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Mario Palmieri's the Philosophy of Fascism THE FASCIST WAY OF LIFE: MARIO PALMIERI’S THE PHILOSOPHY OF FASCISM ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Fullerton ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in History ____________________________________ By Sean Washburn Thesis Committee Approval: Cora Granata, Department of History, Chair Steve Jobbitt, Department of History Robert McLain, Department of History Spring, 2017 ABSTRACT Since its emergence in the inter-war period, fascism has commanded the attention of historians, social scientists, and intellectuals. Fascists world over saw their movement as a revolutionary one that held the potential to transform human life by providing a new political, social, and economic system apart from capitalism and the other alternatives of anarchism, socialism, and communism. To the many who found fascism enticing, they saw a new political, social, and economic philosophy—a new way of life. Mario Palmieri’s The Philosophy of Fascism is one source that provides a glimpse into the intellectual foundations of fascism and its new way of life. Palmieri an Italian Fascist thinker wrote his book to describe what it means to be fascist. Translated into English in 1936 for an audience in the United States, he hoped the book would spread fascist philosophy. The following is an analysis of Palmieri’s book and his conceptualization of fascist philosophy. By examining the language deployed by fascists like Palmieri the author presents how crucial knowledge on fascist intellectual thought is for understanding fascism and its disturbing place in human history. Furthermore, studying and understanding inter-war fascism is critical for knowing how modern fascist movements have evolved from their inter-war predecessors. Therefore, the author ends their conclusion with a final section discussing the present reemergence of fascist movements. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................. v INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. FASCIST PHILOSOPHY..................................................................................... 11 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 11 Fascism Against Individualism ............................................................................. 15 Fascism and Materialism ...................................................................................... 27 The Fascist Meaning of Life ................................................................................. 33 Conducting a Fascist Life ..................................................................................... 41 Fascist Ethics ........................................................................................................ 48 Fascism and Liberty .............................................................................................. 55 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 59 2. FASCIST GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMICS ............................................... 61 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 61 Fascism and Democracy ....................................................................................... 62 The Fascist State ................................................................................................... 67 The Organization of the Italian Fascist State ........................................................ 76 Fascist Economics: The Corporative State ........................................................... 84 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 99 3. FASCIST HISTORY ............................................................................................ 103 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 103 A Fascist Interpretation of Italian History ............................................................ 105 Forerunners of Fascism ......................................................................................... 116 The Hero as Leader ............................................................................................... 128 The Fascist Revolution and Palmieri’s Conclusion .............................................. 131 Fascism and America ............................................................................................ 138 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 142 iii CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 145 The Philosophy of Fascism ................................................................................... 145 The Reemergence of Fascism ............................................................................... 151 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 171 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No research or written work is truly an individual effort. This thesis is no different. I am indebted to my family, friends, and professors who have supported me throughout the process of writing this thesis. First, I wish to thank my mom, Kristie Arehart, without her support not only would this thesis be impossible, but also my education. I also want to thank my sister Jamie Washburn and my brother-in-law Jesse Yumang; likewise, without their support all of this would have been impossible. I also want to thank my niece and nephew, Jordynn and Jayden. I must thank Adam Hertzberg, John Shahrikian, Jason Shahrikian, and Steve Wazir, they are not only friends they are family and no words can describe the support and friendship they have given me throughout my life. I also wish to thank four of my closest friends, who are also better described as family. John Belleci, Juan Villa, Carie Rael, and Tim Barrette, each have not only helped and supported me in various ways for the past year, but for the past few years have been incredible friends. Finally, I want to thank my committee members: Dr. Cora Granata, Dr. Robert McLain, and Dr. Steve Jobbitt. You are all amazing professors and mentors no words can express the gratitude I have for the three of you and what I have learned from you. v 1 INTRODUCTION When someone is asked what is fascism or what is a fascist government, typically, their first thoughts may inevitably be images of Adolf Hitler speaking in front of an energized crowd, goose-stepping soldiers marching in unison, Benito Mussolini in military dress addressing the masses from a balcony, and more vivid images from these two regimes. However, a minority of people imagine a complex philosophy that describes an alternative way of life. We fail to see fascism as more than the aforementioned imagery—these images are very real and are a part of fascism—but they are only the surface of its political, social, and economic ideology. Fascism held its own codes of ethics, ideas on the meaning of life, its own thoughts on individualism and materialism, and on liberty and democracy. All of these ideas come together to create a system of thought that builds mass support for which those surface images from above rely on for legitimacy. To truly understand fascism, we must look at what it means to those who followed and believed in its philosophy. This enables us to understand fascism not as an abstract term with a dissatisfactory dictionary definition, but as a movement that offered a meaningful way of life to some. The meaning of fascism has long been a contentious topic among historians. Indeed, many begin their work by explaining how the meaning of fascism has been a matter of debate. The likelihood is that no single person will devise a satisfactory definition for the term fascism. For that reason, the purpose of the following analysis of 2 Mario Palmieri’s The Philosophy of Fascism is not to reach or argue “the” definition. Instead, the hope is to provide meaningful insight into how fascists viewed themselves and their movement based on their ideas and the language they use to describe their way of life. To be sure, fascism is and can be a generic concept (this point is one of extreme contention amongst many scholars). However, proving so should not necessarily be about pointing out links or similarities between movements. Instead, one should focus on the fact that fascism is a revolutionary movement and a philosophy or new way of life that seeks their ideal of a better life. Understanding this philosophy of fascism’s new way of life is what gives importance to the similarities and parallels of different fascist movements. The concepts found in fascist thought alone make fascism a generic movement that must be applied everywhere for this new life to exist. Fascism centers on an attack on individualism and the upholding of the state through institutions of the church (spiritualism), family, and nation. All these
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