UNC JOURney | 2 Letter From the EditorDear Reader, The entire editorial board and staff are pleased to present the second annual volume of the University of North Carolina’s Journal of Undergraduate Research (UNC JOURney). This journal expresses the wide variety of academic disciplines and opportunities the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC-CH) offers students. The seven articles published in this editions explore the social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences. I hope the growth UNC JOURney and other student engagement from the Office for Undergraduate Research (OUR) continue to spur and inspire students to engage in research opportunities on and off campus. The goal of UNC JOURney in the overall OUR student engagement ecosystem serves to give students a place to publish faculty-mentored research, including SURF projects, partial and full honors theses, and other independent research. UNC JOURney is an annual journal dedicated to celebrating and supporting the original research conducted early in students’ academic careers that reflects appropriate scope and complexity for excellent undergraduate work. UNC JOURney would not have been possible without our dedicated editorial and publicity board. I would like to thank all of our section editors and publicity team members. Next, a huge than kyou to my managing editor Maggie Hilderbran (’19) and publicity director Sean McCaffery (’20). Their ideas, passion and leadership on this edition have carried us to publication, and I could not be prouder to have served as their editor-in-chief. Lastly, I am wishing the best of luck to next year’s co editors-in-chief April Wang and Zoe Hazerjian. I would also like to acknowledge the unwavering support of OUR. They have continuously offered their guidance during the second year of this venture on campus. Specifically, I want to thank Associate Dean and Director Troy Blackburn (Department of Exercise and Sports Science), Associate Director Monica Richard, Associate Director Boots Quimby, and Business Services Coordinator Denise Carter. Lastly, thank you to everyone who submitted a manuscript for consideration in this edition of UNC JOURney and to our readers for taking the time to explore and learn about the research occurring at UNC-CH. Please enjoy this second edition of UNC JOURney; the entire staff and I hope that you enjoy these unique and interesting pieces of research. Sincerely, Gabi Stein Editor-in-Chief 3 | UNC JOURney Table of Contents Social Sciences The AP United States History Curriculum: A 7 Battle Between Historical Perspectives by Sarah Cheely AI Automation and High Unemployment 14 by Babatunde Sunday Opaleye Sport Specialization and Physical and Psychosocial Health Outcomes of College 22 Students by Shelby Waldron Humanities Mothers’ Stories of Postpartum Depression: 34 Coming to Voice and Healing the Self by Clara Davidson Mountain Stories: The Presentation of Coal 42 Mining in Bluegrass Music by Madeline Fisher UNC JOURney | 4 Dance Dance . Evolution?: The 51 Manipulation of the Female Narrative in Kathakby by Sachi Pathak Natural Sciences Color Conundrum: Trace Element Analysis in 65 the Poleta and Deep Spring Formations by Eileen Yang, Matt Sorge, Samuel Williams Amruthansh Sriperumbudur Winning Abstracts from Celebration of Undergraduate Research 2018 Abstracts Neural Mechanisms Underlying Attributional Ambiguity: An Investigation of Cross-Race Social Feedback by Carrington Merritt Modernity Versus Tradition in Fatima Mernissi’s Dreams of Trespass by Dhalia Mohamed The Legacy of a Lynching: Community and Familial Adaptation in the 70 Wake of Racial Trauma by Morgan Vickers Prevalence and Risks of Contaminants in Private Well Water by Simran Khadka Bound by the Care We’ve Learned to Receive: The Persistence of Adolescent Health and Dental Care Utilization Behaviors into Young Adulthood by Jenny Hausler Development of Custom MRI Cradle and Habituation Protocol for Functional Neuroimaging in Awake Mice by Carolyn Liu Portable Apheresis Machine for Cheap & Rapid Generation of Convalescent Serum in West Africa by Dhruv Shankar Defining Subjecthood in Eighteenth-Century British North America: The Life and Perspectives of Sir Guy Carleton by Lacey Hunter 5 | UNC JOURney Staff: Executive Board: Section Editors: Editor-in-Chief Natural Sciences Gabi Stein April Wang Managing Editor General Health Maggie Hilderbran Maina Edula, Marissa Rice Publicity Manager Social Sciences Sean McCaffrey Zoe Hazerjian, Evelyn Morris Publicity Committee: Design: Brooke Fisher Ashi Gulati Sabrina Shah Jackson Trice UNC JOURney | 6 Social Sciences 7-13 22-32 The AP United States Sport Specialization and History Curriculum: A Physical and Psychosocial Battle Between Historical Health Outcomes of College Perspectives by Sarah Students by Shelby Waldorn Cheely Sarah Cheely, through her Sociology Shelby Waldron’s background as a of Education course, researches and volleyball player in high school and interest discusses the impact of differing AP in persuing a docotorate in occupational United States History curriculum, therapy led her to research how sport particularly in regard to revisionist specialization affects both the physical history. and pshcyhosocial well-being of college students. 