Jesús Ponce Cárdenas: El Tapiz Narrativo Del «Polifemo

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Jesús Ponce Cárdenas: El Tapiz Narrativo Del «Polifemo 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 1 13/1/10 08:19:48 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 2 13/1/10 08:19:48 papers d’història de la creació literària 4 Jesús Ponce Cárdenas El tapiz narrativo del Polifemo: eros y elipsis 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 3 13/1/10 08:19:48 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 4 13/1/10 08:19:48 Jesús Ponce Cárdenas El tapiz narrativo del Polifemo: eros y elipsis edició bilingüe traducció de xavier tubau grup de recerca en història de la creació literària UNIVERSITAT POMPEU FABRA barcelona 2010 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 5 13/1/10 08:19:48 Este trabajo se enmarca dentro del proyecto de investigación Todo Góngora I. Edición crítica y anotada de la obra poética de Luis de Góngora y Argote (HUM2007-60857, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación) Todos los derechos reservados © Jesús Ponce © Grup de Recerca en Història de la Creació Literària (Grup de recerca consolidat de la Generalitat de Catalunya) Universitat Pompeu Fabra – Departament d’Humanitats Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-27, 08005 Barcelona Diseño de colección: Carlos Cubeiro Coordinación editorial y preimpresión: Víctor Igual, s. l. Impresión: Book Print Digital, s.a. D. L. B. ?????-???? 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 6 13/1/10 08:19:48 Para José Ignacio Díez Fernández y Adrienne Laskier Martín, amigos y maestros en esa venusta materia del erotismo áureo. 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 7 13/1/10 08:19:48 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 8 13/1/10 08:19:48 Otras cosas habrá que las callemos, porque tan buenas son para hacerse que pierden el valor si las hablamos. Juan Boscán, Obras (1543). El más práctico saber consiste en disimular. Baltasar Gracián, Oráculo manual y arte de prudencia (1647). Otra fue la lección que me enseñaste en púrpura nevada o nieve roja: la belleza absoluta de los cuerpos. Guillermo Carnero, Fuente de Médicis (2006). Y entonces se vertía por el bosque su flauta melancólica y salvaje hundiéndose en la espuma. Vicente Cristóbal, Polifemo y Galatea (2007). 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 9 13/1/10 08:19:48 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 10 13/1/10 08:19:48 índice Desde la orla del tapiz 13 1. el prudente velo de un silencio facundo: «eros» y «elipsis» 21 1.1. en el umbral de las figuras del silencio: «reticentia, aposiopesis, significatio» 23 1.2. tradiciones de la «oscuridad honesta»: de ovidio a marino 37 1.2.1. Del morigerado Ovidio 37 1.2.2. Polyphemus Triumphans: sobre la inversión mítica de Pontano 42 1.2.3. Tres poemas visuales de Marino (o Amor constante más allá de la muerte) 47 1.2.4. Entre la ensoñación lasciva y el pujante deseo: Tommaso Stigliani 52 1.2.5. El estilo heroico y el contraste amoroso: teoría y práctica 57 2. las horas no relatadas: función y alcance del silencio en el poema gongorino 69 2.1. exploraciones gongorinas: los antecedentes sensuales 70 2.2. entre lo dicho y lo omitido: pequeñas notas para un léxico amatorio 85 11 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 11 13/1/10 14:48:12 el tapiz narrativo del «polifemo»: eros y elipsis 2.2.1. Tras el velo de un doble cortinaje 86 2.2.2. Las guerras del amor 91 2.2.3. La abeja y la flor: paradigma para un pequeño escorzo 94 2.2.4. Figuras en un paisaje heroico: sobre las fórmulas de la visión 111 2.3. entorno bucólico y entorno epitalámico: intersecciones renacentistas 117 2.4. pequeñas dilucidaciones sensuales 132 Sotto le tenebre del silenzio: a modo de conclusión 155 Agradecimientos 161 Bibliografía 163 12 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 12 13/1/10 08:19:48 desde la orla del tapiz A treinta de septiembre de 1613, desde la ciudad de Córdoba, en una acre misiva Luis de Góngora reconocía a propósito de la obscuridad y estilo intricado que caracteriza sus obras mayores: «caso que fuera error, me holgara de haber dado principio a algo».1 Al margen de ese cuaderno de consonancias erráticas conocido como Soledades, cuya revolución lírica siguió produ- ciendo ecos durante las centurias siguientes, no resulta exage- rado afirmar que la Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea supuso, en efecto, el inicio de algo imparable, ya que alteró el modo de aproximación a las leyendas greco-latinas, ofreció un camino plausible para la conjunción de lo lírico y lo heroico, cambió —en suma— el modo de entender la escritura mitológica en España durante décadas.2 Al situarse en el centro del campo li- 1 Luis de Góngora, Epistolario completo (ed. A. Carreira), Zaragoza, Libros Pórtico-Hispánica-Hel- vética, 2000, p. 2. 