Redalyc.Avances En El Estudio De Los Dinoflagelados (Dinophyceae)
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Patrons De Biodiversité À L'échelle Globale Chez Les Dinoflagellés
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emerciements* ! Remerciements* A!l'issue!de!ce!travail!de!recherche!et!de!sa!rédaction,!j’ai!la!preuve!que!la!thèse!est!loin!d'être!un!travail! solitaire.! En! effet,! je! n'aurais! jamais! pu! réaliser! ce! travail! doctoral! sans! le! soutien! d'un! grand! nombre! de! personnes!dont!l’amitié,!la!générosité,!la!bonne!humeur%et%l'intérêt%manifestés%à%l'égard%de%ma%recherche%m'ont% permis!de!progresser!dans!cette!phase!délicate!de!«!l'apprentiGchercheur!».! -
Akashiwo Sanguinea
Ocean ORIGINAL ARTICLE and Coastal http://doi.org/10.1590/2675-2824069.20-004hmdja Research ISSN 2675-2824 Phytoplankton community in a tropical estuarine gradient after an exceptional harmful bloom of Akashiwo sanguinea (Dinophyceae) in the Todos os Santos Bay Helen Michelle de Jesus Affe1,2,* , Lorena Pedreira Conceição3,4 , Diogo Souza Bezerra Rocha5 , Luis Antônio de Oliveira Proença6 , José Marcos de Castro Nunes3,4 1 Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Faculdade de Oceanografia (Bloco E - 900, Pavilhão João Lyra Filho, 4º andar, sala 4018, R. São Francisco Xavier, 524 - Maracanã - 20550-000 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil) 2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais/INPE - Rede Clima - Sub-rede Oceanos (Av. dos Astronautas, 1758. Jd. da Granja -12227-010 - São José dos Campos - SP - Brazil) 3 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana - Departamento de Ciências Biológicas - Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica (Av. Transnordestina s/n - Novo Horizonte - 44036-900 - Feira de Santana - BA - Brazil) 4 Universidade Federal da Bahia - Instituto de Biologia - Laboratório de Algas Marinhas (Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 668 - Campus de Ondina 40170-115 - Salvador - BA - Brazil) 5 Instituto Internacional para Sustentabilidade - (Estr. Dona Castorina, 124 - Jardim Botânico - 22460-320 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil) 6 Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (Av. Ver. Abrahão João Francisco, 3899 - Ressacada, Itajaí - 88307-303 - SC - Brazil) * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRAct The objective of this study was to evaluate variations in the composition and abundance of the phytoplankton community after an exceptional harmful bloom of Akashiwo sanguinea that occurred in Todos os Santos Bay (BTS) in early March, 2007. -
Understanding Bioluminescence in Dinoflagellates—How Far Have We Come?
Microorganisms 2013, 1, 3-25; doi:10.3390/microorganisms1010003 OPEN ACCESS microorganisms ISSN 2076-2607 www.mdpi.com/journal/microorganisms Review Understanding Bioluminescence in Dinoflagellates—How Far Have We Come? Martha Valiadi 1,* and Debora Iglesias-Rodriguez 2 1 Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August-Thienemann-Strasse, Plӧn 24306, Germany 2 Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +49-4522-763277; Fax: +49-4522-763310. Received: 3 May 2013; in revised form: 20 August 2013 / Accepted: 24 August 2013 / Published: 5 September 2013 Abstract: Some dinoflagellates possess the remarkable genetic, biochemical, and cellular machinery to produce bioluminescence. Bioluminescent species appear to be ubiquitous in surface waters globally and include numerous cosmopolitan and harmful taxa. Nevertheless, bioluminescence remains an enigmatic topic in biology, particularly with regard to the organisms’ lifestyle. In this paper, we review the literature on the cellular mechanisms, molecular evolution, diversity, and ecology of bioluminescence in dinoflagellates, highlighting significant discoveries of the last quarter of a century. We identify significant gaps in our knowledge and conflicting information and propose some important research questions -
Presencia Del Género Karenia Y Nuevos Registros De Dinoflagelados (Dinoflagellata) En Aguas De Las Islas Canarias, Atlántico Centro-Oriental
