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Medical Management of Persons Internally Contaminated with Radionuclides in a Nuclear Or Radiological Emergency
CONTAMINATION EPR-INTERNAL AND RESPONSE PREPAREDNESS EMERGENCY EPR-INTERNAL EPR-INTERNAL CONTAMINATION CONTAMINATION 2018 2018 2018 Medical Management of Persons Internally Contaminated with Radionuclides in a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency Contaminatedin aNuclear with Radionuclides Internally of Persons Management Medical Medical Management of Persons Internally Contaminated with Radionuclides in a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency A Manual for Medical Personnel Jointly sponsored by the Endorsed by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR RADIATION ONCOLOGY INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY V I E N N A ISSN 2518–685X @ IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS IAEA SAFETY STANDARDS Under the terms of Article III of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to establish or adopt standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property, and to provide for the application of these standards. The publications by means of which the IAEA establishes standards are issued in the IAEA Safety Standards Series. This series covers nuclear safety, radiation safety, transport safety and waste safety. The publication categories in the series are Safety Fundamentals, Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. Information on the IAEA’s safety standards programme is available on the IAEA Internet site http://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/ The site provides the texts in English of published and draft safety standards. The texts of safety standards issued in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish, the IAEA Safety Glossary and a status report for safety standards under development are also available. For further information, please contact the IAEA at: Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria. All users of IAEA safety standards are invited to inform the IAEA of experience in their use (e.g. -
NCRP Releases Report No. 154, Cesium-137 in the Environment: Radioecology and Approaches to Assessment and Management1
NCRP Releases Report No. 154, Cesium-137 in the Environment: Radioecology and Approaches to Assessment and Management1 Cesium-137 (137Cs) is the most important long-term contributor to the environmental radiation dose received by humans and other organisms as a result of nuclear reactor operations and weapons testing. Over the past few decades, 137Cs has been the most abundant residual radionuclide at many facilities in the nuclear weapons complex of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), at nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities, at nuclear reactor sites, at many radioactive waste disposal sites, in soils worldwide as a result of global fallout from historic nuclear weapon testing, and in the former Soviet Union and other locales in Europe as a result of the Chernobyl accident. In addition, there is concern about the use of 137Cs by terrorists to create a so-called “dirty bomb.” The primary source of 137Cs in the biosphere is atmospheric nuclear weapons testing by the United States and by the former Soviet Union from the 1940s to the 1960s. Of the roughly 1 EBq (1018 Bq) of 137Cs released to the biosphere, ~90 % was produced by atmospheric testing. Approximately 6 % was produced by the Chernobyl accident and roughly 4 % by nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities. Of the nuclear reactor accidents, the Chernobyl accident on April 26, 1986 in the Ukraine released far more radioactivity, including 137Cs, to the environment than all other nuclear accidents combined. In addition to its relative abundance, 137Cs has characteristics that enhance its importance as a major contributor to radiation dose. For example, it has a moderately long half-life (~30 y), it emits relatively high energy beta particles, its very short-lived daughter 137mBa emits a strong gamma ray, and because of its chemical properties, it is readily transported through the environment and food chains. -
Recommended Radiological Protection Criteria for the Recycling of Metals from the Dismantling of Nuclear Installations
European Commission I Recommended radiological protection criteria for the recycling of metals from the dismantling of nuclear installations Recommendations of the group of experts set up under the terms of Article 31 of the Euratom Treaty 1998 Directorate-General Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications on the European Communities, 1998 ISBN 92-828-3284-8 © European Communities, 1998 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Germany FOREWORD The present document lays down recommended radiological protection criteria for the recycling of metals arising from the dismantling of nuclear installations. With this document the Group of Experts set up under the terms of Article 31 of the Euratom Treaty, confirms and extends its recommendations made in 1988 on the recycling of steel (published as Radiation Protection No. 43). The Working Party set up for this purpose has examined radiation exposures related to the recycling of steel, copper and aluminium, in terms of nuclide specific mass activity concentration levels of these metals, and in terms of surface specific contamination levels for recycling or direct reuse. It has been demonstrated that below such clearance levels, materials can be released from regulatory control with negligible risk, from a radiation protection point of view, for the workers in the metal industry and for the population at large. The definition of clearance levels is important in view of a harmonised implementation of the Basic Safety Standards1. -
