DOCSLIB.ORG

Recent Developments in Radioecology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Recent Developments in Radioecology inini XAn5C0109 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN RADIOECOLOGY M.Tschurlovits Atominstitute of Austrian Universities, Schüttelstraße 115, A-1020 Vienna, Austria ABSTRACT The international development of the field "radioecology" in the last decade with a short glance to earlier periods is shown. Present activities are discussed. Both assessment and modelling approaches are going to become more developed. The present developments lead to the conclusion the existing problems can be solved only by cooperation of measurements and modelling. This collaboration is important for not to leave the field to groups, directed by politicians seeking for short term gain, in order to give retrospective justification in a specious manner of decisions not be based on objective analysis. INTRODUCTION Radioecology is considered to be one of the younger fields in radiation protection, but the roots go back to the dawn of the development of radiation protection in general. Definition and terminology radio.. derived from Mdm Curies initial definition ecology.. greek access ( house, immediate environment of man; coined by Heckel (1834-1919 ), medical practitioner in Jena. Later established by Worrming. Present scientific definition (not identical with political interpretation): relation between mankind and environment. Radioecology: 1956 as Radiation ecology coined (USA, USSR ) Today the term "radioecology" is interpreted as: • understanding the behaviour of radioactive material in the environment (Ts 84) • science of the effects of ionizing radiation to living and non living environment ( Bo 93) These definitions are very general. Therefore, a further specification is required, which is only possible by definition of a purpose. It has therefore to be distinguished between scientific and practical objectives of the programmes. Further it is possible to distinguish between different types of programmes: 1) MONITORING PROGRAMMES: demonstration of compliance with limits (assessment of activity in a given compartment (e.g. activity concentration in air independent from the source), recently also dose estimates ( e.g. Lo /9 Iff/) 2) RADIOECOLOGICAL PROGRAMMES: basic criteria for the transfer of radioactive materials in environmental compartments, investigations on transfer parameters, development of models for retrospective dose estimation and prediction of doses for different conditions ( e.g acute and chronic releases ) (e.g /IA 93,94/) 3) ECOLOGICAL PROGRAMMES: assessment of risk factors from empirically assessed exposure conditions ( e.g health effects from radon ) (e.g.St 93 ) The results of programs attributable to the first two groups lead are usually reliable and consistent, taking into account inherent variability. Ecological programmes lead at present only under particular conditions to proved results. This is mainly because too many parameters are needed for evaluation, but only a few are sufficiently well known. Therefore the conclusions may depend rather on the assumption of parameters than on real parameters. ( see St /93/ for the relation between Radon and lung cancer). In general, the programmes are established for different purposes and can not be consistent. When data are used for another purpose as they were established, misleading conclusions may result. PORTOROŽ 95 ' 427 SESSION VI PROCEEDINGS DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOECOLOGY The development in time can more or less arbitrarily separated into five phases and a precursor. The phases are obviously in close relation to the general development in the fields of physics ( mainly development of radiation detectors ), radiation biology and epidemiology ( risk factors ), radiation standards ( organs of interest) etc. A few examples are shown below. Precursor: epidemiological studies before discovery of radioactivity /Hä 79/; /Sc 93/reports even on much earlier reports on miners diseases as by Paracelsus 1567 measuring approaches: determination of Ra-A in air and water (Ba 07, Sc 13), cosmic rays ( He 29 ). phase 1 (until 1960) • assessment of activity concentration in environmental materials • source: nuclear weapons test • mainly used detector: gross beta • results: activity concentration gross beta • presentation of results:tables , no interpretation • development: dose commitment ( Lindeil, UNSCEAR 1958) • selective measurements: mainly based on chemical separation ( Sr-9o) phase 2 (about 1960 -1970 ) • development of research programs , mainly in relation to use of nuclear energy, use of radionuclides • recognition of natural background phase 3 pre Chernobyl ( about 1970-1986) • advent of environmental awareness • improvement of measuring techniques ( spectroscopy, low level measurements) • dose assessment • development of prediction models • improvement of conceptual background • increase of public interest by political influences of "quasicritical" groups with a background in contradiction to scientific basic • assessment of natural background phase 4 past Chernobyl (immediately after 1986) • avalancing increase of the number of "experts" in radioecology, number in the meantime decayed to pre-Chernobyl level • interaction between political and scientific issues • development of scientific basis for decision makers overruled by political influences • dose predictions phase 5 present development Among other activities, the following large programs are in progress: empirical dose assessments a) retrospective dose assessments of previous emissions Hanford, Wismut, Maralinga&Emu, Kyshtym, Nevada test site (IAEA 94) Semipalatinsk (ST 95) b) doses assessment after Chernobyl c) Radon programmes model development d) improvement of models e) model validation f) predictive models h) default parameter sets of environmental parameters PORTOROŽ 95 428 SESSION VI PROCEEDINGS Some examples • Estimation of the doses of Wismut workers/ Ei 93/: annual doses of uranium miners were in the early years (to 1955 ) in the range of 30-300 WLM, later decreasing. ( 10 WLM=»50 mSv) • Hanford Dose reconstruction project / Na 93/: the routine releases in the Columbia river 1955 bis 1959 were in the order of 1015 Bq (gross beta activity). The migration of these radionuclides is investigated. • Dose reconstruction in nuclear test sites e.g: Maralingu and Emu (Australia ) /Wi 94, Ha 94/: The area was contaminated with Pu-isotopes and is still occupied by aborigines. The dose by inhalation is the most important pathway. • Continuation of model development and parameter assessment IAEA Handbook on Parameter values for prediction of Radionuclide transfer in temperate environments (1994) Model validation IAEA: VAlidation of Model Predictions ( VAMP), The International Chernobyl Project BIOMOVS: BlOsperic MOdel Validation Study ( CDN,SP,SW) an international study to test models designed to predict the environmental transfer and bioaccumulation of radionuclides and trace substances IUR: International Union of Radioecology : scientific basis, collaboration with CEC CEC: support of projects to provide a scientific basis for decision making in accidental cases. CONCLUSIONS It can be seen that substantial effort is put into both model development and measuring programs. Even if we consider only institutions which have the aim of an objective judgement of the environmental situation, neither the progressive modelists nor the pragmatic measuring engineer can solve the existing problems alone. Uncertainty assessment and sensitivity analysis may keywords. Both groups need the interaction with the other to prevent irrationalism. This collaboration is also important for not to leave the field to groups directed by politicians seeking for short term gain in order to give retrospective justification in a specious manner of decisions not be based on objective analysis. REFERENCES /Ba 07/ M.Bamberger: Beiträge zur Radioaktivität der Mineralquellen Tirols Sitzungsberichte der Österr. Akademie der Wissenschaften Vol CXVI Dez. 1907. BIOMOVS II Progress reports, Technical reports, Newsletter/Bo 93/ H. Bonka: Entstehung des Begriffes Radioökologie Wissenschaft und Umwelt 1/93 p.31. /Ei 93/ G.G.Eigenwillig et al: FV für Strahlenschutz: Strahlenexposition und strahleninduzierte Berufskrankheiten am Beispiel Wismut FS-92-62/2-AKURA (1993). /Ha 94/ S.M.Haywood, J.G.Smith: Assessment of Potential Doses at the Maralinga and Emu Test Sites IAEA TECDOC-755(1994). /Hä79/ F.H.Haertling, W.Hesse: Der Lungenkrebs, die Bergkrankheit in den Schneeberger Gruben Vierteljahresschrift f. gerichtliche Medizin Vol XXX 1879 ( 3 parts). /He 07/ V.F.Hess, R.Steinmaurer: Neuere Ergebnisse der Registrierung der kosmischen Ultrastrahlung auf dem Sonnblick Helv.Phy.Acta III (1929). /IA 93/ IAEA 93: Validation of Environmental Model Predictions (VAMP) program outline. /IA 94/ IAEA 94:: Assessing the radiological impact of past nuclear activities and events: IAEA TECDOC-755 (1994). /IA 94/ IAEA 94: Handbook of Parameter Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfers in Temperate Environments (Technical Series 364) 1994. /IA 94 BSS/ Basic Safety Standards Safety Series 115 1 (1994). /IAEA 95?/ Safety series 57: new edition in progress. /Lo 91/ H. Loosli et al:30 Bericht der Eidg. Kommission zur Überwachung der Radioaktivität 1987-88 (1991). PORTOROZ 95 429 SESSION VI PROCEEDINGS /Na 93/ B.A. Napier et a(: Environmental Modelling for the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project (1993) BN-SA-HEDR. /Sc 13/ E.Schrödinger: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der atmosphärischen Elektrizität LI Sitzungsberichte der Österr. Akademie der Wissenschaften Vol CXXII Dez.1913. /Sc 93/ W.Schüttmann.Historical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NCRP Releases Report No. 154, Cesium-137 in the Environment: Radioecology and Approaches to Assessment and Management1