INFORME TÉCNICO nº15 INSTITUTO CANARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS Presencia del género Karenia y nuevos registros de dinoflagelados (Dinoflagellata) en aguas de las Islas Canarias, Atlántico Centro-Oriental - . '1 :=~:::::::::::= ~" Alicia Ojeda Créditos Edita: Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información Gobierno de Canarias Autora: Alicia Ojeda Rodríguez Diseño y maquetación: BlaBla Comunicación • www.blablacomunicacion.com Copyright © 2013 Alicia Ojeda Rodríguez - Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas (Gobierno de Canarias) Reservados todos los derechos. Queda rigurosamente prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, sin el permiso expreso y por escrito de los titulares de los derechos. Editado en febrero de 2013. Depósito Legal: GC 464-2013 ISSN: 1136-193X INFORME TÉCNICO nº15 INSTITUTO CANARIO DE CIENCIAS MARINAS Presencia del género Karenia y nuevos registros de dinoflagelados (Dinoflagellata) en aguas de las Islas Canarias, Atlántico Centro-Oriental Alicia Ojeda Presencia del género Karenia y nuevos registros de dinoflagelados (Dinoflagellata) en aguas de las Islas Canarias, Atlántico Centro-Oriental RESUMEN Se ilustran y describen 27 especies de dinoflagelados observados por primera vez en aguas superficiales neríticas y oceánicas de las Islas Canarias, Atlántico centro-oriental. Las especies descritas de Karenia, Ostreopsis y Prorocentrum revisten especial interés debido a su capacidad para sintetizar fuertes toxinas que durante periodos de floraciones algales pueden ocasionar importantes daños a la fauna marina y a la salud pública. Palabras clave: Dinoflagelados, Karenia, Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Islas Canarias, Atlántico centro-oriental. ABSTRACT 27 species of dinoflagellates from neritic and oceanic waters of the Canary Islands, Central- Eastern Atlantic Ocean are illustrated and described. -
Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait's Waters
Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters Marine Phytoplankton Atlas Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s of Kuwait’s Waters Manal Al-Kandari Dr. Faiza Y. Al-Yamani Kholood Al-Rifaie ISBN: 99906-41-24-2 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research P.O.Box 24885, Safat - 13109, Kuwait Tel: (965) 24989000 – Fax: (965) 24989399 www.kisr.edu.kw Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters Published in Kuwait in 2009 by Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O.Box 24885, 13109 Safat, Kuwait Copyright © Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, 2009 All rights reserved. ISBN 99906-41-24-2 Design by Melad M. Helani Printed and bound by Lucky Printing Press, Kuwait No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or manual, including photocopying, or by any information or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. 2 Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research - Marine phytoplankton Atlas Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Marine Phytoplankton Atlas of Kuwait’s Waters Manal Al-Kandari Dr. Faiza Y. Al-Yamani Kholood Al-Rifaie Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research Kuwait Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research - Marine phytoplankton Atlas 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON METHODOLOGY AND GENERAL RESULTS INTRODUCTION 16 MATERIAL AND METHODS 18 Phytoplankton Collection and Preservation Methods 18 Sample Analysis 18 Light Microscope (LM) Observations 18 Diatoms Slide Preparation -
Protista (PDF)
1 = Astasiopsis distortum (Dujardin,1841) Bütschli,1885 South Scandinavian Marine Protoctista ? Dingensia Patterson & Zölffel,1992, in Patterson & Larsen (™ Heteromita angusta Dujardin,1841) Provisional Check-list compiled at the Tjärnö Marine Biological * Taxon incertae sedis. Very similar to Cryptaulax Skuja Laboratory by: Dinomonas Kent,1880 TJÄRNÖLAB. / Hans G. Hansson - 1991-07 - 1997-04-02 * Taxon incertae sedis. Species found in South Scandinavia, as well as from neighbouring areas, chiefly the British Isles, have been considered, as some of them may show to have a slightly more northern distribution, than what is known today. However, species with a typical Lusitanian distribution, with their northern Diphylleia Massart,1920 distribution limit around France or Southern British Isles, have as a rule