The Role of Physics in Radioecology and Radiotoxicology Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2019;70:3-13 3
Petrinec B, Šoštarić M, Babić D. The role of physics in radioecology and radiotoxicology Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2019;70:3-13 3 Review DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3225 The role of physics in radioecology and radiotoxicology Branko Petrinec, Marko Šoštarić, and Dinko Babić Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia [Received in November 2018; Similarity Check in December 2018; Accepted in February 2019] This article gives an overview of physical concepts important for radioecology and radiotoxicology to help bridge a gap between non-physicists in these scientific disciplines and the intricate language of physics. Relying on description and only as much mathematics as necessary, we discuss concepts ranging from fundamental natural forces to applications of physical modelling in phenomenological studies. We first explain why some atomic nuclei are unstable and therefore transmute. Then we address interactions of ionising radiation with matter, which is the foundation of both radioecology and radiotoxicology. We continue with relevant naturally occurring and anthropogenic radionuclides and their properties, abundance in the environment, and toxicity for the humans and biota. Every radioecological or radiotoxicological assessment should take into account combined effects of the biological and physical half-lives of a radionuclide. We also outline the basic principles of physical modelling commonly used to study health effects of exposure to ionising radiation, as it is applicable to every source of radiation but what changes are statistical weighting factors, which depend on the type of radiation and exposed tissue. Typical exposure doses for stochastic and deterministic health effects are discussed, as well as controversies related to the linear no-threshold hypothesis at very low doses. -
Precision Mass Measurements for Studies of Nucleosynthesis Via the Rapid Neutron-Capture Process
Dissertation submitted to the Combined Faculties for the Natural Sciences and for Mathematics of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Put forward by Diplomant: Dinko Atanasov Born in: Yambol, Bulgaria Oral examination: 06. July 2016 Precision mass measurements for studies of nucleosynthesis via the rapid neutron-capture process Penning-trap mass measurements of neutron-rich cadmium and caesium isotopes Prof. Dr. Klaus Blaum Referees: PD Dr. Adriana P´alffy Zusammenfasung Obwohl die Theorie ¨uber die schnelle Neutronenanlagerung (r-Prozess) schon vor mehr als 55 Jahren entwickelt wurde, wird ¨uber den exakten Ort im Universum an dem dieser Prozess stattfindet noch rege debattiert. Theoretische Studien sagen voraus, dass der Verlauf des r-Prozesses gepr¨agtwird durch ¨außerstneutronenreiche Materie mit sehr asymmetrischen Proton-zu-Neutron Verh¨altnissen.Die aktuellen Kenntnisse ¨uber Eigenschaften dieser neutro- nenreichen Isotope, die dazu geeignet sind als Eingangsdaten f¨urStudien ¨uber den r-Prozess herangezogen zu werden, sind nur unzureichend oder gar nicht vorhanden. Die grundlegen- den Eigenschaften der Kerne, wie Bindungsenergie, Halbwertszeiten und Reaktionsquerschnitt spielen eine wichtige Rolle in den theoretischen Simulationen und k¨onnendiese beeinflussen oder sogar zu drastisch alternativen Ergebnissen f¨uhren. Um diese Theorien mit gemesse- nen Daten zu untermauern und die Produktion neutronenreicher Isotope zu verbessern, wurde an Forschungseinrichtungen wie ISOLDE am CERN, ein g¨anzlich bemerkenswerter Aufwand betrieben. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es die experimentelle Arbeit zu beschreiben, welche n¨otigwar, um die Pr¨azisionsmassenmessungender neutronenreichen Isotope Cadmium (129−131Cd) und C¨asium(132;146−148Cs) zu erm¨oglichen. Die Messungen wurden an der Iso- topenfabrik ISOLDE am CERN mithilfe des aus vier Ionenfallen bestehenden Massenspek- trometers ISOLTRAP durchgef¨uhrt. -
IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Managing the Unexpected in Decommissioning No
