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Sediment Transport by Streams in the Walla Walla River Basin, Washington and Oregon July 1962-June 1965

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Sediment Transport by Streams in the Walla Walla River Basin, Washington and Oregon July 1962-June 1965 Sediment Transport by Streams in the Walla Walla River Basin, Washington and Oregon July 1962-June 1965 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1868 Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Water Resources and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Sediment Transport by Streams in the Walla Walla River Basin, Washington and Oregon July 1962-June 1965 By B. E. MAPES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1868 Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Water Resources and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1969 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 70-602400 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 60 cents (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract. _ ________________________________________________________ 1 Introduction..____________________________________________________ 2 The river basin____________________________________________________ 3 Location and extent-__________________________________________ 3 Topography. _________________________________________________ 3 Geology and soils____-__-_____-__-__-_-_____-_____-_-_-_--___ 5 Climate._____________________________________________________ 8 Vegetation and land use__--_-_____-------______________________ 10 Streams ______________________________________________________ 11 Walla Walla River__________________________.______________ 11 Mill Creek________________________________________________ 11 Dry Creek____________________________________.___________ 11 Pine Greek._________________________________________ 12 Touchet River____________________________________________ 12 Runoff..-._____________________________________________ 12 Sediment in the basin__--____--_-____________-_____-____________-__ 17 Records available..-.__________________________________________ 17 Suspended-sediment concentration.______________________________ 18 Suspended-sediment discharge during runoff events- _______________ 20 Suspended-sediment discharge by subbasins.______________________ 23 Touchet River and Dry Creek subbasins_____--_________-__-_ 23 Pine Creek subbasin.______________________________________ 25 Mill Creek subbasin.______________________________________ 25 Upper Walla Walla River subbasin-_________________________ 26 Particle size_________________________________________________ 27 Bedload_____-__________-____-__________-___-__-__-___--_-___. 28 Summary_______________________________________________________ 31 Literature cited___________________________________________________ 31 ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 1. Map showing sediment-sampling and stream-gaging stations, and average annual suspended-sediment yields, July 1962- June 1965, Walla Walla River basin________.__---___- In pocket FIGURE 1. Map showing the Walla Walla River basin_________________ 4 2. Map showing the geographic distribution of soil types_ _____ 7 3. Map showing the average annual precipitation in the basin____ 9 4. Graph showing the monthly runoff and sediment yield as af­ fected by temperature and precipitation during the study period. __________--__________________--__-__-___--_-- 14 in IV CONTENTS Page FIGURE 5. Graph showing the frequency curves for water discharge, sedi­ ment concentration, and sediment load, Walla Walla River near Touchet-________________________________________ 19 6. Graph showing the seasonal variations in suspended-sediment concentration, Mill Creek near Walla Walla and Walla Walla River near Touchet.-__________________________________ 21 7. Trilinear diagram showing percentages of sand, silt, and clay in suspended sediment in streams in the Walla Walla River basin ________________________________________________ 29 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Available streamflow records and average annual runoff at gaging stations in the Walla Walla River basin for several periods of record, and for period of study, July 1962-June 1965.------------_-_-____-_--_------------------__--- 13 2. Average annual runoff of Walla Walla River near Touchet for July 1962-June 1965 and for total period of record 1951-65. _ 17 3. Total runoff, suspended-sediment discharge, concentration, and yield for selected runoff "events, Walla Walla River near Touchet, July 1962-June 1965---------------___-___ 20 4. Monthly and yearly suspended-sediment discharge, Walla Walla River near Touchet, July 1962-June 1965-_________ 22 5. Average annual suspended-sediment discharges and yields from areas in the Walla Walla River basin, July 1962-June 1965. _ 24 6. Average annual runoff and sediment discharge from the Walla Walla River basin for the periods 1951-53 and 1962-65.