been omitted here, albeit a few species with probable norhern limits around * Marine? Incertae sedis. the British Isles are listed here until distribution patterns are better known. The compiler would be very grateful for every correction of presumptive lapses and omittances an initiated reader could make. Diplocalium Grassé & Deflandre,1952 (™ Bicosoeca inopinatum ??,1???) * Marine? Incertae sedis. Denotations: (™) = Genotype @ = Associated to * = General note Diplomita Fromentel,1874 (™ Diplomita insignis Fromentel,1874) P.S. This list is a very unfinished manuscript. Chiefly flagellated organisms have yet been considered. This * Marine? Incertae sedis. provisional PDF-file is so far only published as an Intranet file within TMBL:s domain. Diplonema Griessmann,1913, non Berendt,1845 (Diptera), nec Greene,1857 (Coel.) = Isonema ??,1???, non Meek & Worthen,1865 (Mollusca), nec Maas,1909 (Coel.) PROTOCTISTA = Flagellamonas Skvortzow,19?? = Lackeymonas Skvortzow,19?? = Lowymonas Skvortzow,19?? = Milaneziamonas Skvortzow,19?? = Spira Skvortzow,19?? = Teixeiromonas Skvortzow,19?? = PROTISTA = Kolbeana Skvortzow,19?? * Genus incertae sedis. -
Phytoplankton Identification Catalogue Saldanha Bay, South Africa
Phytoplankton Global Ballast Water Management Programme Identification Catalogue GLOBALLAST MONOGRAPH SERIES NO.7 Phytoplankton Identification Catalogue Saldanha Bay, South Africa Saldanha Bay, APRIL 2001 Saldanha Bay, South Africa Lizeth Botes GLOBALLAST MONOGRAPH SERIES More Information? Programme Coordination Unit Global Ballast Water Management Programme International Maritime Organization 4 Albert Embankment London SE1 7SR United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)20 7587 3247 or 3251 Fax: +44 (0)20 7587 3261 Web: http://globallast.imo.org NO.7 Marine and Coastal University of Management Cape Town A cooperative initiative of the Global Environment Facility, United Nations Development Programme and International Maritime Organization. Cover designed by Daniel West & Associates, London. Tel (+44) 020 7928 5888 www.dwa.uk.com (+44) 020 7928 5888 www.dwa.uk.com & Associates, London. Tel Cover designed by Daniel West GloBallast Monograph Series No. 7 Phytoplankton Identification Catalogue Saldanha Bay, South Africa April 2001 Botes, L.1 Marine and Coastal University of Management Cape Town 1 Marine and Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay, Cape Town 8012, South Africa. [email protected] International Maritime Organization ISSN 1680-3078 Published in May 2003 by the Programme Coordination Unit Global Ballast Water Management Programme International Maritime Organization 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, UK Tel +44 (0)20 7587 3251 Fax +44 (0)20 7587 3261 Email [email protected] Web http://globallast.imo.org The correct citation of this report is: Botes, L. 2003. Phytoplankton Identification Catalogue – Saldanha Bay, South Africa, April 2001. GloBallast Monograph Series No. 7. IMO London. The Global Ballast Water Management Programme (GloBallast) is a cooperative initiative of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) to assist developing countries to reduce the transfer of harmful organisms in ships’ ballast water. -
Molecular Phylogeny of Noctilucoid Dinoflagellates (Noctilucales
ARTICLE IN PRESS Protist, Vol. 161, 466–478, July 2010 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 26 February 2010 ORIGINAL PAPER Molecular Phylogeny of Noctilucoid Dinoflagellates (Noctilucales, Dinophyceae) Fernando Go´ meza,1, David Moreirab, and Purificacio´ nLo´ pez-Garcı´ab aMarine Microbial Ecology Group, Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS UMR 7093, Laboratoire d’Oce´ anographie de Villefranche, Station Zoologique, BP 28, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France bUnite´ d’Ecologie, Syste´ matique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Universite´ Paris-Sud, Batimentˆ 360, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France Submitted September 2, 2009; Accepted December 13, 2009 Monitoring Editor: Michael Melkonian The order Noctilucales or class Noctiluciphyceae encompasses three families of aberrant dinoflagellates (Noctilucaceae, Leptodiscaceae and Kofoidiniaceae) that, at least in some life