IAEA Nuclear Energy Series IAEA Nuclear No. NW-T-2.8 No. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Managing the Unexpected in Decommissioning Managing the Unexpected No. NW-T-2.8 Basic Managing the Principles Unexpected in Decommissioning Objectives Guides Technical Reports INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–103615–5 ISSN 1995–7807 @ 15-40561_PUB1702_cover.indd 1,3 2016-03-30 10:56:45 IAEA Nuclear Energy Series IAEA Nuclear IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES PUBLICATIONS STRUCTURE OF THE IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES No. NW-T-2.8 No. Under the terms of Articles III.A and VIII.C of its Statute, the IAEA is authorized to foster the exchange of scientific and technical information on the peaceful uses of atomic energy. The publications in the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series provide information in the areas of nuclear power, nuclear fuel cycle, in Decommissioning Managing the Unexpected radioactive waste management and decommissioning, and on general issues that are relevant to all of the above mentioned areas. The structure of the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series comprises three levels: 1 — Basic Principles and Objectives; 2 — Guides; and 3 — Technical Reports. The Nuclear Energy Basic Principles publication describes the rationale and vision for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Nuclear Energy Series Objectives publications explain the expectations to be met in various areas at different stages of implementation. Nuclear Energy Series Guides provide high level guidance on how to achieve the objectives related to the various topics and areas involving the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports provide additional, more detailed information on activities related to the various areas dealt with in the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series. -
(SPERA). Environmental Radioactivity And
AU9918790 *#*""• «*> SPERA98 Radioactivity and the Environment Christchurch, New Zealand 16 - 20 February 1998 Environmental Radioactivity and its Application in Environmental Studies Conference Papers 30-49 SPERA98 The 5th Conference of the South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY AND ITS APPLICA TION IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES The South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association, SPERA, is an apolitical, scientific organisation whose primary objective is to encourage and facilitate communication among scientists working in the South Pacif c region in the field of environmental radioactivity, involving study of the occurrence, behaviour and impact of radioactive species present in the environment due either to natural processes or resulting from human activities. Since its inception in 1991, the membership of SPERA has grown steadily and includes scientists working in the fields of environmental radioactivity monitoring, marine and estuarine studies, geochemistry (including soil erosion studies and waste disposal), uranium mining and mineral sands industries, radioecology, education, archaeology, and radon studies, from many countries around the world. Previous SPERA Environmental Radioactivity Workshops were held in 1991 (Tahiti - the Association's foundation meeting), 1992 (Dunedin, New Zealand), 1994 (Canberra, Australia), and 1996 (Darwin, Australia), with participants coming from many countries around the world. Although SPERA has a South Pacific focus, the Workshops are more international with participants welcome from all countries. The 1998 meeting, SPERA98, was styled more as a Conference than a Workshop, because of the record attendance by 53 participants from 14 countries, with 48 papers presented. The meeting focused primarily on applications of environmental radionuclides in environmental studies and problem solving, though many papers concerning other areas within the Association's interests were also presented. -
Determination of 135Cs and 137Cs in Environmental Samples
Accepted Manuscript 135 137 Determination of Cs and Cs in environmental samples: A review B.C. Russell, Ian W. Croudace, Phil E. Warwick PII: S0003-2670(15)00838-7 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.037 Reference: ACA 234002 To appear in: Analytica Chimica Acta Received Date: 1 April 2015 Revised Date: 15 June 2015 Accepted Date: 18 June 2015 135 Please cite this article as: B.C. Russell, I.W. Croudace, P.E. Warwick, Determination of Cs 137 and Cs in environmental samples: A review, Analytica Chimica Acta (2015), doi: 10.1016/ j.aca.2015.06.037. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Determination of 135 Cs and 137 Cs in environmental samples: A review B.C. Russell 1,2 *, Ian W. Croudace 1 and Phil E. Warwick 1 1GAU-Radioanalytical, Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK 2National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW Email: [email protected] Abstract Radionuclides of caesium are environmentally important since they are formed as significant high yield fission products ( 135 Cs and 137 Cs) and activation products ( 134 Cs and 136 Cs) during nuclear fission. -
Iarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS VOLUME 78 IONIZING RADIATION, PART 2: SOME INTERNALLY DEPOSITED RADIONUCLIDES 2001 IARCPress LYON FRANCE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS Ionizing Radiation, Part 2: Some Internally Deposited Radionuclides VOLUME 78 This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 14–21 June 2000 2001 IARC MONOGRAPHS In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, life-style factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in chemical carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on Internet: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ This project was supported by Cooperative Agreement 5 UO1 CA33193 awarded by the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. -
Marine Radioecology
