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The Black Sheep Effect As a Function of Information Processing Depth

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The Black Sheep Effect As a Function of Information Processing Depth The Black Sheep Effect as a Function of Information Processing Depth Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt dem Rat der Fakultät für Sozial‐ und Verhaltenswissenschaften der Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena von Gerhard Reese, M.Sc. geboren am 29.03.1981 in Frankenberg/Eder Gutachter/innen 1. Prof. Dr. Melanie C. Steffens, FSU Jena 2. Dr. Kai. J. Jonas, Universität Amsterdam Tag des Kolloquiums: 23.02.2010 Danksagung Eine Arbeit solchen Ausmaßes kommt nicht ohne die tatkräftige Unterstützung und Hilfe anderer aus.1 Daher möchte ich diese Zeilen nutzen, um mich bei all jenen, die mir über die letzten Jahre beistanden, danken. Zunächst gilt mein Dank meinen „Doktoreltern“ Melanie Steffens und Kai Jonas. Sie haben mich in den vergangenen Jahren intensiv begleitet und mir gezeigt, wie wichtig es ist, die eigene Arbeit, eigene Ideen und Vorstellungen zu hinterfragen und kritisch zu begutachten. Zudem waren sie zu jedem Zeitpunkt offen für meine Fragen, waren nie um konstruktives und herausforderndes Feedback verlegen, und haben insbesondere in den letzten Monaten einen zeitlichen Einsatz gezeigt, wie ihn vermutlich die wenigsten BetreuerInnen an den Tag legen. Herzlichen Dank!!! Ein besonderes Dankeschön möchte ich an Anne und Katharina richten – ohne ihren Zuspruch, ihren Social Support und die vielen gemeinsamen Stunden bei Malzbier, Schwarzbier und alkoholfreiem Hefeweizen2 hätte ich die Arbeit an der Dissertation vor über 2 Jahren abgebrochen. Ganz herzlich möchte ich auch meinen studentischen Hilfskräften danken: Maria, Stephanie, Tanja, Marie‐Susann und Alice waren zu jeder Zeit bereit, aufopferungsvoll für meine Studien und Experimente in die Presche zu springen. Als wären noch nicht genügend Worte des Dankes gesprochen, möchte ich mich auch bei allen Mitgliedern der Forschergruppe „Discrimination and Tolerance“ bedanken, die insbesondere in der H11 für eine atemberaubend angenehme und wohlig wohnliche Arbeitsatmosphäre sorgen, und vor allem in den letzten Monaten mein konstantes lamentieren ertragen haben. Dann möchte ich auch all jenen Freunden und Bekannten aus Jena und der Welt da draußen meinen Dank aussprechen, die das Leben in den letzten Jahren trotz aller Schwierigkeiten, Motivationslöcher und Sinnkrisen so verdammt lebenswert gemacht haben. Auch möchte ich all jenen danken, die aufopferungsvoll, flexibel und zeitnah Korrektur gelesen haben, als da wären (in randomisierter Reihenfolge) Janine, Julia D., Julia N., Anne, Juliane, Tamara, Tine, Catharina, Florian, Andrea, Masu, Tanja, Maria, Claudia, Lisa und Carina. Meinen Eltern möchte ich u.a. für ihren Deckeneffekt auf Openness to Experience danken, der mitverantwortlich dafür ist, dass ich hier sitze und diese Zeilen verfasse. Nicht zuletzt möchte ich auch meiner stetig wachsenden Familie danken: Dafür, dass sie immer da ist, wenn ich einen Ort des Rückhalts brauche. Und dafür, dass sie aufgrund ihrer internen Gruppendynamik stets für eine positive soziale Identität sorgt. 1 Obwohl diese Aussage statistisch nicht belegt ist, geht sie doch auf eine Reihe von persönlichen Beobachtungen (N~10. Oder 20.) des Autors dieser Arbeit zurück. 2 An dieser Stelle sei überdies dem Immergrün, dem Grünowski, dem Quirinus so wie mit Einschränkungen dem Markt 11 gedankt. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I ­ INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................4 I.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................4 I.2. SOCIAL IDENTITY, INGROUP BIAS AND REACTIONS TO NORM DEVIANCE ........................................................7 I.2.1. Social Identity Theory and the Importance of a Group for its Members.....................................7 I.2.2. Ingroup Bias as a Strategy to Positively Differentiate the Ingroup from Others .................10 I.3. THE BLACK SHEEP EFFECT..................................................................................................................................... 11 I.3.1. The Social Identity Approach Towards Explaining the Black Sheep Effect ............................13 I.3.2. Alternative Approaches aiming to explain the Black Sheep Effect.............................................14 I.3.3. Summary of the Black Sheep Effect ..........................................................................................................17 I.4. TAKING A STEP FURTHER – COGNITIVE PROCESSES THAT UNDERLIE THE BSE ......................................... 18 I.4.1. The Role of Information Processing in Intergroup Judgment.......................................................19 I.4.2. Drawing the Strings Together—The Role of Information Processing Modes for the BSE21 CHAPTER II – WHEN BLACK SHEEP MAKE US THINK: INFORMATION PROCESSING AND DEVALUATION OF IN­ AND OUTGROUP NORM DEVIANTS.................................... 23 II.1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................ 23 II.2. GROUP MEMBERSHIP AND INFORMATION PROCESSING.................................................................................. 24 II.3. REACTIONS TO INTERGROUP NORM DEVIANCE ................................................................................................ 25 II.4. CURRENT RESEARCH............................................................................................................................................... 26 II.5. EXPERIMENT 1 ........................................................................................................................................................ 27 II.5.1. Method.................................................................................................................................................................27 II.5.2. Results..................................................................................................................................................................28 II.5.3. Discussion...........................................................................................................................................................29 II.6. EXPERIMENT 2 ........................................................................................................................................................ 30 II.6.1. Method.................................................................................................................................................................31 II.6.2. Results..................................................................................................................................................................32 II.6.3. Discussion...........................................................................................................................................................33 II.7. EXPERIMENT 3 ........................................................................................................................................................ 34 II.7.1. Method.................................................................................................................................................................35 II.7.2. Results..................................................................................................................................................................36 II.7.3. Discussion...........................................................................................................................................................37 II.8. GENERAL DISCUSSION............................................................................................................................................ 38 2 II.9. DISCUSSION – OUTLOOK........................................................................................................................................ 42 CHAPTER III – ON THE RELATION BETWEEN INGROUP DEVIANCE AND DEPTH OF INFORMATION PROCESSING..................................................................................................... 43 III.1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 43 III.2. A PRETEST ON THE RELATION BETWEEN SYSTEMATIC PROCESSING AND DEVALUATION OF AN INGROUP DEVIANT .......................................................................................................................................................... 44 III.2.1. Method ...............................................................................................................................................................44 III.2.2. Results ................................................................................................................................................................45 III.2.3. Discussion .........................................................................................................................................................46 CHAPTER IV – THINK OR NOT BEFORE YOU PUNISH: INFORMATION PROCESSING DEPTH MODERATES THE BLACK SHEEP EFFECT............................................................... 48 IV.1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................................
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