14-21 AI Automation and High Unemployment by Sunday Opaleye Sunday Opaleye’s interest in political actors and their effects on civic life pushes him to research and analyze current literature and statistics to show how artifical intelligence (AI) automation of the workforce will cause higher unemployment for human workers in the future and what governments should do to mitigate those effects. 7 | UNC JOURney The AP United States History Curriculum: A Battle Between Historical Perspectives by Sarah Cheely An updated version of The College Board’s AP United States History course curriculum was released in 2014 but faced conservative backlash for its revisionist historical perspectives. The College Board once again updated its curriculum in response to the backlash. First, this paper explores the two most prev- alent methods of historical teaching: revisionist history and American exceptionalism. This is done in the form of a literature review that analyzes scholars’ work on K-12 history education and scholars’ different interpretations of American exceptionalism. Primarily, this research paper seeks to discover significant changes between the 2014 curriculum and subsequent versions of the curriculum. By conducting a con- tent analysis of the 2014 and 2017 curriculums, it is found that the American exceptionalism perspective was the more dominant perspective in the 2017 version, while revisionist had been the more dominant perspective in the 2014 version. Specifically, the 2017 version demonstrated an American exceptionalism perspective due to: support for the modern conservative movement, greater emphasis on the sanc- tity of America’s beginnings, wording differences in the two curriculums, and decreased emphasis on teaching historical thinking skills to students. The paper concludes that the 2014 conservative backlash affected the course curriculum in a negative manner and argues for the revisionist method of teaching history to students. Keywords: AP United States History Curriculum, Revisionist History, American Exceptionalism, K-12 history education, Conservative influences on historical teaching Introduction curriculum that promotes critical thinking of American history, even if that means questioning decisions in America’s past (Levy, dvanced Placement United States History, henceforth 2016). On the political spectrum in present-day America, liberals in this paper referred to as APUSH, released an updated (and thus, the Democratic Party) are most often supportive of curriculum framework in 2014 after nearly a decade of this perspective. I have defined the second group as the “Ameri- revisingA the previous curriculum framework. The College Board, can exceptionalism perspective.” This perspective argues that the the parent company that administers Advanced Placement cours- 2014 APUSH curriculum views American history in a negative es and exams, quickly faced conservative backlash in response way and expresses anti-American sentiments. They prefer a cur- to the new curriculum. Ben Carson—even before he was a Re- riculum with patriotic undertones that promotes a history in line publican presidential candidate—claimed that APUSH students with American exceptionalism, the belief that the United States is would have such anti-American perspectives after completing the uniquely superior to other nations (Levy, 2016). course that they would want to join ISIS (Strauss, 2014). In re- In this document, I seek to answer the question: How does sponse to the conservative criticism, The College Board released the 2014 version of the Advanced Placement United States His- a new curriculum in 2015. This update helped to appease conser- tory curriculum differ from subsequent versions? I will compare vative criticizers, but brought new liberal backlash. the 2014 version and a later version of the APUSH curriculum to History courses have stirred up controversy long before the see how the curriculum was re-written in response to the conser- 2014 APUSH curriculum change. I have summarized the two vative backlash to the 2014 curriculum. Prior research has only most prevalent perspectives on how history, specifically United gone so far as newspaper articles, such as the NPR and News- States history, should be taught. The first group can be labeled as week articles