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Fascism Revisited Or Millennial Eurosceptic Populism? Analysis and Rationale for a New Political Movement in the 21St Century The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Spring 5-2016 Fascism Revisited or Millennial Eurosceptic Populism? Analysis and Rationale for a New Political Movement in the 21st Century Prebble Q. Ramswell University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the International and Area Studies Commons, Political Science Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons Recommended Citation Ramswell, Prebble Q., "Fascism Revisited or Millennial Eurosceptic Populism? Analysis and Rationale for a New Political Movement in the 21st Century" (2016). Dissertations. 340. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/340 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FASCISM REVISITED OR MILLENNIAL EUROSCEPTIC POPULISM? ANALYSIS AND RATIONALE FOR A NEW POLITICAL MOVEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY by Prebble Ramswell A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School and the Department of Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Approved: ________________________________________________ Dr. Joseph St. Marie, Committee Chair Associate Professor, Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs ________________________________________________ Dr. Robert Pauly Jr., Committee Member Associate Professor, Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs ________________________________________________ Dr. Tom Lansford, Committee Member Professor, Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs ________________________________________________ Dr. Marek Steedman, Committee Member Associate Professor, Political Science, International Development, and International Affairs ________________________________________________ Dr. Karen S. Coats Dean of the Graduate School May 2016 COPYRIGHT BY PREBBLE QUINN RAMSWELL 2016 ABSTRACT FASCISM REVISITED OR MILLENNIAL EUROSCEPTIC POPULISM? ANALYSIS AND RATIONALE FOR A NEW POLITICAL MOVEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY by Prebble Quinn Ramswell May 2016 Euroscepticism has steadily increased since the late 1990s, culminating in the emergence and success of numerous Eurosceptic and anti-establishment parties at the national and international level. Though often considered fascist and extremist, these groups have successfully achieved recognition and mainstream support as their once non- traditional ideas have become the norm. It is argued that these groups are a new class of social movement organization, a modern-day manifestation of fascism called Millennial Eurosceptic Populism. What conditions have allowed for these groups to emerge and attain such levels of success? Analysis utilizing fsQCA will test variables from McAdam’s Political Process Model (1982) and the proposed Organizational/ Opportunity Theory in order to determine their efficacy as well as the causal conditions leading to Millennial Fascist Group success. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the love and support of several important people. Dr. Joseph J. St. Marie - The Committee Chair with the Mostest: Your guidance, wisdom, insight, and friendship have been a source of support and inspiration. You and Amanda have firmly sealed a special place in my heart and life. My Dissertation Committee - Dr. Robert Pauly Jr., Dr. Tom Lansford and Dr. Marek Steedman: Thank you for your guidance and insightful comments and suggestions. My USM International Development Class of Fall 2011 (especially the best roomie ever- Stephanie Davison): Your support and encouragement has been invaluable. I miss our conversations, debates, and in-person gatherings but look forward to the great things I know we all will accomplish! Salikyu Sangtam: Your words of wisdom and kindness served as much needed inspiration and could not have been more timely. Thank you for impacting my life in an amazing way. Deb Simkin: Thank you for the reference letter that started it all and believing in me every step of the way. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my mom, Al-Rue McLaughlin, who always told me I could do anything I wanted to do; and my dad, Joe McLaughlin, who gave me his gift (and curse) of not being able to read or write a single sentence without correcting it. One of my greatest sadnesses is that you are no longer here to share these moments with me. I love you and miss you terribly, though your guidance and support remain with me always. Briar: Thank you for understanding mommy was doing lots and lots of homework. You heard too many “in a little while” responses as I tried to squeeze in every spare minute possible to write and research. The good news is- you’ve got me back! Tony: I know you often lost me for days at a time when I sequestered myself from life in order to have chunks of time to write. Your support through this entire process has not only made everything possible but has also served as a reminder of how much I love you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………..