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EXTRADITION in HALACHA . רמב;Quot&ם הלכות יסודי בתורה ה:ה 1 EXTRADITION IN HALACHA 1. רמב"ם הלכות יסודי בתורה ה:ה נשים שאמרו להם גויים, תנו לנו אחת מכם ונטמא אותה, ואם לאו, נטמא את כולכם--יטמאו את כולן, ואל ימסרו להם נפש אחת מישראל. וכן אם אמרו להם גויים, תנו לנו אחד מכם ונהרגנו, ואם לאו, נהרוג את כולכם--ייהרגו כולם, ואל ימסרו להם נפש אחת מישראל. ואם ייחדוהו להם ואמרו, תנו לנו פלוני או נהרוג את כולכם--אם היה מחוייב מיתה כשבע בן בכרי, ייתנו אותו להם. ואין מורין להם כן לכתחילה. ואם אינו חייב--ייהרגו כולם, ואל ימסרו להם נפש אחת מישראל 2. תלמוד ירושלמי מסכת תרומות פרק ח הלכה ד (דף מז.) תני סיעות בני אדם שהיו מהלכין בדרך פגעו להן גוים ואמרו תנו לנו אחד מכם ונהרוג אותו ואם לאו הרי אנו הורגים את כולכם אפי' כולן נהרגים לא ימסרו נפש אחת מישראל. ייחדו להן אחד כגון שבע בן בכרי ימסרו אותו ואל ייהרגו א"ר שמעון בן לקיש והוא שיהא חייב מיתה כשבע בן בכרי ורבי יוחנן אמר אע"פ שאינו חייב מיתה כשבע בן בכרי 3. שמואל ב כ:א-כ א וְשָׁ ם נִקְרָ א אִ ישׁ בְּ לִיַּעַ ל, וּשְׁ מוֹ שֶׁ בַ ע בֶּ ן- בִּ ְ כ רִ י--אִ ישׁ יְמִ ינִי; וַיִּתְקַ ע בַּ ֹשּׁפָ ר, וַיֹּאמֶ ר אֵ ין-לָנוּ חֵ לֶק בְּדָוִ ד וְ �א נַ חֲ לָ ה- לָ נ וּ בְּ בֶ ן- ִ י שַׁ י-- אִ י שׁ לְאֹהָ לָיו, יִשְׂרָ אֵ ל. ב וַ יַּ עַ ל כָּ ל-אִ ישׁ יִשְׂרָ אֵ ל, מֵ אַחֲרֵ י דָוִ ד, אַחֲרֵ י שֶׁ בַ ע בֶּ ן-בִּ כְרִ י; וְאִ ישׁ יְהוּדָ ה דָּבְ קוּ בְמַ לְכָּם, מִ ן- הַ ַיּ רְ דֵּ ן ְ ו עַ ד-יְרוּשָׁ לִָם... ו וַ יֹּ א מֶ ר דָּ וִ ד , אֶ ל-אֲבִ ישַׁ י, עַתָּ ה יֵרַ ע לָנוּ שֶׁ בַ ע בֶּ ן- בִּ ְ כ רִ י , מִ ן- אַ בְ שָׁ ל ֹ ו ם ; אַתָּ ה קַ ח אֶ ת-עַבְדֵ י אֲ דֹנֶי�, וּרְ דֹף אַחֲרָ יו-- פֶּ ן-מָצָ א לוֹ עָרִ ים בְּ צֻרוֹת, וְהִצִּ יל עֵ ינֵנוּ. ז וַיֵּצְ אוּ אַחֲרָ יו אַנְשֵׁ י יוֹאָב, וְהַכְּרֵתִ י וְהַפְּ לֵתִ י וְ כָל-הַ גִּבֹּרִ ים; וַיֵּצְ אוּ, מִ ירוּשָׁ לִַם, לִרְ דֹּף, אַחֲרֵ י שֶׁ בַ ע בֶּ ן- בִּ ְ כ רִ י... טז וַתִּקְרָ א אִשָּׁ ה חֲ כָמָ ה, מִ ן- הָ עִ י ר ; שִׁ מְ ע וּ שִׁ מְ ע וּ , אִ מְ ר וּ- נָ א אֶ ל-יוֹאָב, קְרַ ב עַ ד-הֵ נָּה, וַאֲדַבְּרָ ה אֵ לֶי�. יז וַיִּקְרַ ב אֵ לֶיהָ , וַתֹּאמֶ ר הָאִשָּׁ ה הַאַתָּ ה יוֹאָב וַיֹּאמֶ ר אָנִי; וַתֹּאמֶ ר לוֹ, שְׁ מַ ע דִּבְרֵ י אֲמָתֶ �, וַיֹּאמֶ ר, ֹשׁמֵעַ אָנֹכִי. יח וַתֹּאמֶ ר, לֵאמֹר: דַּ בֵּר יְדַבְּ רוּ בָרִ ֹאשׁנָה לֵאמֹר, שָׁ אוֹל יְשָׁ אֲ לוּ בְּ אָבֵ ל וְ כֵן הֵתַ מּוּ. יט אָנֹכִ י, שְׁ לֻמֵ י אֱמוּנֵי יִשְׂרָ אֵ ל; אַתָּ ה מְ בַקֵּ שׁ, לְהָמִ ית עִ יר וְאֵ ם בְּ יִשְׂרָ אֵ ל--לָמָּה תְ בַ לַּע, נַחֲ לַת יְהוָה. כ וַ יַּ עַ ן יוֹאָב, וַיֹּאמַ ר: חָ לִ ילָ ה חָ לִ ילָ ה לִ י, אִ ם- אֲ בַ לַּ ע וְ אִ ם- אַ שְׁ חִ י ת . כא �א-כֵן הַדָּבָ ר, כִּ י אִ ישׁ מֵהַ ר אֶפְרַ יִם שֶׁ בַ ע בֶּ ן-בִּ כְרִ י שְׁ מוֹ נָשָׂ א יָדוֹ בַּמֶּ לֶ� בְּ דָ וִ ד-- תְּ נ וּ-אֹתוֹ לְבַ דּוֹ, וְאֵלְכָה מֵעַ ל הָעִ יר; וַ תֹּ א מֶ ר הָ אִ שָּׁ ה אֶ ל-יוֹאָב, הִ נֵּה רֹאשׁוֹ מֻשְׁ לָ� אֵ לֶי� בְּעַ ד הַ חוֹמָ ה. כב וַ תָּ ב ֹ ו א הָ אִ שָּׁ ה אֶ ל-כָּ ל- הָ עָ ם בְּ חָ כְ מָ תָ הּ , וַ יִּ כְ רְ ת וּ אֶ ת-רֹאשׁ שֶׁ בַ ע בֶּ ן-בִּ כְרִ י וַיַּשְׁ לִכוּ אֶ ל-יוֹאָב, וַיִּתְקַ ע בַּ ֹשּׁפָ ר, וַיָּפֻצוּ מֵעַ ל-הָעִ יר אִ ישׁ לְאֹהָ לָיו; וְ יוֹאָב שָׁ ב יְרוּשָׁ לִַם, אֶ ל- הַ מֶּ לֶ � . 1. Now there chanced to be there a base man, whose name was Sheba, the son of Bichri, a Benjamite; and he blew a 'shofar' and declared, "We have no portion of David, neither have we an inheritence in the son of Jesse; every man to his tents, O' Israel." 2. And all the men of Israel went up from after David, following Sheba the son of Bichri, but the men of Judah cleaved to their king from the Jordan until Jerusalem… 6. And David said to Abishai, "Now Sheba the son of Bichri will cause us more harm than did Absalom; [therefore] take you your lord's servants and pursue after him, lest he find for himself fortified cities and save [himself before] our eyes." 7. And Joab's men went after him with the archers and the slingers and all the warriors; and they went out of Jerusalem to pursue Sheba the son of Bichri… 16. And a wise woman called out from within the city, 'Hear, hear; say, I pray you, to Joab: 'Come closer to here so that I may speak to you.' 17. And he came near to her, and the woman said, "Are you Joab?" And he said, "I am" And she said to him: 'Hear the words of your handmaid.' And he said: 'I am listening.' 18. And she spoke saying: "Surely they should have spoken first [to hear what they have] to say, had they inquired of [the people of] Abel, and so would they have made peace. 19. I am of [those] that are peaceful and faithful to Israel; [Why then] do you seek to destroy a city and a mother in Israel? Why should you swallow up the inheritance of the Lord?" 20. And Joab answered: 'Far be it, far be it from me, that I should swallow up, or that I should destroy. 21. The matter is not so; but a man of the hills of Ephraim named Sheba the son of Bichri has lifted his hand against the king, against David; Give us him alone and I will depart from the city.' And the woman said to Joab, "His head shall be thrown to you over the wall." 22. And the woman came to all the people in her wisdom. And they cut off the head of Sheba the son of Bichri and threw it to Joab. And he blew