say nothing in the cost of foundation scholars. Since, therefore, the of animals who practise it, as M. Jourdain spoke prose, maintenance of the full number of 50 - pensioners and without knowing it, there are many human beings who .50 foundation scholars almost entirely depended on had to dispense with' salt owing to want of means. 'It is receipts from annual subscriptions and donations, interesting, however, to find the saltless system' preached increased efforts were necessary on the part of all in the early days of the last century by Paul Louis Couriet,, friends of the college, with. a view both to raising -the the famous pamphleteer and scholar. At a recent meeting present income from annual subscriptions and to making of the Societe d'Histoire de la Medecine, as we learn from up for shrinkage due to the death of old supporters. La Tribune MAdicale, M. Ruelle quoted a letter from The report drew attention to certain arrangements made de Sainte Croix in which he says: to meet the wishes of many governors who had expressed Courier to a desire, not to. be canvassed at elections. An asterisk I, learn with grief of the cruel illness from which you are could be placed in the printed list of subscribers against suffering, and although you are in a place where no good advice can be wanting to you, and although it may be indiscreet on my the name of any governor to -show that he did not wish part to give advice to sick people, I wish, nevertheless, to tell to be approached by candidates. The relative claims of vou what I have seen in regard to your condition. . . M. all candidates for ponsionerships and fou4dation scholar- d'Agincourt of.Rome is known by all who have travelled in Italy ships, were carefully considered annually by the Selection as a very distinguished lover of the fine arts of letters; and you ,Committee, and the council are, likely to have heard of him. I left him ten years ago, issued with each voting paper suffering perhaps more than you and from the same disease, a list of the candidates whose cases seemed to it the most and I-have just seen him again at the age of' 72, not only ulrgent and the best deserving election. It was open' to free from--pain, but in every way vounger than before, with candidates to apply for votes to. governors if the latter the exception of his eyes.... The following is the regimen