    NCRP Releases Report No. 154, Cesium-137 in the Environment: Radioecology and Approaches to Assessment and Management1 Cesium-137 (137Cs) is the most important long-term contributor to the environmental radiation dose received by humans and other organisms as a result of nuclear reactor operations and weapons testing. Over the past few decades, 137Cs has been the most abundant residual radionuclide at many facilities in the nuclear weapons complex of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), at nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities, at nuclear reactor sites, at many radioactive waste disposal sites, in soils worldwide as a result of global fallout from historic nuclear weapon testing, and in the former Soviet Union and other locales in Europe as a result of the Chernobyl accident. In addition, there is concern about the use of 137Cs by terrorists to create a so-called “dirty bomb.” The primary source of 137Cs in the biosphere is atmospheric nuclear weapons testing by the United States and by the former Soviet Union from the 1940s to the 1960s. Of the roughly 1 EBq (1018 Bq) of 137Cs released to the biosphere, ~90 % was produced by atmospheric testing. Approximately 6 % was produced by the Chernobyl accident and roughly 4 % by nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities. Of the nuclear reactor accidents, the Chernobyl accident on April 26, 1986 in the Ukraine released far more radioactivity, including 137Cs, to the environment than all other nuclear accidents combined. In addition to its relative abundance, 137Cs has characteristics that enhance its importance as a major contributor to radiation dose. For example, it has a moderately long half-life (~30 y), it emits relatively high energy beta particles, its very short-lived daughter 137mBa emits a strong gamma ray, and because of its chemical properties, it is readily transported through the environment and food chains.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Physics in Radioecology and Radiotoxicology Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2019;70:3-13 3
    Petrinec B, Šoštarić M, Babić D. The role of physics in radioecology and radiotoxicology Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2019;70:3-13 3 Review DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3225 The role of physics in radioecology and radiotoxicology Branko Petrinec, Marko Šoštarić, and Dinko Babić Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia [Received in November 2018; Similarity Check in December 2018; Accepted in February 2019] This article gives an overview of physical concepts important for radioecology and radiotoxicology to help bridge a gap between non-physicists in these scientific disciplines and the intricate language of physics. Relying on description and only as much mathematics as necessary, we discuss concepts ranging from fundamental natural forces to applications of physical modelling in phenomenological studies. We first explain why some atomic nuclei are unstable and therefore transmute. Then we address interactions of ionising radiation with matter, which is the foundation of both radioecology and radiotoxicology. We continue with relevant naturally occurring and anthropogenic radionuclides and their properties, abundance in the environment, and toxicity for the humans and biota. Every radioecological or radiotoxicological assessment should take into account combined effects of the biological and physical half-lives of a radionuclide. We also outline the basic principles of physical modelling commonly used to study health effects of exposure to ionising radiation, as it is applicable to every source of radiation but what changes are statistical weighting factors, which depend on the type of radiation and exposed tissue. Typical exposure doses for stochastic and deterministic health effects are discussed, as well as controversies related to the linear no-threshold hypothesis at very low doses.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Radioecology
    DK9900030 Marine Radioecology • Power reactors m Research reactors in m the Nordic countries •J^ Nuclear vessels II Decommissioned. LJ reactors not yet in operation r w f •• • w ! ' " m *rm •••-•,• 30-12 NKS(97)FR4 ISBN 87-7893-024-3 Marine Radioecology Final Report of the Nordic Nuclear Safety Research Project EKO-1 Sigurdur Emil Palsson June 1998 This is NKS NKS (Nordic Nuclear Safety Research) is a scientific cooperation program in nuclear safety, radiation protection and emergency preparedness. Its purpose is to carry out cost-effective Nordic projects, thus producing research results, exercises, information, manuals, recommendations, and other types of background material. This material is to serve decision-makers and other concerned staff