Underwater Archaeology STEPHEN R. JAMES, JR. CAMILLE STANLE)j EDITORS 1 Published by THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY RONALD L. MICHAEL, Editor ISSN: 1074-3421 BO!JaWif jO SajBJS pa)!Un aLjl U! pajUIJd i\50iOaBL.pJ1f iBO!JOjSIH JOj ,\jaiOOS aLjj ,\q 966~@ BIUBIIii\SUUad 'UMOjUOIUn SUO!Sif\SUBJl ,\q UOijiSOdWOJ CONTENTS FOREWORD INTRODUCTORY REMARKS STEPHEN R. JAMES, JR. TECHNOLOGY AND RISK: THE HIGH PRICE OF PROFIT DoNNA J. SouzA 3 SESSIONS FROM THE FOOTHILLS TO THE SEA: EIGHTEENTH- AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY WATERBORNE TRANSPORTATION IN NORTH CAROLINA RICHARD W. LAWRENCE, MoDERATOR 8 Nineteenth-Century North Carolina Schooners: Their Significance in the Development of North Carolina's Trade ANN MERRIMAN 8 A Historical Overview and Archaeological Assessment of the Cape Fear River's New Inlet RICHARD W. LAWRENCE 15 A Working Definition of "Periauger" HARRY PECORELLI III, MICHAEL B. ALFORD, AND LAWRENCE E. BABITS 22 THE THREE R'S OF UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY: INTERPRETATION, EDUCATION, AND PRESERVATION CHARLES D. BEEKER, MODERATOR 29 The Role of Historic Preservation and Public Interpretation in Shipwreck Management: The Pensacola Partnership DELLA ScoTT-IRETON 29 "Ring-Around-A-Radeau," or, Fencing in a 1758 Shipwreck for Public Access and Preservation JosEPH W. ZARZYNSKI, D. K. ABBASS, BoB BENWAY, AND JoHN FARRELL 35 FUTURE PROMISE AND PROBLEMS OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ANNE G. GIESECKE, MoDERATOR 41 International Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage ANNE G. GIESECKE 41 Education Versus Legislation ROBYN P. WOODWARD 45 Thinking Nationally-Acting Locally CHARLES D. MooRE 51 Underwater Cultural Resource Management in Mexico and the Caribbean MARGARET E. LESHIKAR-DENTON 57 ADVANCES IN INTERNATIONAL AND EXOTIC UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY PAUL F. JoHNSTON, MoDERATOR 61 The Wreck of America's First Yacht: Cleopatra "s Barr;e (Ha "aheo o Hawaii): 1995 Survey PAUL F. JOHNSTON 61 Preliminary Investigation of an Early Nineteenth-Century French Vessel Located off Chubs Head, Bermuda SARAH WATERS 67 The HMS Proselyte Project: Survey of an Eighteenth-Century British Frigate in Great Bay, Sint Maarten KATHRYN E. BEQUETTE 73 ISSUES AND ANSWERS IN UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY: CIVIL WAR, NAVAL, AND WESTERN RIVERS ROBERTS. NEYLAND, MODERATOR 76 The Midway Dauntless Project: Historic Aviation Resource Management and an Aircraft Case Study RICHARD K. WILLS 76 The Discovery of the Confederate Submarine H.L. Hunley RALPH L. WILBANKS AND WES HALL 82 The Search for the Wrecks of the USS Eastport and the Edward F. Dix THOMAS C. C. BIRCHETT AND CHARLES E. PEARSON 88 Scientific Visualization of Historic Shipwrecks PAUL E. ALBERTSON AND ERWIN RoEMER 94 Sovereign Immunity and the Management of United States Naval Shipwrecks ROBERT S. NEYLAND 98 BENEATH MOUNTAIN WAVES: THE NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN KEVIN J. CRISMAN AND ARTHUR B. CoHN, MoDERATORS 105 The Nautical Archaeology of Lake Champlain: Research from 1980 to 1995 KEVIN J. CRISMAN 105 The Continental Gondola Philadelphia: A New Look at America's Oldest Surviving Warship JOHN BRATTEN 112 The Story of HMS Linnet, a Brig from the War of 1812 ERIKA L. WASHBURN 117 The Steamboat Wrecks of Lake Champlain ELizABETH RoBINSON BALDWIN 122 The Lake Champlain Sailing Canal Boat J. Cozzi 128 "Gallies are Unquestionably the Best Description of Vessels for the Northern Parts of this Lake": The Excavation and Study of the USN Row Galley Allen on Lake Champlain ERIC B. EMERY 134 FROM CALIFORNIA TO THE GREAT LAKES, FROM AIRPLANE TO GUN BATTERIES: CURRENT RESEARCH IN UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY AMY MITCHELL, MoDERATOR 140 Interim Report of Casks Excavated from the Millecoquins' Shipwreck AMY MITCHELL 140 Project Croatan: Volunteers Seize the Day GEoRGE C. MoNTGOMERY AND JENNIFER S. MoNTGOMERY 145 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF OUTREACH RELATED TO MARITIME AND UNDERWATER CULTURAL RESOURCES IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION KENNETH J. VRANA, MODERATOR 152 Building Bridges in the Badger State: Partnerships in Wisconsin Underwater Archaeology DAVID J. COOPER 152 THE SociETY FoR HisTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE ADVISORY CouNCIL ON UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY ExTEND THEIR APPRECIATION To THE FoLLOWING FoR THEIR FINANCIAL AssiSTANCE IN THE PUBLICATION OF THESE PROCEEDINGS CoASTAL ENVIRONMENTS, INc. THE BERMUDA MARITIME MusEuM STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WiSCONSIN L.A. LANDRY & AssociATEs, INc. MID-ATLANTIC TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, INC. BATEAUX BELOW, INC. SHIPS OF DISCOVERY FRIENDS OF THE CoRPUS CHRISTl MusEUM OF SciENCE AND HISTORY PANAMERICAN CoNSULTANTS, INc. PANAMERICAN MARITIME, L.L.C. MARITIME HISTORY AND NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY SouTH CAROLINA INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY TExAs HISTORICAL CoMMISSION UNDERWATER SCIENCE AND EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES, INDIANA UNIVERSITY FooTHILL ARCHAEOLOGY SERVICES UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY SociETY OF BRITISH CoLUMBIA FOREWORD archaeology and mant1me history, the session entitled Maritime Archaeology in a National STEPHEN R. JAMES, JR. Park: The Dry Tortugas Model was all but can­ celed owing to the absence of personnel with the Introductory Remarks Submerged Cultural Resources Unit of the Na­ tional Park Service. The two papers which were Held in Cincinnati, Ohio, on January 3, 4, presented from this session were not only exem­ and 5, 1996, the 29th annual Society for Histori­ plary in their insightful interpretations of extant cal Archaeology Conference on Historical and cultural material and archival information, but Underwater Archaeology will be remembered by served also in suggesting what had been missed many for a variety of reasons. Both the weather from the session's canceled papers. and government politics were standouts, the Other papers were equally exciting, and as former making attendance tentative for many, the underwater chair I would like to thank all who latter making attendance impossible for others. presented papers, and especially thank the sym­ With a conference date affixed firmly in the posia organizers. I am constantly amazed at what bowels of winter, the gods of January (as they subjects and areas are addressed in our field, and often do) blessed and shaped the occasion with two symposia stand out in my mind as ones to not one but three snow storms. Common were not have missed. They include Eighteenth- and tales of strandings, late arrivals, and canceled Nineteenth-Century Waterborne Transportation in flights, with the first storm affecting departure North Carolina and The Nautical Archaeology of points as a blizzard, and the third storm, the Lake Champlain. The latter symposium finally major blizzard of the season, if not the century, forced me to recognize the incredible nature and crippling at the end of the conference not only spectrum of the Lake Champlain finds and the the local airport and roads, but much of the east­ work which is being conducted under the tute­ em third of the nation. Compounding the con­ lage and auspices of the Institute of Nautical cerns of conference organizers, "storms" were Archaeology and the Lake Champlain Maritime also raging in the federal government. A second Museum. government shutdown closed all "nonessential" Although the papers and presenters were the federal agency offices over the holidays and pre­ conference's raison d 'etre, we must not hesitate cluded conference attendance and paper presen­ to give credit where credit is due by thanking tation by furloughed personnel with the Minerals Marcy Gray, the conference chair, and her con­ Management Service, the National Oceanic and ference committee composed of Kim McBride, Atmospheric Administration, the Smithsonian Stephen McBride, Jeanne Harris, Robert Institution, the National Park Service, the U.S. Genheimer, and Jeannine Kreinbrink, as well as Army Corps of Engineers, and others. a host of volunteers. It was their fine-tuned or­ Due in part to planned festivities such as the ganizational skills that allowed a successful con­ reception and beer-tasting at the Cincinnati Mu­ ference. I would also like to thank all those who seum Center, and unplanned and now infamous helped in the editing of this volume of Under­ all-night hotel room "rages," even with the ab­ water Archaeology. My job as underwater chair sence of approximately 100 registrants, by all actually began with bringing together this publi­ accounts the conference was a huge success. cation, and my life was made bearable during Over 700 people attended, and 328 papers were this endeavor by the perseverance and editorial presented. However, as a result of the weather know-how of Camille Stanley, my co-editor. But and the furlough, three sessions involving 20 all these efforts would have in vain if not for papers were canceled. To our dismay, of the the generous support of the financial contributors nine scheduled sessions dealing with underwater who are listed and thanked on the previous page. 2 In closing I must mention the sudden and lina University, she knew her "stuff." As her unexpected death of Brina Agranat. A maritime colleagues and peers, we must acknowledge her historian by trade and graduate from East Caro- passing from this ocean-covered planet. 3 DONNA J. SOUZA indeed. However, a full investigation of this potential lies beyond the scope of this immedi­ Te-chnology and Risk: The High ate discussion. In this paper, I will begin to ex­ plore the relationship between technological inno­ Price of Profit vation, adaptation, and risk through the evalua­ tion of materials from a series of shipwreck sites Introduction located