the shofar, and they dispersed from the city, every man to his tents. And Joab returned to Jerusalem to the king. 4. כסף משנה, הלכות יסודי התורה ה:ה כתב הרמ''ך אף על פי שנמצא בתוספתא כדבריו לא ידענא טעמא מאי דהא מסיק בגמרא (פסחים כ''ה) דמש''ה אמרינן בשפיכות דמים יהרג ואל יעבור דסברא הוא מאי חזית דדמא דידך סומק טפי והכא ליכא האי סברא דהא יהרגו כלם והוא עצמו ומוטב שיהרג הוא עצמו ואל יהרגו כולם... 5. אבן האזל הלכות יסודי התורה פרק ה:ה ...ויש לומר דהא הוקש נערה המאורסה לרוצח; אף דליכא סברא ממילא גם ברוצח יהרג ואל יעבור אף דליכא סברא, ועיין מש"כ בהלכה ד'. 6. ט"ז יורה דעה סימן קנז ס"ק ח ...ועוד נראה לי דבמקום שאין מוסרין אותו אין חילוק בין מסירה למיתה או לשאר יסורים או אפילו לממון... 7. סנהדרין ע״ג. מתני': ואלו הן שמצילין אותן בנפשן הרודף אחר חבירו להרגו ואחר הזכר ואחר הנערה המאורסה... 8. מסכת אהלות ז:ו האישה שהיא מקשה לילד - מחתכין את הוולד במעיה, ומוציאין אותו אברים אברים מפני שחייה קודמין לחייו. יצא רובו - אין נוגעין בו, שאין דוחין נפש מפני נפש. 9. מנחת חינוך מצוה רצה-רצו ומבואר ג"כ בזה דמורד במלכות אין הדין כנגמר דינו . ומה שמבואר - דאם ייחדו והוא חייב כשבע ב"ב מותר למסרו - היינו כשהמלך מבקשו להרגו כעובדא דשבע ב"ב... ואם אדם אחר הורגו בודאי נהרג עליו. מ"מ מותר למסרו כיון דהמלך רוצה להרגו ע"י ה"ל כרודף דבפשיעתו הוא וכ"ה בט"ז שם אפי' הוא מורד במלך אשר לא ממלכי ב"ד מ"מ כיון דבפשיעתו הו"ל כרודף ומותר למסרו וז"פ וכן מבואר כאן בנשים שהלכו ורוצה האנס שימסרו א' ויטמאוה ואם לאו יטמאו כולם יטמאו כולם ואל ימסרו נפש מישראל. ואם א' מהם יחדו תלוי בפלוגתא הנ"ל כי כאן ל"ש חייב כשבע ב"ב כ"כ הט"ז. וע"ש עוד שאם אמר שימסרו לו א' ויטמא ואם לאו יהרוג כולם בודאי מוסרין כי אפי' היא עצמה תעבור ואל תהרג כמבואר לעיל. 10. ב"ח יורה דעה סימן קנז ...הנה אם אותו פלוני חייב בכך על ידי מעשיו שעשה כנגד הגוים יכולין למסור אותו בידי גוים. וכסברת הרמב"ם אליבא דריש לקיש, דמאחר דאיהו גרם לנפשיה ע"י מעשיו אין אנו נתפסים עליו אלא דמו בראשו הוא דגרם לנפשיה. ואע"פ דהרמב"ם כתב דאין מורין לכתחלה כך, אין זה אלא היכא ששואלין בפירוש להרגו; אבל בסתם שאלה, דאפשר דלא באו להרגו, יכולין למסרו ואין עובר בזה על משנת חסידים. ושלשה חילוקים בדבר. אחד אם חייב מיתה בדין תורה כשבע בן בכרי מורין לכתחלה. ב' אם אינו חייב מיתה בדין תורה אלא בדיניהם ושאלו להרגו לאו משנת חסידים הוא ואין מורין כך לכתחלה. ג' אם שאלוהו בסתם שימסרוהו להם ולא נודע אם דעתם להרגו אם לאו, אם חייב בדיניהם שימסרוהו להם יכולין למסרו להן ומורין כך לכתחלה. 11. ט"ז יורה דעה סימן קנז ס"ק ח חייב מיתה כשבע בן בכרי: נראה דלהכי נקטיה כשבע בן בכרי דאע"פ דבדין תורה לא היה חייב מיתה אלא מצד חוק המלכות שמרד בדוד מ"מ מוסרין אותו אם יחדוהו.
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