…....iii DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………………iv LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………...……..vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS…………………………………………………………….vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION………………….……………………………………..1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW………………….………………………….…11 Fascism Euroscepticism Theory III. FASCISM REVISITED OR EUROSCEPTIC POPULISM?....…………65 Section One: The Case for Millennial Eurosceptic Populism Section Two: Qualification as a Millennial Eurosceptic Populist Group Analysis and Qualification IV. RESEARCH DESIGN, METHODOLOGY, DATA COMPILATION..177 Phase I: Methodology and Data Compilation: Political Process Model Phase II: Methodology and Data Compilation: Organizational Opportunity Model V. THE EFFICACY OF THE POLITICAL PROCESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL OPPORTUNITY MODELS: TESTING AND RESULTS………………….………………………………………...…223 Phase I: Testing of PP Model Phase II: Testing of OO Model VI. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSION…………………….226 PP Model OO Model v PP and OO Models Tested Jointly Conclusion VII. IMPLICATIONS AND CLOSING REMARKS……………………….246 Implications Closing Remarks REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………..…..254 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Payne’s Typology of Fascism…………………………………..…...…..14 4.1 Attachment to Country………………………………………………….190 4.2 MEPG Success as of January 2016………………………………..........203 4.3 Leadership and Ideology Scores………………………………………..205 4.4 Social Media Scoring……………………………………………….…..210 6.1 Comparison of PP and OO Model Causal Paths……………….……….269 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 3.1 Interest in the Far Right Over Time…………..……………….………....68 3.2 % of Votes in National Elections…………...…………………….……...69 3.3 The SVP’s Mobilisation of its Base …..………………………………....69 3.4 Right-wing Populism: the real tail task in Europe…………………….....70 3.5 MPEG Qualification Results……………………………………………176 4.1 Freedom From Corruption Data………………….……………………..183 4.2 Trust in the European Union……………………………………………187 4.3 Confidence in the EU-Switzerland …………………………….............188 4.4 Bar Graph of Confidence in the EU-Switzerland………………………189 4.5 How Proud of Nationality………………………………………………191 4.6 Election results of radical right-wing parties………………….………..198 4.7 MEPG Online Media Presence Part 1………………………..….……...212 4.8 MEPG Online Media Presence Part 2…………………………………..213 4.9 MEPG Public Outreach Scores…………………………………………219 4.10 Media Mentions………………………………………………………...220 4.11 Media Mentions Scores……………………………………………..…..221 5.1 Variables by MPEG…………………………………………………….225 5.2 Descriptive Statistics……………………………………………………225 5.3 PP Model Subset/Superset Analysis…………………………………....228 5.4 PP Model Truth Table Before Evauation…………………….…………230 5.5 PP Model Truth Table After Evaluation………………………………..231 viii 5.6 Selections for Causal Conditions……………………………………….231 5.7 PP Model Truth Table Analysis………………………………………...233 5.8 PP Model Analysis of Necessary Conditions Testing………………….236 5.9 PP Model Coincidence………………………………………………….235 5.10 PP Model Conditions Leading to Success…………………………….. 239 5.11 Polopp/Nat Leading to Success……………………………………..….239 5.12 Indorgst and Success…………………………………………………....240 5.13 OO Model Subset/Superset Analysis………….………………………..240 5.14 OO Model Truth Table Before Evauation……………………………...241 5.15 OO Model Truth Table After Evaluation……………………………….241 5.16 Selections for Prime Implicants……………………...…………………242 5.17 Additional Selections for Prime Implicants…………………………….242 5.18 OO Model Causal Conditions Selections………………………………243 5.19 OO Model Truth Table Analysis……………………………………….245 5.20 OO Model Analysis of Necessary Conditions Testing…………………247 5.21 OO Model Coincidence………………………………………………...248 5.22 OO Model Conditions and SUCCESS………………………………….250 6.1 Revised PP Model Truth Table Analysis……………………………….254 6.2 PP Model Plot w/o Coglibnat…………………………………………..254 6.3 PP Model Plot of Polopp and Indorgst…………………………………255 6.4 Revised PP Truth Table…….…………………………………………..256 6.5 PP Model and Success Plot……………………………………….…….258 6.6 OO Model and Success Plot……………………………………………261 ix 6.7 Joint Model Truth Table Analysis……………………………………..264 6.8 Joint Model Truth Table…………………………………………….…265 6.9 Joint
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