stages, lack typical dinoflagellate characters such as the ribbon-like transversal flagellum or condensed chromosomes. Noctiluca scintillans, the first dinoflagellate to be described, has been intensively investigated. However, its phylogenetic position based on the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequence is unstable and controversial. Noctiluca has been placed either as an early diverging lineage that diverged after Oxyrrhis and before the dinokaryotes -core dinoflagellates- or as a recent lineage branching from unarmoured dinoflagellates in the order Gymnodiniales. So far, the lack of other noctilucoid sequences has hampered the elucidation of their phylogenetic relationships to other dinoflagellates. Furthermore, even the monophyly of the noctilucoids remained uncertain. We have determined SSU rRNA gene sequences for Kofoidiniaceae, those of the type Spatulodinium (=Gymnodinium) pseudonoctiluca and another Spatulodinium species, as well as of two species of Kofoidinium, and the first gene sequence of Leptodiscaceae, that of Abedinium (=Leptophyllus) dasypus. -
Protozoologica
Acta Protozool. (2010) 49: 365–372 ACTA http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/ap PROTOZOOLOGICA Diversity and Distribution of Noctilucoid Dinoflagellates (Noctilucales, Dinophyceae) in the Open Mediterranean Sea Fernando GÓMEZ Université Lille Nord de France, Laboratoire d´Océanologie et Géosciences, Station Marine de Wimereux, France Summary. The noctilucoid dinoflagellates have been investigated in the open waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Kofoidinium spp., Spatu- lodinium spp. and Scaphodinium mirabile were found in nearly all the stations. The genera Craspedotella, Leptodiscus, Petalodinium and Pomatodinium were recorded for the first time in the eastern Mediterranean basin. An undescribed small species of Kofoidinium (40–60 µm in diameter) with a pointed extension represented about 1/3 of the genus records. The monotypic character of the genus Spatulodinium needs to be reconsidered because numerous specimens differed from the type species. One of these undescribed species showed a distinctive hyposome and an extremely long tentacle (up to 1600 µm long). A leptodiscacean that showed an arrowhead-shaped contour is found for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea. There is a considerable diversity of noctilucaceans yet to be described. Key words: Biodiversity, Craspedotella, Dinophyta, Kofoidiniaceae, Leptodiscaceae, Kofoidinium, Leptodiscus, Noctiluca, Petalodinium, Pomatodinium Scaphodinium, Spatulodinium. INTRODUCTION 1969; Gómez and Furuya 2005, 2007). All the Noctilu- cales differ markedly from the rest of the dinoflagellates, notably by the presence of contractile muscle-like fibrils Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid is the first involved in cell shape changes and movements. Based dinoflagellate to be described. This aberrant species on the gene sequences of N. scintillans, the phylogeneti- lacks, at least in some life stages, typical dinoflagellate cal position of the noctilucaceans has been controversial. -
The Phytoplankton of Guanabara Bay, Brazil: I. Historical Account of Its Biodiversity Biota Neotropica, Vol
Biota Neotropica ISSN: 1676-0611 [email protected] Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Brasil Villac, Maria Célia; Rivera Tenenbaum, Denise The phytoplankton of Guanabara Bay, Brazil: I. historical account of its biodiversity Biota Neotropica, vol. 10, núm. 2, 2010, pp. 271-293 Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Campinas, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=199115791030 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Biota Neotrop., vol. 10, no. 2 The phytoplankton of Guanabara Bay, Brazil. I. Historical account of its biodiversity Maria Célia Villac1,2 & Denise Rivera Tenenbaum1 1Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, CCS-A, CEP 21941-617, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 2Corresponding author: Maria Célia Villac, e-mail: [email protected] VILLAC, M.C. & TENENBAUM, D.R. The phytoplankton of Guanabara Bay, Brazil. I. Historical account of its biodiversity. Biota Neotrop. 10(2): http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v10n2/en/abstract?inventory+ bn02410022010. Abstract: This is a historical account of the biodiversity of phytoplankton in Guanabara Bay, Brazil. It is based on 57 publications that refer to sampling carried out between 1913 and 2004. The publications included are those with direct microscopic identification. Although 80% of the studies focus on ecological issues that tend to mention only the most abundant species, 24 publications provide comprehensive check-lists at the species level, especially of taxa ≥ 20 µm. -
