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Including the Biology and Life History Of ii A STUDY OF THE IXODID TICKS OF NORTHERN FLORIDA, INCLUDING THE BIOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF IXODES SCAPULA.RIS SAY (IXODIDAE: ACARINA) by tf;) .Andrew Jt1CRogers ,,, Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1953 f iii ACKN'OWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was directed by Doctor Ernest N. Cory, Head, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland. Doctor Cory also gave generously of his ttme in reading the manuscript and in offering suggestions and advice on its preparation. The author deeply appreciates / these and the many other kindnesses shown by Doctor Cory on occasions too numerous to record here. Doctor John T. Creighton, Head, Department of Entomology, University of Florida, encouraged the undertaking of this research and placed the facilities of his department at the disposal of the author to aid in its successful completion. Doctor Creighton also gave generously of his advice on vari­ ous aspects of the problem. His personal interest and assistance are gratefully acknowledged. Many of the author's students and other friends have contributed materially to the records compiled in this re­ search by giving of their time and efforts in recording and donating collections of ticks on a number of occasions. Foremost among these was Doctor Benjamin Leavitt, University of Florida. Others who should be mentioned in this oonnec- tion are Messrs. c. A. Jones, E. w. Tillis, Paul Pearson, William Jennings, James Kearney, George Riley, and Peter Dingle. The cooperation of pr~~F~l .. owners and owners of 1_~ --....., 7,..,:;. 9 iv 'livestock was essential to the successful completion of this research. The author is especially indebted to Mr. B. F. Williamson, owner of the B. F. Williamson Company Ranch, on whose property the pri~cipal part of the research was con­ ducted, and to Mr. E. w. Tillis, foreman of this ranch, whose personal assistance and cooperation were of immeas­ urable value. Other property owners who cooperated in this study were Mr. c. v. Mize, Mr. J. M. Donaldson, the Union Bag and Paper Corporation, and the University of Florida School of Forestry. Authorities of the Florida State Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission were generous in allowing collections of certain host animals within the Gulf Hammock Game Reserve and in issuing annual Scientific Collector's Permits to the author throughout this study. The following authorities gave generously of their time and assistance on matters pertaining to the literature sur­ vey and/or the identification of certain collections of ticks: Doctors F. c. Bishopp, c. N. Smith, E. w. Baker, c. F. w. Muesebeck, and Miss Helen Sollers of the United States Department of Agriculture, and Doctor Glen M. Kohls of the United states Public Health Service. Their valuable assistance is sincerely appreciated. Also due special mention and thanks is Doctor Warren H~nson, University of Florida, for his generous advice and assistance on certain statistical aspects of the research. In order that resident study could be completed at the University of Maryland, leaves of absence from teaching v · duties at the University of Florida were generously granted ' by the administration of the University of Florida and the Board of Control. This special consideration is gratefully acknowledged. various problems in connection with the author's research and studies at the University of Maryland often required individual assistance and cooperation by the staff and stu­ dents of that institution. In this connection, special thanks are due the entire faculty of the Department of Entomology and certain students, especially Mr. Robert Lee; Doctor Norman Phillips, Professor of the minor subject; and his staff; Miss Lucy Lynham, Secretary of the Graduate School; and other administrative personnel at the University of Maryland. Mr. William Tappan and Mr. Elroy Krestensen generously assisted in preparation of plates. Other benefactors have been mentioned in appropriate places in the manuscript. To those who might have been in­ advertently omitted from this list, their help and assist­ ance are gratefully acknowledged. vi TABI.;E OF CONTENTS PAGE IN'm.ODUCTION • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •.. 1 Historical. • • . • . 1 Objectives.......................................... 3 Species of Ixodidae Present in Florida •• • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 METHODS ••• •••••••••••••••••••• • •• • •• • • • ••••••••• • • • • • • • 6 Host Relationships.................................. 6 Seasonal ActivitY••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 Habitat Distribution................................ 8 Habitat Burning Studies............................. 9 Life History studies •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 Temperature Records ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 Names of Plants and Animals ••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 HABITATS ••••••••• .. •, .............................. 