@2=AA8@7 786791<34?@ 8< 2=9=<819 64=?681 / A74 ?42?B8A;4<A! 4;86?1A8=< 1<3 @4AA94;4<A 1A 31?84<! &,(*"&,)- 1PUKQPZ C# >DSMHS 1 AKHTLT @VEOLUUHG IQS UKH 3HJSHH QI >K3 DU UKH BPLWHSTLUZ QI @U# 1PGSHXT &..+ 5VNN OHUDGDUD IQS UKLT LUHO LT DWDLNDENH LP ?HTHDSFK0@U1PGSHXT/5VNNAHYU DU/ KUUR/$$SHTHDSFK"SHRQTLUQSZ#TU"DPGSHXT#DF#VM$ >NHDTH VTH UKLT LGHPULILHS UQ FLUH QS NLPM UQ UKLT LUHO/ KUUR/$$KGN#KDPGNH#PHU$&%%'($'.+% AKLT LUHO LT RSQUHFUHG EZ QSLJLPDN FQRZSLJKU SCOTTISH HIGHLANDERS IN COLONIAL GEORGIA: THE RECRUITMENT, EMIGRATION, AND SETTLEMENT AT DARIEN, 1735-1748 by ANTHONY WAYNE PARKER B. A., University of Georgia, 1990 M. A., University of Georgia, 1992 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of St. Andrews in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR ý a ý UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS 1995 SCOTTISH HIGHLANDERS IN COLONIAL GEORGIA: THE RECRUITMENT, EMIGRATION, AND SETTLEMENT AT DARIEN, 1735-1748 By Anthony Wayne Parker I, Anthony Wayne Parker, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. ' Date Candicae I was admitted as a research student under Ordinance No. 12 in October, 1992 and as a candidate for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor in October, 1992; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 1992 and 1995. Date Candidate I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor in the University of St. Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date Supervisor In Submitting this thesis to the University of St. Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker. Date i Candidätd' ABSTRACT This volume is a study of the immigration of three individual groups of Scottish Highlanders as they ventured to the new colony of Georgia in British North America between the years 1735 and 1748. It examines the importance of the area of the Altamaha River in which they settled and the conflicts along the southern frontier of British colonial America between the rival powers of Great Britain, Spain, France, and the Native American population. These struggles would necessitate the organised recruiting efforts made on the part of the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America to bring Highland Scots, in particular, to the province as their first line of defense. The focus of the text is on the Scots themselves as the changing conditions in the Highlands motivated them to leave their native glens of Scotland to come to the pine barrens of Georgia. The thesis explores the ability of these immigrants to face the challenges of a new environment and the trials of the frontier settlement at Darien. It is an account of how their cultural distinctiveness and "old world" experience aptly prepared them to adapt and to prosper in the new land and to play a vital role in the survival of colonial Georgia. The Highlanders of Scotland who settled at Darien during the first two decades of the colony's existence have been relegated to the shadows of Georgia's colonial history for too long and this work hopes to establish their importance during this crucial period. 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As with any project that extends over three years in preparation, no one works alone. There are several institutions and individuals to whom I would like to express my sincere appreciation. To the helpful staff of the University of Georgia Library, State of Georgia Department of Archives and History, University of Florida Library, Georgia Historical Society in Savannah, National Library of Scotland, the Scottish Public Record Office, British Public Record Office, and especially to Mr. R. N. Smart and Mrs. Christine Gascoigne at the University of St. Andrews Library, I wish extend my deep gratitude. My sincere thanks go to the fine people of Darien, Georgia who welcomed me into their midst and shared their knowledge and friendship, especially Maurice and Martha Mixson who opened their home and hospitality to my wife and me on our visits. Their home, "The Thickets, " has become our second home. To Mr. Bill Haynes of Ashantilly Place, Doris Rab and staff at the Fort King George State Historic Site, Mrs. Mattie Gladstone at "The Ridge, " Mrs. Isabel Mealing, Mrs. Geneva E. Stebbins, and the helpful people at the Darien News, I thank you for your help. Of course no thesis could be accomplished without proper supervision and guidance and I could not have been more pleased with the efforts of Professor T. C. Smout, Historiographer Royal of Scotland and Head of the Centre for Advanced Historical Studies at the University of St. Andrews, in bearing with me and offering timely direction