members at authorities, research establishments and enterprises in the nuclear field. The following major fields of research are presently dealt with: reactor safety, radioactive waste, radioecology, emergency preparedness and information issues. A total of nine projects have been carried out in the years 1994 - 1997. Only projects that are of interest to end-users and financing organizations have been considered, and the results are intended to be practical, useful and directly applicable. The main financing organizations are: • The Danish Emergency Management Agency • The Finnish Ministry for Trade and Industry • The Icelandic Radiation Protection Institute • The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority • The Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate and the Swedish RadiationProtection Institute Additional financial support has been given by the following organizations: In Finland: Ministry of the Interior; Imatran Voima Oy (IVO); Teollisuuden Voima Oy (TVO) In Norway: Ministry of the Environment In Sweden: Swedish Rescue Services Board; Sydkraft AB; Vattenfall AB; Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility of Determining the Health Consequences Of
    Chapter 2 Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Contents: This chapter provides an overview of fallout production mechanisms and a brief review of the history of worldwide nuclear weapons tests. 2.1 Fallout Production Mechanisms The explosion of a nuclear weapon releases energy by two processes – fission and fusion. Fission releases energy by splitting uranium or plutonium atoms into two or more smaller atoms. In fusion a fission bomb forces the combination of tritium or deuterium atoms into larger atoms, producing a more powerful explosion. The explosive energy is expressed in kilotons (kt) or Megatons (Mt) of TNT equivalent. The explosion creates three types of radioactive debris (fallout): fission products, activation products, and fissionable material used in the construction of the bomb that did not fission during the explosion process. 2.1.1 Fission Products The fission of 52 grams of plutonium will split 1023 plutonium atoms and release one kiloton of energy. Every fission creates an average of two radioactive fission fragments and the radionuclide identity of each of these fission fragments varies. The fission process that takes place when a nuclear weapon is detonated creates a mix of over 900 different fission products (England and Rider 1994). The mix of fission products is very well known, as are the half-lives of all the radioactive fission products. If the energy from fission (fission yield) of an explosion is known, known fission product yields (England and Rider 1994) can be used to calculate the quantity of each fission product at a specified time after the burst. Of the fission products created, 77 are stable and have no public health implications.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Evolution of Radioecology（2.98
    On the Evolution of Radioecology‐‐ and Why We Lost Ecology Along the Way Thomas Hinton Institute of Environmental Radioactivity Fukushima University Japan International Union of Radioecology (IUR) Consensus Symposium “Ecological impact of radiation on population and ecosystems” Miami in 17-19 November 2015. “Successful protection of the environment depends on the protection of natural populations, their dynamics, species interactions and contributions to ecosystem functioning. Ecosystem approaches are needed to support these protection goals” T. HInton, IER, Fukushima University IUR (International Union of radioecology) held a joint workshop with AERC (Association of Ecosystem Research Centers Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (SREL) in South Carolina, USA, 2-5 October 2016. Objective: the challenges of integrating ecosystem ecology into radioecology and risk assessment. T. HInton, IER, Fukushima University ICRP, Committee 5 Reference Organism Approach (RAPS) 1) 12 standardized organisms used as models to calculate exposure 2) Absorbed dose rates calculated using simple models based on measured or derived radioactivity concentration ratios 3) Risks assessment based on individual level endpoints (chromosome damage, morbidity, reproductive success, and mortality) T. HInton, IER, Fukushima University T. HInton, IER, Fukushima University T. HInton, IER, Fukushima University Health Physics. 1965. Vol. 11 EFFECT OF ACUTE GAMMA RADIATION ON WILD OPOSSUM, GRAY FOX, RACCOON AND BOBCAT FRANK B. GOLLEY, ERNEST L. RAUBER, ERIC L. MORGAN and JAMES H. JENKINS Institute of Radiation Ecology, Department of Zoology and School of Forestry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ACCUMULATION OF FALLOUT 137Cs IN COLORADO MULE DEER F. W. WHICKER, G. C. FARRIS, E. E. REMMENGA and A. H. DAHL Department of Radiology and Radiation Biology, , Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado T.
