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First Evidence of Feline Herpesvirus, Calicivirus, Parvovirus, and Ehrlichia Exposure in Brazilian Free-Ranging Felids

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First Evidence of Feline Herpesvirus, Calicivirus, Parvovirus, and Ehrlichia Exposure in Brazilian Free-Ranging Felids Filoni, C; Catão-Dias, J L; Bay, G; Durigon, E L; Jorge, R S P; Lutz, H; Hofmann-Lehmann, R (2006). First evidence of feline herpesvirus, calicivirus, parvovirus, and Ehrlichia exposure in Brazilian free-ranging felids. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 42(2):470-7. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch University of Zurich Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. Zurich Open Repository and Archive http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2006, 42(2):470-7. Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich http://www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2006 First evidence of feline herpesvirus, calicivirus, parvovirus, and Ehrlichia exposure in Brazilian free-ranging felids Filoni, C; Catão-Dias, J L; Bay, G; Durigon, E L; Jorge, R S P; Lutz, H; Hofmann-Lehmann, R Filoni, C; Catão-Dias, J L; Bay, G; Durigon, E L; Jorge, R S P; Lutz, H; Hofmann-Lehmann, R (2006). First evidence of feline herpesvirus, calicivirus, parvovirus, and Ehrlichia exposure in Brazilian free-ranging felids. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 42(2):470-7. Postprint available at: http://www.zora.uzh.ch Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich. http://www.zora.uzh.ch Originally published at: Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2006, 42(2):470-7. First evidence of feline herpesvirus, calicivirus, parvovirus, and Ehrlichia exposure in Brazilian free-ranging felids Abstract Serum samples from 18 pumas (Puma concolor), one ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), and two little spotted cats (Leopardus tigrinus) collected from free-ranging animals in Brazil between 1998 and 2004 were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) for antibodies to feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV 1), calicivirus (FCV), coronavirus (FCoV), parvo-virus (FPV), Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma pha-gocytophilum, and Bartonella henselae. Serum samples also were tested, by Western blot and ELISA, for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) specific antibodies and antigen, respectively, by Western blot for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and by indirect ELISA for antibodies to puma lentivirus (PLV). Antibodies to FHV 1, FCV, FCoV, FPV, FeLV, FIV, PLV or related viruses, and to B. henselae were detected. Furthermore, high-titered antibodies to E. canis or a closely related agent were detected in a puma for the first time. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 42(2), 2006, pp. 470–477 # Wildlife Disease Association 2006 First Evidence of Feline Herpesvirus, Calicivirus, Parvovirus, and Ehrlichia Exposure in Brazilian Free-ranging Felids Claudia Filoni,1,6 Jose´ Luiz Cata˜o-Dias,1,2 Gert Bay,3 Edison Luiz Durigon,4 Rodrigo Silva Pinto Jorge,5 Hans Lutz,3 and Regina Hofmann-Lehmann31Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterina´ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil; 2 Fundac¸a˜o Parque Zoolo´gico de Sa˜o Paulo, Avenida Miguel Ste´fano 4241, 04301-905, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil; 3 Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; 4 Laborato´rio de Virologia Cl´ınica e Molecular, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Instituto de Cieˆncias Biome´dicas, Edif´ıcio Biome´dicas II, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, 05508-900, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil; 5 Departamento de Medicina Veterina´ria Preventiva e Sau´de Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterina´ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270, Sa˜o Paulo, SP, Brazil; 6 Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: Serum samples from 18 pumas Data regarding viral infections in neo- (Puma concolor), one ocelot (Leopardus parda- tropic Brazilian felids are sparse and have lis), and two little spotted cats (Leopardus concentrated primarily on feline retro- tigrinus) collected from free-ranging animals in Brazil between 1998 and 2004 were tested by viruses. A feline immunodeficiency virus indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) for anti- (FIV) pol gene from a Brazilian zoo puma bodies to feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV 1), (Puma concolor) has been sequenced calicivirus (FCV), coronavirus (FCoV), parvo- (Carpenter et al., 1996) and antibodies to virus (FPV), Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma pha- FIV have been reported from a Brazilian gocytophilum, and Bartonella henselae. Serum samples also were tested, by Western blot and free-ranging puma (Brown et al., 1993). ELISA, for feline leukemia virus (FeLV) Additionally, FIV provirus has been re- specific antibodies and antigen, respectively, portedly detected in Brazilian jaguars by Western blot for antibodies to feline (Panthera onca), pumas, jaguarundis (Her- immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and by indirect pailurus yagouarondi), ocelots (Leopardus ELISA for antibodies to puma