on my research. Thank you. I also wish to express my appreciation to Professor David Stevenson of the Scottish History Department at the University of St. Andrews for his valuable assistance in the formation of this work. On a more personal note, I cannot express my thanks enough for the patience of my friends, flatmates, and family for enduring these past three years. To my sons Jason, Michael Ray, and Joshua, thanks for understanding my absence from Georgia and allowing me the time away from you to finish this thesis. To Ken and Sarah Laird for their unwavering support while I took their daughter, my wife, from Georgia and brought her to Scotland, I owe them a debt of gratitude. Finally, I want to express to my wife, Lisa, my love and deep appreciation for her patience, continued interest and encouragement, and the occasional kick in the behind to keep me on track. Also for her assistance in proof reading and correcting obvious errors in my judgement over the years, I give my thanks. IV Dedicated to the memory of my parents, Mr. Frank S. Parker and Mrs. Vonnie H. Parker and to my teacher, mentor, and friend, Professor B. Phinizy Spalding, all of whom were lost to us during the preparation of this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ............................. INTRODUCTION 1 ................................... Chapter 1. DISCOVERY, EXPLORATION, AND FIRST CONTACTS IN THE LAND OF AYLLÖN 12 ....................... 2. THE COMING OF THE ENGLISH AND THE CHANGING OF SOUTHERN FRONTIER IN AMERICA 43 FACE THE ... 3. THE CHANGING CONDITIONS IN THE HIGHLANDS OF SCOTLAND IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY; A REGION RIPE FOR RECRUITMENT 74 ..... 4. RECRUITMENT IN THE HIGHLANDS OF SCOTLAND, FIELDS FOR GEORGIA SETTLERS 107 FERTILE ......... 5. THE FOUNDING OF DARIEN 140 ..................... 6. DARIEN AND THE WAR OF JENKINS' EAR; THE BATTLE AT FORT MOSA 175 ..................... 7. DARIEN IN THE AFTERMATH OF FORT MOSA, 1740-48 207 CONCLUSION 235 ..................................... APPENDIX A: LIST OF JACOBITE PRISONERS SENT TO SOUTH CAROLINA, 1716 245 ........................ APPENDIX B: LIST OF SCOTTISH SETTLERS IN GEORGIA 249 . APPENDIX C: THE PETITION OF THE INHABITANTS OF NEW INVERNESS 271 ............................. APPENDIX D: LIST OF PASSENGERS, LOYAL JUDITH 273 ..... BIBLIOGRAPHY 274 .................................... INDEX 289 ........................................... V PREFACE When I first began collecting the material for this project it soon became apparent that there was too much substance and too many questions to give adequate treatment within the time restrictions and length requirements of this thesis. Decisions had to be made about the parameters and the approach to this fascinating topic of Highland Scots in colonial Georgia. The most logical method was to find some division of chronology and activities and work exclusively within those boundaries. In Georgia's unique colonial experience, the division was easily defined. During Georgia's pre-revolutionary history, the colony had two distinct phases -- one as a Trusteeship and one as a Royal province. During the Trusteeship, the Highland Scots were recruited as a group and immigrated as a community. Georgia's laws under the authority of the Trustees in London were restrictive. Slavery was prohibited, so the Scottish community laboured together. Land grants were limited thereby keeping the people of Darien in close proximity to each other; and the reason for their recruitment, i. e., military security, kept the Highlanders together in the Highland Regiment of Foot stationed in and around the settlement of Darien. The town of Darien was the centre of political, social, and economic activity and the affairs that would affect the individual would affect the entire society of the Scottish settlement. vi Crown This situation changed, however, when the colony reverted to Royal the control. During the transition from Trustee rule to government (1750), Highland Regiment was disbanded (1749), slavery permitted and Darien limitations on land grants removed (1752). This meant that the society changed with the times. With the regiment gone, the young men fortunes in were free to move from the frontier settlement and seek their Darien Scots took other ways, such as the Indian trade. Many up into the additional land grants from the Crown, bought slaves, and moved the countryside. The emphasis shifted from the corporate contributions of Highland community to the colony during the Trustee era to individual Scots during initiatives working within the now expanding community of the Royal period.