    [Show full text]
  • NKS-218, Workshop on Radioanalytical Chemistry For
    Nordisk kernesikkerhedsforskning Norrænar kjarnöryggisrannsóknir Pohjoismainen ydinturvallisuustutkimus Nordisk kjernesikkerhetsforskning Nordisk kärnsäkerhetsforskning Nordic nuclear safety research NKS-218 ISBN 978-87-7893-288-4 Workshop on Radioanalytical Chemistry for Radioecology and Waste Management: Report, evalutation, abstracts and full papers of presentations Xiaolin Hou Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical university of Denmark, Denmark March 2010 Abstract A NKS-B workshop on radioanalytical chemistry for radioecology and waste management was hold at Risø, Roskilde, Denmark in 16-20th November 2009. The workshop was organized as 3 days lectures and presentations and two days laboratory practice. 48 peoples participited the workshop, including 32 young participants from Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Lithuania and Ireland. This report gives a brief description of the workshop and an evaluation of the workshop by statistic analysis of questionnaires feed back from the participants. The book of abstracts and proceedings presented in the workshop is enclosed Key words Workshop, Radioanalysis, radiometric techniques, radiochemical separation, environmental radioactivity NKS-218 ISBN 978-87-7893-288-4 Electronic report, March 2010 NKS Secretariat NKS-776 P.O. Box 49 DK - 4000 Roskilde, Denmark Phone +45 4677 4045 Fax +45 4677 4046 www.nks.org e-mail nks@nks.org Workshop on Radioanalytical Chemistry for Radioecology and Waste Management: ── report, evaluation, abstracts and full papers of the presentations
    [Show full text]
  • Publications of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Radioecology and Ecology Program: 1974-1986
    DOE/1D-12109 July 1987 Publications of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Radioecology and Ecology Program: 1974-1986 aeuding lkoorri ?ublic D.Bpail-cazint occ S• U• Oppwcti.ons !viola Compiled by Timothy D. Reynolds and 0. Doyle Markham Idaho National Engineering Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy • Idaho Operations Office • DISCLAIMER. This book was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. References herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. 0 DOE/ID-12109 PUBLICATIONS OF THE IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY RADIOECOLOGY AND ECOLOGY PROGRAM: 1974 - 1986 Timothy D. Reynolds O. Doyle Markham June 1987 Raiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy 785 DOE Place Idaho Falls, ID 83402 PUBLICATIONS OF THE IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY RADIOECOLOGY AND ECOLOGY PROGRAM: 1974 - 1986 Timothy D. Reynolds and O. Doyle Markham Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy 785 DOE Place Idaho Falls, ID 83402 The publication "National Reactor Testing Station Environmentally Related Publications" (Markham, 1973) was a milestone in that for the first time since the establishment of the testing station 25 years before, titles relating to environmental issues from a variety of disciplines were presented under one cover.