Dinoflagellate Diversity and Distribution in Chilika Lagoon with Description of New Records
Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 45(8), August 2016, pp. 999-1009 Dinoflagellate diversity and distribution in Chilika Lagoon with description of new records M. Mukherjee1*, S. K. Karna1, V. R. Suresh1, R. K. Manna1, D. Panda1, A. P. Sharma1, M. K. Pati2, S. Mandal1 & Y. Ali1 1Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata- 700120 2Department of Aquaculture Management and Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore- 721102 *[E-mail: [email protected]] Received 30 April 2015; revised 27 May 2015 The study deals with the diversity and spatial distribution of the dinoflagellate class Dinophyceae in Chilika lagoon, north east coast of India. Thirty-eight species of dinoflagellates belonging to eight families were recorded, of which twelve are new reports to the lagoon. Of the twenty-six species recorded earlier, Neoceratium furca, Neoceratium fusus, Dinophysis caudata and Noctiluca scintillans were common among most of the earlier studies. Current study recorded presence of Dinophysis miles, which has not been encountered ever since it was first reported from the lagoon six decades ago. An updated checklist of dinoflagellates indicated presence of 68 species in the lagoon. The outer channel of the lagoon differed from southern and central sectors in distribution of dinoflagellates under the influence of salinity regime. [Keywords: Dinoflagellates, Chilika lagoon, Dinophysis miles, Neoceratium, Amphisolenia] Introduction a peninsular country has not been spared from 14, 15, 16 The dinoflagellates (Class Dinophyceae) are the same causing impetus to study the an important group of phytoplankton in marine dinoflagellate groups in all possible waters to and freshwaters and the largest phytoplankton ensure environmental safety. -
Avances En El Estudio De Los Dinoflagelados (Dinophyceae) Con La Filogenia Molecular
Filogenia molecular de dinoflagelados Hidrobiológica 2011, 21 (3): 343-364343 Avances en el estudio de los dinoflagelados (Dinophyceae) con la filogenia molecular Advances on the study of dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae) with the molecular phylogeny Fernando Gómez,1* David Moreira2 y Purificación López-García2 1Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, PO Box 22085, 46071 Valencia, España 2Unité d’Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS UMR 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 360, 91405 Orsay Cedex, Francia e-mail: [email protected] Gómez F., D. Moreira y P. López-García. 2011. Avances en el estudio de los dinoflagelados (Dinophyceae) con la filogenia molecular. Hidrobiológica 21(3): 343-364. RESUMEN Este estudio revisa los avances en el conocimiento de los dinoflagelados con la aplicación de la filogenia molecular. La mayor parte de las secuencias disponibles corresponden a los genes que codifican los ARNs de la subunidades pequeña y grande del ribosoma (SSU y LSU rADN, respectivamente). El marcador LSU rADN, con una mayor variabi- lidad de algunos dominios, ha sido especialmente usado en la diferenciación de especies, mientras que el gen SSU rADN es más resolutivo para la comparación entre géneros y la delimitación de clados que equivaldrían a las familias. Estos marcadores no permiten resolver la relación entre los órdenes clásicos y el número de secuencias disponibles de otros marcadores es aún insuficiente. Peridiniales, Gymnodiniales y Blastodiniales son claramente polifiléticos y la discusión continúa en el caso de Prorocentrales y Gonyaulacales (Crypthecodinium, Thecadinium). Gymnodiniales es polifilético, pero en ningún caso las especies tecadas y atecadas aparecen en el mismo clado.