Sobre a Natureza Dos Deuses De Cícero

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Sobre a Natureza Dos Deuses De Cícero f .... Leandro Abel Vendemiatti Sobre a Natureza dos Deuses de Cícero Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Lingüística do Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (1JNICAMP) como requisito para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Lingüística na Área de Línguas Clássicas. Orientador: Prof Dr. Paulo Sérgio de Vasconcellos Ur~ICAIIIIP Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL Unicamp 2003 .:J~:t.Ru CIRCULANTF o I FICHA CATALOGR..Á.FICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA IEL- UNICAMP Vendemiatti, Leandro Abel V552s Sobre a natureza dos deuses de Cícero I Leandro Abel Vendemiatti. -- Campinas, SP: [s.n. ], 2003. Orientador: Paulo Sérgio de Vasconcellos Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem. I. Deuses. 2. Natureza. 3. Filosofia. I. Vasconcellos, Paulo Sérgio de. ll. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem. lll. Título. lii ora em Dissertação aprovada pela seguinte banca examinadora: Prof Dr. Paulo Sérgio de Vasconcellos (orientador) Prof Dr. Francisco Benjamin de Souza Neto Prof Dr. Flávio Ribeiro de Oliveira Prof Dr. Lucas Angioni (suplente) v Resumo Esta dissertação de mestrado é uma tradução de um texto de Cícero escrito em 45 a.C. O título do original é De Natura Deomm. Esse texto é um diálogo entre três personagens que assumem, cada um deles, a posição de uma escola filosófica. Na introdução, dei ênfase na maneira como Cícero trata as diversas opiniões correntes em sua época sobre os deuses: enquanto o epicurismo e o estoicismo fazem uso da tradição e do argumento de autoridade, a escola acadêmica, supostamente a voz de Cícero, trata o mesmo assunto por meio da razão. vii Índice Introdução ............................................................................ 9 Primeiro Livro ................................................................ 17 Segundo Livro ................................................................ 57 Terceiro Livro .............................................................. 1 I 3 Bibliografia ................................................................. 147 ix Introdução ao diálogo De Na1ura Deorum É comum e correto afirmar que o De Natura Deorum pertence ao gênero literário "diálogo. "1 No entanto, essa obra também é mencionada como um "tratado. "2 A razão da dualidade de classificação da mesma obra reside no método de exposição do assunto seguido pelo autor3 Temos aqui bem pouco do diálogo à moda da academia platônica, em que havia real participação na discussão com falas curtas e com freqüentes expressões de assentimento ou recusa4 No De Natura Deorum predomina outro veículo de expressão do pensamento: aquele inventado por Aristóteles, chamado diálogo do discurso científico, 5 que, não operando mais com 1 CICERO, De Natura Dearum, líber prímus, edited by Arthur Stanley Pease, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1968, p. 22, § lO; p. 24, § li; CICERONE, Sul/a Natura degli Dei, a cura di Ubaldo Pizzani, Oscar Mondadori, Milano, 1967, p. IX; CICERO, De Natura Deorum, trad. H. Rackham, Loeb Classical Libnuy, edit. by G. P. Goold, Harvard University Press, 1994, p. XID; ALBRECHT, M. von. Storía del/a Letteratura Latina I, trad. Aldo Setaioli, Enaudi, 1995, p. 530; CICEROI'iE, De 1'latura Deorum (liber prímus), introduzione e eomrnento di Giorgio Castello, Sifiiorelli, Milano, 1967, p. 6. 2 E o parecer de E. Bréhier e P. Aubenque em Les Stoi'ciens, Bibliotbeque de la Pléiade, Gallimard, I%2, p. 405 e 406. Na apresentação do quadro geral dos escritos de Cícero, é sob a rubrica Philosophica/ Treatises que o De Natura Dearum aparece em CICERO, Tusculans Dísputations, edit. by G. P. Goold, Harvard University Press, 1989, p. IX Não só o De Natura Dearum, mas também todas as outrns obras de Cícero consideradas filosóficas figuram sob a mesma rubrica naquele quadro geral. 3 Pi:zzani, ap. di., p. 387, nota 2 ao liuo lll: ~sono qui prospettati i doe metodi di esposizione del peusiero filosofico, queiJo platonico fondato sul eonrrasto dialettico fra le varie posizioni e quello aristotelieo fondato sull'esposizione continua e diretta." Cícero coloca essa distinção na fuJa de Balbo, De nat. deor. lll, 4: "farei qualquer urna das duas propostas que quiseres: ou responderei sem demora a cada coisa que perguntares ou a tudo quando terminares teu discurso." 4 Pease, ap. cit., p. 22, § 10. 5 Pease, op. cít., p. 23, § 10: "tbe dialogue ofscientific discourse." X contínuas perguntas e respostas, combina monólogo contra monólogo6 Por um lado, um diálogo dessa natureza perde muito em vivacidade, pois os interlocutores que nele tomam parte não passam de argumentos abstratos personificados,7 mas, por outro, é o mais apropriado possível para um tratamento histórico e descritivo do assunto8 Outro fato que dá oportunidade para classificar o De Natura Deorum como tratado ou "diálogo do discurso científico" é o procedimento de Cícero na redação da obra e na manipulação das fontes das quais retirou as diversas opiniões dos filósofos sobre a natureza dos deuses9 Na Antigüidade, já havia, por um lado, muitas obras polêmicas sobre os deuses expondo as opiniões de diversas correntes filosóficas, mas sem um estudo comparativo, e, por outro, obras que faziam um estudo comparativo das diferentes opiniões, mas sem a proposta de uma crítica. 