2 Mercedes Blanco identificaba las pautas que instaura el poeta de Córdoba: «En primer lugar, adaptaba al género fábula unas técnicas de imitación múltiple que permitían desprenderse de la subordinación a un único texto y reelaborar el mito en función de un pensamiento propio y actual. En segundo lugar, porque el ritmo lento, regular y sostenido del relato, el modo en que se entre- lazan vigorosamente narración y descripción y las constantes figuras que recubren cada motivo conferían al poema un carácter plástico y pictórico, quizá nunca igualado. Esa capacidad de esti- mular la imaginación visual y de organizar la narración en cuadros apelaba a la emulación de los poetas que compartían el ideal expresado en la fórmula ut pictura poesis [...]. Por último, se pre- tendió emular al Polifemo porque gracias al arte de Góngora, como al de Marino, la fábula mostra- ba su carácter propicio al despliegue de un erotismo exaltado que vedaban otros géneros. Esta apertura hacia lo erótico permitía plantear de modo refinado la cuestión de la relación entre el arte y el deseo». Remito al modélico estudio: «La estela del Polifemo o el florecimiento de la fábula 13 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 13 13/1/10 08:19:48 el tapiz narrativo del «polifemo»: eros y elipsis terario con unos planteamientos híbridos donde habían de fun- dirse la epopeya (en miniatura), la égloga y la elegía, la asom- brosa concordia discors de la Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea ofrecería a los jóvenes poetas de inicios del siglo xvii el comple- jo modelo de un relato lírico sustentado en los remozados cau- ces del epilio alejandrino, «con tan nuevos y peregrinos modos» que muy pocos pudieron sustraerse a sus encantos.3 Desde el ámbito refinado y exquisito de la escritura culta, no parece exagerado afirmar que durante el Siglo de Oro, todo autor se mostraba «consciente de dirigirse a un lector compe- tente», el escritor «confía en la fuerza de la tradición, o sea, en una especie de pre-conocimiento de la historia, que permite re- llenar las elipsis de la narración lírica».4 En efecto, dado que todo lector potencial familiarizado con los distintos mitos cono- ce de antemano la «historia», no será tanto la matière (inuentio) del relato, sino la manière (dispositio, elocutio) del mismo aque- llo que podrá cautivarle y sorprenderle. Pero, en ocasiones, la capacidad de maravillar a un público docto residía también en el modo libérrimo de abordar las venerables historias míti- cas. En efecto, al tejer el tapiz narrativo de los antiguos mitos un osado poeta áureo se podía permitir ciertas libertades e insertar nuevas tramas, coloridos hilos, inesperadas figuras en el paisaje. Según apreciaron los mismos comentaristas, tal fue el caso de Góngora: barroca (1613-1624)» en A. Bègue y J. Ponce (eds.), La fábula mitológica a nueva luz, Número monográfico de Lectura y signo, 2010 (en prensa). 3 Empleo la feliz acuñación («con tan nuevos y peregrinos modos») de Pedro Díaz de Rivas: Ano- taciones al Polifemo, fol. 114 v. (nota 36, B.N.M. Ms. 3.906). Sobre la conveniencia del empleo de un concepto como el de campo literario en el contexto áureo, puede verse la reciente indagación de M. Blanco en torno a «Poéticas, retóricas y estudio crítico de la literatura», en Penser la Litté- rature Espagnole. Bulletin Hispanique, 1 (2004), pp. 213-233 (especialmente pp. 223-225). 4 Maria Cristina Cabani, El gran ojo de Polifemo. Visión y voyeurismo en la tradición barroca de un mito clásico, Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 2007, p. 35. 14 013-Tapiz narrativo Polifemo.indd 14 13/1/10 08:19:48 desde la orla del tapiz Esta fábula de Polifemo y Galatea la trataron varios poetas. El nuestro unas veces se aprovecha de lo que contaron los otros: como de que la boca de la caverna cerraba una alta roca, que su cayado era un pino y su zampoña de cien cañas, que un mismo albergue era del pastor y del ganado, que se mantenía de carne humana. Pero otras cosas añadió nuestro poeta para exornación de la fábula, como decir que el gigante se vestía de las mayores fieras que el monte tenía. Y no contento con esto, fingió tam- bién nuevos pasos en la fábula, como es éste de los amores de Palemo y desdenes de Galatea y cómo el Amor le hirió. Así finge el presente que Acis le dio a Galatea y cómo el amor le hirió a ella [...]. Parece del texto de la narración que cuando Polifemo cantó no sabía que Galatea amaba a Acis, pues en el tiempo que ella se enamoró de él y dieron principio a sus amores, el gigante estaba ausente de ellos y comenzó su cántico. Siendo así que los demás poetas fingen que cuando cantó estaba celoso de Acis y era sabedor de sus amores [...]. Y aun nuestro poeta finge que Acis pretendía enamorar a Galatea y Ovidio dice que ella lo perseguía [...].
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