DK9900030 Marine Radioecology • Power reactors m Research reactors in m the Nordic countries •J^ Nuclear vessels II Decommissioned. LJ reactors not yet in operation r w f •• • w ! ' " m *rm •••-•,• 30-12 NKS(97)FR4 ISBN 87-7893-024-3 Marine Radioecology Final Report of the Nordic Nuclear Safety Research Project EKO-1 Sigurdur Emil Palsson June 1998 This is NKS NKS (Nordic Nuclear Safety Research) is a scientific cooperation program in nuclear safety, radiation protection and emergency preparedness. Its purpose is to carry out cost-effective Nordic projects, thus producing research results, exercises, information, manuals, recommendations, and other types of background material. This material is to serve decision-makers and other concerned staff members at authorities, research establishments and enterprises in the nuclear field. The following major fields of research are presently dealt with: reactor safety, radioactive waste, radioecology, emergency preparedness and information issues. A total of nine projects have been carried out in the years 1994 - 1997. Only projects that are of interest to end-users and financing organizations have been considered, and the results are intended to be practical, useful and directly applicable. The main financing organizations are: • The Danish Emergency Management Agency • The Finnish Ministry for Trade and Industry • The Icelandic Radiation Protection Institute • The Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority • The Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate and the Swedish RadiationProtection Institute Additional financial support has been given by the following organizations: In Finland: Ministry of the Interior; Imatran Voima Oy (IVO); Teollisuuden Voima Oy (TVO) In Norway: Ministry of the Environment In Sweden: Swedish Rescue Services Board; Sydkraft AB; Vattenfall AB; Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. -
Feasibility of Determining the Health Consequences Of
Chapter 2 Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Contents: This chapter provides an overview of fallout production mechanisms and a brief review of the history of worldwide nuclear weapons tests. 2.1 Fallout Production Mechanisms The explosion of a nuclear weapon releases energy by two processes – fission and fusion. Fission releases energy by splitting uranium or plutonium atoms into two or more smaller atoms. In fusion a fission bomb forces the combination of tritium or deuterium atoms into larger atoms, producing a more powerful explosion. The explosive energy is expressed in kilotons (kt) or Megatons (Mt) of TNT equivalent. The explosion creates three types of radioactive debris (fallout): fission products, activation products, and fissionable material used in the construction of the bomb that did not fission during the explosion process. 2.1.1 Fission Products The fission of 52 grams of plutonium will split 1023 plutonium atoms and release one kiloton of energy. Every fission creates an average of two radioactive fission fragments and the radionuclide identity of each of these fission fragments varies. The fission process that takes place when a nuclear weapon is detonated creates a mix of over 900 different fission products (England and Rider 1994). The mix of fission products is very well known, as are the half-lives of all the radioactive fission products. If the energy from fission (fission yield) of an explosion is known, known fission product yields (England and Rider 1994) can be used to calculate the quantity of each fission product at a specified time after the burst. Of the fission products created, 77 are stable and have no public health implications. -
4. Other Data Relevant to an Evaluation of Carcinogenicity and Its Mechanisms
4. Other Data Relevant to an Evaluation of Carcinogenicity and its Mechanisms 4.1 Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of radionuclides The most important routes of intake of radionuclides are by inhalation and ingestion, for both workers and members of the public. Ingestion is a less important route for workers, but a proportion of inhaled material is escalated from the trachea and lungs and swallowed. Entry through contaminated wounds may also occur in certain industrial situations. Entry through intact skin is rare, although exposure to 3 H2O vapour can lead to appreciable doses by this route. Entry of radionuclides into the body by inhalation and ingestion leads to irradiation of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Entry through contaminated wounds also results in local irradiation of tissues. After intake by any route, the subsequent behaviour of the radionuclide depends on the element concerned and its chemical form during exposure. These factors determine its solubility and the extent to which it is dissolved and absorbed into the blood. On reaching the blood, the distri- bution to and retention in body tissues depend on the chemical nature of the element. If a radionuclide that enters the bloodstream is an isotope of an element that is normally present (e.g. sodium, potassium, chlorine), it will behave like the stable element. If it has similar chemical properties to an element normally present, it will tend to follow the metabolic pathways of that element (e.g. 90Sr and 226Ra behave similarly to calcium and 137Cs and 86Rb similarly to potassium), although the rate of transfer between the various compartments in the body may be different.