10 O que Cícero fez foi combinar esses dois princípios. u O De Natura Deorum é um estudo sob a forma de diálogo científico que compara e critica as diversas opiniões a respeito dos deuses formuladas por diversas escolas de filosofia. 12 Podemos acrescentar ainda a forte influência que os escritos de Aristóteles exerciam sobre nosso autor.13 É bem possível que, ao redigir a presente obra, polêmica em sua natureza, 14 o autor tivesse em mente os procedimentos sugeridos nos Topica de Aristóteles para construir os raciocínios, a saber, primeiro, fazer o elenco das diversas opiniões, segundo, observar de quantos 6 Pease, op. cit., p. 23, § 10: "matching monologue against monologue." Deve-se também levar em conta que Cícero é herdeiro de uma filosofia que se tomou sistemática a partir de Aristóteles (Rackham, op. cit, p. VII). 7 Pease, op. cil., p. 23, § 10, nota 4, cita a observação de C. Lamb, Ep. 86, 1801: "the Interlocutors are merely abstract arguments personify'd" 8 Pease, op. cit., p. 23, § lO. Diferente é a opinião de Pizzani (Pizzani, op. cít., p. V), que acha que o ol:!jetivo do autor no De Natura Deorum não é histórico-documentário, mas especulativo. 9 Pease, op. cit., p. 36- 49, §§ 21 - 29, fàla amplamente sobre as fontes. De maneira geral, diz que o moderno estudo sobre o De Natura Deorum está mais preocupado em detectar as fontes que o autor utilizou do que com a interpretação que ele lhes deu (§21). Nessa procura das fontes, os estudiosos atribuíram a Cícero quase todas as combinações possíveis, embora afirmem que, enquanto compunha apressadamente o De Natura Deorum, não teria tido tempo de fuzer uma comparação minuciosa entre todas as autoridades de que dispunha no momento e, assim, seguindo um único manuscrito, condensava-<J, ampliava-o e o modificava por meio de acréscimos de notas de suas próprias leituras e, quando lbe parecia conveniente, mudava para alguma outra fonte. 10 Pease, op. cit., p. 8, §L 11 Pease, op. cit., p. 8, §1. 12 Cícero trabalha com as opiniões de filósofos sobre filosofia da religião (Pease, op. cit, p. 9, § 3). Eles pertenciam a uma das três principais correntes filosóficas de seu tempo: ou ao epicurismo, ou ao estoicismo, ou à academia (Rackham, op. cit., p. VII). 13 Pease, op. cit., p. 23, § 10: "Aristotle, who hada powerful influence upon Cícero." " Pizzani, op. cit., p. VI e vn. XI modos cada uma é dita, terceiro, encontrar as diferenças entre elas e, quarto, pesqmsar. suas semelh anças. 15 Nessa obra, caracterizada como diálogo do discurso científico, Cícero faz uma importante distinção entre duas vias de conhecimento e opta por uma delas. Por um lado, há o conhecimento sobre os deuses provindo da tradição recebida dos antepassados. 16 É possível acreditar nas opiniões tradicionais mesmo sem nenhuma explicação dada. 17 Por outro, há o conhecimento obtido por meio de uma pesquisa feita pela razão. 18 Claramente o autor expõe seu método de pesquisa. Esse consiste em argumentar contra todas as opiniões e em expressamente não formar nenhum juízo19 e, além disso, argumentar contra todos e em favor de todos os filósofos para descobrir a verdade. 20 E• ato de prudência não dar assentimento aos assuntos incertos.21 E, nesse tipo de pesquisa racional, deve-se ter o espirito livre de preconceitos.22 Nessa obra, portanto, entre o argumento de autoridade e a razão temos uma tensão23 que se cria no embate entre os discursos de cada escola de filosofia. Cícero, tendo Cota, um dos personagens do diálogo, como seu porta-voz,24 opta pela segunda via de conhecimento, o guiado pela razão, e, em toda a parte da obra em que Cota tem a palavra, toma o máximo cuidado de não transcender os limites da razão25 15 ARISTÓlELES, Topica et sophistici eienchi, Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis, 1986, 105', 20-35. 16 É o que podemos chamar de argumento de autoridade (De nat. deor. l, 10). 17 De nat. deor. III, 6: "em nossos antepassados devo acreditar mesmo sem nenhuma ex-plicação (ratio) dada." De na!. deor. Ill, 9: "Parn mim .. um só (argumento para provar a existência dos deuses) era o bastante: os nossos antepassados assim nos transmitiram" 18 De nal. de or. l, 10: "quando se trata de argumentar, deve-se procurar menos o peso da autoridade e mais o da razão." De nat. deor. m. 6: "de ti (Balbo), que és filósofo, devo receber uma explicação (ratio) para a religião." De nat. deor. lll, 13: "de ti (Balbo) são as razões (rationes) que eu quero saber.~' 19 De nat deor. I, 57: "costuma vir-me à mente não tão fucilmente por que uma coisa é verdadeira quanto por que é falsa" De nat. deor. I.
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