15 Flatwoods ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 Hamm.ocks. • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Low Hammock • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Masophytic Hammock. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 Upland Hammock. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20 Sandhills • .•.......................................• 20 THE GENUS AMBLYOMMA KOCH, 1844 • ..••..•.•.•.....•.•..••• 23 AMBLYOMMA .AMERIC ANUM: (LINNAEUS, 1758) ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 Economic Importance •• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 Distribution •••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 24 Host Relationships ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 vii PAGE. The Larva. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 The Nym.ph. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 The Adult. • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • 28 Seasonal Activity•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 30 The Larva. • . • • • • • . • • . • . • . • . • . • • . • . • • 31 The Nym.ph. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 35 The Adult • • • • . • . • • • • • . • . • . • • • . • . • . • . • • • • • • 56 Habitat Distribution •••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • 0 • ••••••• 38 AMBLYOMMA MACULATUM KOCH, 1844 •••••••••••••••••••••• 42 Seasonal Activity •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 43 Habitat Distribution ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 45 AMBLYOMMA TUBERCULATUM MARX, 1894 ••••••••••••••••••• 45 Economic Importance •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 46 Distribution •••••••••••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46 Host Relationships •••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••• 47 The Larva........................ 47 The Nymph • •••••••••••.•••••••••••. "' • • • • • • • • • • • 49 Seasonal Activity •••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50 Habitat Distribution •••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50 THE GENUS DERMACENTOR KOCH, 1844 ••••••••••••••.•••••••• 54 DERMACENTOR VARIABILIS (SAY), 1821 •••••••••••••••••• 54 Economic Importance ••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••• 54 Distribution ••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••• 55 Host Relationships ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 56 The Larva and the Nymph ••••••••••••.••••• ••••• 56 The Adult..................................... 60 viii PAGE Seasonal Activity ••••••••••••••.•••••••.••••••••• 53 The Larva • ••••••• e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 63 The Nrmph......... 66 The Adult. • • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • . • • • • . • . • . • 67 Habitat Distribution •••••••••••••••••••.••••••••• 71 THE GENUS HAEMAPHYSALIS KOCH, 1844 ••••••••••••••••••••• 72 HAEMAPHYSALIS CHORDEILIS (PACKARD), 1859 •••••••••••• 72 HAEMAPHYSALIS LEPORIS-PALUSTRIS (PACKARD), 1869..... 72 THE GENUS IXODES LATREILLE, 1795 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 77 IXODES AFFINIS NEUMANN, 1899 •••••••••••••••••••••••• 77 IXODES BISHOPPI SMITH AND GOUCK, 1947 ••••••••••••••• 78 IXODES BRUNNEUS KOCH", 1884 •••••••••••••••••••• , • • • • • 80 IXODES COOKEI PACKARD, 1859 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 80 IXODES TEXANUS BANKS, 1909•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 81 IXODES SCAPULARIS SAY, 1821••••••••••••••••••••••••• 83 Economic Importance ••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••• 85 Distribution ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 85 Life Cycle • • . • • • . • . • . • . • • . • . • . • . • • . • • 80 Seasonal Activity of the Adult •••••••••••••••• 85 Engorgement of the Adult •••••••••••••••••••••• 89 Preoviposi ti on ••••••••••••••••••••• ; • • • • • • • • • • 91 Period of Oviposition ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 95 Incubation of Eggs •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 95 Seasonal Activity of the Larva •••••••••••••••• 95 Engorgement of the Larva •••••••••••••••••••••• 100 Molting of the Larva •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 100 ix PAGE seasonal Activity of the Nymph •••••••••••••••• 104 Engorgement of the Nymph •••••••••••••••••••••• 106 Molting of the Nymph •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 106 Discussion of Life Cycle ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 110 Behavior. • • . • . • . .. • . • . • . .. • . 111 The Larva.. • • • • . • • • • • • . • . • • . • • • . • . • • . • • 111 The Nym.ph. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • . • . • . • • • • 113 The Adult. • • • . • • • . • • . • . • • • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . 113 Longevity. • . • • . • . • . • . • . • 115 The Larva. • . .. • . • . • . • • • • . 116 The Nylnp.Jl ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 119 The Adult .••• ••..• e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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