    [Show full text]
  • Proving Grounds: Ecological Fieldwork in the Pacific and the Materialization of Ecosystems
    Laura J. Martin Proving Grounds: Ecological Fieldwork in the Pacific and the Materialization of Ecosystems Abstract This article investigates the emergence of ecosystems as objects of study and concern. It contends that the history of ecosystem science cannot be separated from the history of nuclear colonialism and environmental devastation in the Pacific Proving Grounds. From the close of World War II until 1970, the US Atomic Energy Commission was the main sponsor of ecological research in the United States and its territories. During this period, the United States detonated 105 nuclear weapons in the Pacific Proving Grounds. The Cold War science that destroyed nature simultaneously made it available for study. Building on recent work at the intersection of environmental history and history of science, this article emphasizes the role of nonhumans, including nuclear weapons and marine organisms, in the creation of scientific knowledge. VC The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Environmental History and the Forest History Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com Laura J. Martin, “Proving Grounds: Ecological Fieldwork in the Pacific and the Materialization of Ecosystems,” Environmental History 23 (2018): 567–592 doi: 10.1093/envhis/emy007 Advance Access Publication Date: 16 April 2018 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/envhis/article-abstract/23/3/567/4972838 by guest on 14 June 2018 568 Environmental History 23 (July 2018) ENVIRONMENT AS ECOSYSTEM Today it is difficult to imagine the environment without imagining an ecosystem. Ecosystems appear in textbooks and car advertisements; they are metaphors for economies, historical processes, and the human body; they justify more than one hundred sections of US federal envi- ronmental law; and environmental organizations aim to implement “ecosystem-based management” to confront phenomena ranging from overfishing to the global refugee crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiation Biology: a Handbook for Teachers and Students
    Radiation Biology: A Handbook for Teachers and Students VIENNA, 2010 TRAINING COURSE SERIES42 RADIATION BIOLOGY: A HANDBOOK FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS TRAINING COURSE SERIES No. 42 The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA NORWAY ALBANIA GREECE OMAN ALGERIA GUATEMALA PAKISTAN ANGOLA HAITI PALAU ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PANAMA ARMENIA HONDURAS PARAGUAY AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PERU AUSTRIA ICELAND PHILIPPINES AZERBAIJAN INDIA POLAND BAHRAIN INDONESIA PORTUGAL BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BELARUS IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELGIUM IRELAND ROMANIA BELIZE ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BENIN ITALY SAUDI ARABIA BOLIVIA JAMAICA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SENEGAL BOTSWANA JORDAN SERBIA BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SEYCHELLES BULGARIA KENYA SIERRA LEONE BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE BURUNDI KUWAIT SLOVAKIA CAMBODIA KYRGYZSTAN SLOVENIA CAMEROON LATVIA SOUTH AFRICA CANADA LEBANON SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LIBERIA SUDAN CHAD LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CROATIA MALI TUNISIA CUBA MALTA TURKEY CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UKRAINE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OF THE CONGO MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF DENMARK MONACO GREAT BRITAIN AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONGOLIA NORTHERN IRELAND ECUADOR MONTENEGRO EGYPT MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA ERITREA MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ESTONIA NAMIBIA URUGUAY ETHIOPIA NEPAL UZBEKISTAN FINLAND NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA FRANCE NEW ZEALAND VIETNAM GABON NICARAGUA YEMEN GEORGIA NIGER ZAMBIA GERMANY NIGERIA ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Evolution of Radioecology ‐ and Why We Lost Ecology Along
    On the Evolution of Radioecology‐‐ and Why We Lost Ecology Along the Way Thomas Hinton Institute of Environmental Radioactivity Fukushima University Japan Health Physics. 1965. Vol. 11 EFFECT OF ACUTE GAMMA RADIATION ON WILD OPOSSUM, GRAY FOX, RACCOON AND BOBCAT FRANK B. GOLLEY, ERNEST L. RAUBER, ERIC L. MORGAN and JAMES H. JENKINS Institute of Radiation Ecology, Department of Zoology and School of Forestry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ACCUMULATION OF FALLOUT 137Cs IN COLORADO MULE DEER F. W. WHICKER, G. C. FARRIS, E. E. REMMENGA and A. H. DAHL Department of Radiology and Radiation Biology, , Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado Health Physics. 