--- 27 7. Average particle-size distribution of suspended sediment at gaging stations in the Walla Walla River basin, July 1962-June 1965-_-___________-_-_-_-__-___-------_---- 28 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY STREAMS IN THE WALLA WALLA RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON AND OREGON, JULY 1962-JUNE 1965 By B. E. MAPES ABSTRACT The Walla Walla River basin covers about 1,760 square miles in southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon. From the 6,000-foot crest of the Blue Mountains on the east to the 340-foot altitude of Lake Wallula (Columbia River) on the west, the basin is drained by the Touchet River and Dry Creek, entirely within Washington, and by Mill Creek, North and South Forks Walla Walla River, and Pine Creek-Dry Creek, which all head in Oregon. The central lowland of the basin is bordered on the north by Eureka Flat, Touchet slope, and Skyrocket Hills, on the east by the Blue Mountains, and on the south by the Horse Heaven Hills. The basin is underlain by basalt of the Columbia River Group, which is the only consolidated rock to crop out in the region. Various unconsolidated fluviatile, lacustrine, and eolian sediments cover the basalt. In the western part of the basin the basalt is overlain by lacustrine deposits of silt and sand which in places are mantled by varying thicknesses of loessal deposits. In the northern and central parts of the basin the loess is at least 100 feet thick. The mountainous eastern part of the basin is underlain at shallow depth by basalt which has a residual soil mantle weathered from the rock. The slopes of the mountains are characterized by alluvial fans and deeply cut stream valleys filled with al­ luvium of sand, gravel, and cobbles. Average annual precipitation in the basin ranges from less than 10 inches in the desert-like areas of the west to more than 45 inches in the timbered mountains of the east; 65 percent of the precipitation occurs from October through March. The average runoff from the basin is about 4.8 inches per year. Most of the runoff occurs during late winter and early spring. Exceptionally high runoff generally results from rainfall and rapid melting of snow on partially frozen ground. During the study period, July 1962-June 1965, average annual sediment yields in the basin ranged from 420 tons per square mile in the mountainous area to more than 4,000 tons per square mile in the extensively cultivated northern and central parts of the basin, which are drained by the Touchet River and Dry Creek. The Touchet River and Dry Creek transported approximately 80 percent of the total sediment load discharged from the Walla Walla River basin. The highest concentrations were contributed by the loessal deposits in the Dry Creek drainage. Two runoff events resulting from rain and snowmelt on partially frozen ground produced 76 percent of the suspended sediment discharged from the basin during 1 2 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, WALLA WALLA RIVER BASIN the study period. The maximum concentration measured, 316,000 milligrams per liter, was recorded for Dry Creek at Lowden on December 23, 1964. Daily suspended-sediment concentrations for the Walla Walla River near Touchet exceeded 700 milligrams per liter about 10 percent of the time, and 14,000 milligrams per liter about 1 percent of the time. The discharge-weighted mean concentration for the 3-year period of study was 7,000 milligrams per liter. Silt predominates in the suspended sediment transported by all streams in the basin. On the average, sediment from streams draining the Blue Mountains was composed of 20 percent sand, 60 percent silt, and 20 percent clay; for streams draining the Blue Mountains slope-Horse Heaven Hills area, the percentages are 9, 65, and 26, respectively; and for those draining the Skyrocket Hills-Touchet slope, the percentages are 5, 75, and 20, respectively. The bedload in the mountain and upland streams was estimated to be about 5-12 percent as much as the suspended load. For the Walla Walla River and its tributaries in the lower basin area, the bedload was estimated to be only about 2-8 percent as much as the suspended load. INTRODUCTION Purpose and Scope. To develop a better understanding of present fluvial-sediment conditions in the Walla Walla River basin, a study was begun in 1962 cooperatively between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Washington State Department of Water Resources. The pur­ poses of the study were to (1) determine the approximate amount of sediment being transported by the Walla Walla River and its major tributaries; (2) evaluate the environmental factors that influence sedi­ ment yield and transport; and (3) establish a fluvial-sediment reference for use in future planning and development of the basin resources. The limitations and degree of detail of the study were guided by the need for
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