lentivirus (PLV). Antibodies to FHV 1, FCV, FCoV, FPV, FeLV, pardalis), margays (Leopardus wiedii), FIV, PLV or related viruses, and to B. henselae pampas cat (Oncifelis colocolo), and little were detected. Furthermore, high-titered anti- spotted cats (Leopardus tigrinus) (Leal bodies to E. canis or a closely related agent and Ravazzolo, 1998). Although evidence were detected in a puma for the first time. of exposure to feline leukemia virus Key words: Anaplasma, Bartonella, Ehrli- chia, feline viruses, free-ranging felids, Leo- (FeLV) and FIV was not detected in pardus tigrinus, Leopardus pardalis, Puma a captive small neotropic felid population concolor, serology. from Sa˜o Paulo state in Brazil (Filoni et al., 2003), three captive neotropic felids Infections of nondomestic felids with were found to be FeLV viremic (one viruses that are common in domestic margay and two pampas cats) in a survey carnivores have been reported for numer- conducted in North American zoos (Ken- ous species worldwide (Mochizuki et al., nedy-Stoskopf, 1999). Captive jaguars, 1990; Olmsted et al., 1992; Paul-Murphy pumas, margays, a pampas cat, and et al., 1994; Hofmann-Lehmann et al., a free-ranging ocelot in Brazil were found 1996; Daniels et al., 1999; Leutenegger et FeLV positive on indirect immunofluores- al., 1999a; Fromont et al., 2000; Ostrowski cence assays (IFA) (Schmitt et al., 2003). et al., 2003). Although the implications of In Brazil, antibodies to feline corona- these infections on wild felid conservation virus (FCoV) were reported in captive are usually difficult to assess, it is broadly jaguars, pumas, margays, a pampas cat, accepted that monitoring these infections and a free-ranging ocelot (Schmitt et al., is an important component for the man- 2003). To the best of our knowledge, there agement of endangered populations (Mur- are no published reports of FHV 1, FCV, ray et al., 1999; Daszak et al., 2000). and FPV infections in wild felids in Brazil. 470 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 471 Studies have demonstrated the exposure captured with the use of trained dogs (for of a variety of free-ranging and captive large felids) or live traps (small felids) and felids to Bartonella henselae, including immobilized with the use of darts and neotropic felids from North American a combination of tiletamine HCl and zoos (Kelly et al., 1998; Yamamoto et al., zolazepam HCl (TelazolH, Fort Dodge, 1998; Rotstein et al., 2000; Molia et al., Fort Dodge, Iowa, USA). At the time of 2004; Pretorius et al., 2004). An extensive sample collection, a complete physical serosurvey of pumas reported seropositive examination was performed; animals were animals throughout most of the geograph- radio-instrumented and were released at ical range of the species (Chomel et al., the place of capture for further monitor- 2004b); the overall seroprevalence in ing. One of the samples (serum from heart South American pumas was found to be clot) was obtained from a necropsy per- 22.4%. To our knowledge, there is no formed on the little spotted cat from previous report of Ehrlichia canis and Ubatuba, Sa˜o Paulo (Table 1, Fig. 1). Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in Antibody titers to FHV 1, FCV, FCoV, captive or free-ranging neotropic Brazilian and FPV were determined in 21 serum felids. samples by IFA as described (Hofmann- The aim of this study was to serologi- Lehmann et al., 1996). All sera were cally survey free-ranging felids from Brazil screened at a dilution of 1:20. For FHV to determine the extent of exposure to 1, FCV, and FPV, positive and question- selected viruses (FHV 1, FCV, FCoV, able results were titrated in a two-fold FPV, FeLV, FIV, and the puma lentivirus, serial dilution starting at 1:20 until end- PLV) and hemoparasites (E. canis, A. point. For FCoV, positive samples were phagocytophilum, and B. henselae). titrated using 1:25, 1:100, 1:400, and TheGenomeResourceBankfrom 1:1600 dilutions. National Research Center for Carnivores Exposure to E. canis and A. phagocyto- Conservation—CENAP, unity of National philum or closely related agents was Environmental Agency—IBAMA in Brazil evaluated by IFA with the use of 1:80 provided serum samples, which were dilutions of the serum samples and Mega transported to Switzerland in full compli- Screen Fluoehrlichia c. slides (MegaCor ance with specific federal permits, like Diagnostik GmbH, 6912 Ho¨rbranz, Aus- Convention on International Trade in tria) or E. equi slides (VMRD, Inc. Endangered Species—CITES (Permit Pulman, Washington, USA). Serum sam- Numbers 0112928BR and 1562/04), Ge- ples from 20 animals were assayed for netic Heritage Management Council— antibodies to B. henselae by IFA (Glaus et CGEN and Agriculture Ministry (CSI al., 1997). All sera were screened at 1530/2004), on dry ice as diagnostic dilutions of 1:64 and 1:128. Titers of $64 specimens packed in compliance with were considered positive. Positive serum IATA Packing Instruction 650. Samples samples were titrated until endpoint by were stored at CENAP at 280 C or in twofoldserialdilutions. liquid nitrogen. For quality control of the IFA slides, Blood samples were collected from 18 aliquots of the cell cultures (140 ml) or free-ranging pumas, one ocelot, and two scrapings from the slides were tested for little spotted cats between 1998 and 2004 presence of unwanted antigens.
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