1965. Vol. 11 RADIATION AND ANIMAL POPULATIONS: PROBLEMS, PROGRESS AND PROJECTIONS NORMAN R. FRENCH Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology, University of California at Los Angeles Abstract-A review of recent literature indicates much progress since the 1961 Radioecology Symposium, and suggests the importance of measuring the functional efficiency of irradiated populations. Population ecology provides methods suitable for evaluating the performance of populations. Dosimetry in radiation studies is simplified by new microthermoluminescent dosimeters…. EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON THE NATALITY, DENSITY AND BREEDING STRUCTURE OF A NATURAL POPULATION OF LIZARDS, UTA STANSBURIANA DONALD W. TINKLE Department of Biology, Texas Technological College, Lubbock, Texas RADIATION DAMAGE TO FOREST SURROUNDING AN UNSHIELDED FAST REACTOR* JOHN P. WITHERSPOON Radiation Ecology Section, Health Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee Health Physics. 1965. Vol. 11 A TROPHIC LEVEL EFFECT ON l37Cs CONCENTRATION* ROBERT C. PENDLETON, CHARLES W. MAYS, RAY D. LLOYD and BRUCE W. CHURCH University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah INTERACTIONS OF GAMMA RADIATION AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES UPON PINE SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS* J.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiation Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: a Synoptic Review
    Biological Report 26 Contaminant Hazard Reviews December 1994 Report No. 29 RADIATION HAZARDS TO FISH, WILDLIFE, AND INVERTEBRATES: A SYNOPTIC REVIEW by Ronald Eisler Patuxent Environmental Science Center U.S. National Biological Service Laurel, MD 20708 Abstract Physical Properties of Radiation General Electromagnetic Spectrum Radionuclides Linear Energy Transfer New Units of Measurement Sources and Uses General Natural Radioactivity Anthropogenic Radioactivity Dispersion Radionuclide Concentrations in Field Collections General Abiotic Materials Aquatic Ecosystems Birds Mammals Case Histories Pacific Proving Grounds Chernobyl Effects: Nonionizing Radiations Effects: Ionizing Radiations General Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates Aquatic Organisms Amphibians and Reptiles Birds Mammals Proposed Criteria and Recommendations Conclusions Acknowledgments Cited Literature Glossary TABLES Number 1 Selected radionuclides: symbol, mass number, atomic number, half-life, and decay mode 2 Radiation weighting factors for various types of ionizing radiations 3 New units for use with radiation and radioactivity 4 Annual effective dose equivalent to humans from natural sources of ionizing radiation 5 Annual-whole body radiation doses to humans from various sources 6 Sources and applications of atomic energy 7 Annual effective dose equivalent from nuclear-weapons testing to humans in the north temperate zone 8 Estimated fallout of 90Sr and 137Cs over the Great Lakes, 1954-83, in cumulative millions of Bq/km2 9 Fission products per kg 235U reactor charge
    [Show full text]
  • Radiation Protection of the Environment
    Radiation protection of the environment State of the art and IRSN recommendations Report IRSN 2016-03 ABSTRACT France has obligation to transpose into its national legislation no later than 2018 the new EURATOM basic Safety Standards Directive of the European Commission. In this context, pushed by the rapid international developments in the emerging field of radiological protection of the environment, discussions are underway at national level around existing knowledge and methodologies which are or could be used both by operators and by the authorities for assessing the radiological risk to ecosystems exposed to ionising radiation. The French Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety publishes herein its recommendations to guide the transposition work and to give practical guidance to implement the BSS requirements in the field of radiological protection of the environment. IRSN’s recommendations listed below relate to exposure situations as defined in the revised EU BSS accordingly to the ICRP publication 103 (2007) – planned, existing and emergency. In this document, they are supported by the state of the art and a review of current international practices. General position (R1) IRSN considers that the explicit consideration of protection of the environment from radioactive substances within the existing corpus of international reference documents (e.g., basic safety standards, international conventions, special legislation in some member States) must lead to the adoption of a French position on protecting the environment per se from ionising radiation. Such a position will be useful to technical experts participating in current or future working groups in this field. Recommendations for planned exposure situations (R2) IRSN considers that the inclusion, in France, of the demonstration of protection of the environment from ionising radiation in any project that may impact the environment is perfectly in line with the French Environmental Code and, more specifically, the provisions of Article 91 of French decree No.
    [Show full text]