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The Tudor Turn: the Poetics and Politics of Englishness in Contemporary Historical Novels

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The Tudor Turn: the Poetics and Politics of Englishness in Contemporary Historical Novels The Tudor Turn: The Poetics and Politics of Englishness in Contemporary Historical Novels SIOBHAN O’CONNOR PhD 2020 1 The Tudor Turn: The Poetics and Politics of Englishness in Contemporary Historical Novels SIOBHAN O’CONNOR A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Manchester Metropolitan University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English Manchester Metropolitan University 2 Abstract This thesis investigates the interrelationship between contemporary Englishness and historical fictions. It responds to two coeval elements of English culture that started to emerge around the beginning of the present century: a revival of national consciousness that arguably underpinned the 2016 vote to leave the European Union, and a turn towards fiction set in the world of Henry VIII. Through a close reading of six Henrician texts by Philippa Gregory, C.J. Sansom and Hilary Mantel, all of whom are leading authors in the field, it aims to establish the reasons for this setting’s prevalence and commercial success in the English historical fiction of the pre-Brexit period, and to determine what this might tell us about the nature of English identity at this time. Drawing on theories of nationhood and postmodernism, my analysis of the ways in which these texts write England applies a postcolonial reading of English identity and explores their interplay with nationalist discourses by mapping their themes and preoccupations to contemporaneous polemical texts on the state of the nation. In so doing, I identify a common focus on loss, melancholia, grievance and decline, and find that in their re-writing of each other the novels illuminate the divisions and competing instincts that have characterised English society before and since the EU referendum. In taking this cultural materialist approach to a corpus of texts that re-work the same elements of England’s past in different ways, the project contributes significantly to the understanding of how fiction, cultural memory and politics intersect, highlighting the ways in which they reflect, reinforce, or indeed undermine, the construction of national identity. My work demonstrates how these multiple re-imaginings of this specific historical period function as the ‘mirror and the light’ of the contemporary nation and draws attention to the particularities of the English imaginary. 3 Acknowledgements My heartfelt thanks are due to Dr Paul Wake who has been the best Director of Studies I could wish for: an unfailing source of encouragement, advice and support and someone from whom I have learned a huge amount. I am also very grateful to Professor Berthold Schoene and Dr Jonathan Spangler for their feedback and guidance and for the interest they have shown in my project. I would also like to thank the former Principal of Holy Cross Sixth Form College, Dr Daveth Frost, for the life- changing opportunity he gave me to pursue postgraduate study and for being a supportive and interested employer. I could not have completed this work without the support, understanding and love of my husband Nick, my daughter Abigail and my son Oliver: I will always be incredibly grateful for all they have done for me. 4 Publications Parts of Chapter Two appear in an essay, ‘Brexit and the Tudor Turn: Philippa Gregory’s Narratives of National Grievance’ in Habermann, Ina (ed.), The Road to Brexit: A Cultural Perspective on British Attitudes to Europe (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020) pp. 179-186. Parts of Chapter Four appear in an essay, ‘History, Nation and Self: Wolf Hall and the Machinery of Memory’ in Pollard, Eileen and Ginette Carpenter (eds), Hilary Mantel (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018) pp. 27-40. 5 Table of Contents Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………... 3 Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………... 4 Publications ……………………………………………………………………………… 5 List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………. 8 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 9 - Contemporary Englishness and Cultural Memory …………………………………….. 16 - Englishness, Royalty and Tudor Turns ………………………………………………. 24 - Outline of Chapters …………………………………………………………………. 34 Chapter One Fiction and Lamentation: The Melancholic Imaginary of Postcolonial England - Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 42 - Nation and Memory ………………………………………………………………… 43 - Condition of England Writing and the Tudor Turn ……………………………………. 46 - Cultural Memory and the Displacement of the Whiggish Narrative ……………………. 50 - Condition of England Writing: The Nationalism of Place ……………………………… 58 - Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………. 86 Chapter Two Narratives of National Grievance: The Spoiled England of Philippa Gregory’s The King’s Curse (2014) and The Taming of the Queen (2015) - Introduction …………………………………………………………………………. 90 - Grievance and Decline: The Patrician Perspective of Gregory’s Narrators …………….. 94 - Ruined Space and the Rotting Royal Body: Gregory’s Melancholic Materiality ………… 133 - Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………. 154 Chapter Three ‘Built on an edifice of lies and monstrous brutality’: C.J. Sansom’s historical detective fiction and the ‘wicked world’ of Reformation England. - Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 157 - Sansom’s Historical Detective Fiction: A Good Man in a Bad World …………………... 164 - Sansom’s Reformation Spaces: Sites of Loss ……………………………………….. 188 - Sansom’s Reformation Society: ‘Man is wolf to Man’ ………………………………… 203 - Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………… 219 6 Chapter Four ‘The glass of truth has shattered’: Past, Nation and Meaning In Hilary Mantel’s Wolf Hall (2009) and Bring Up The Bodies (2012) - Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 223 - The Command of Time: Nation and the Self-Made Man ……………………………… 229 - Space and Materiality ………………………………………………………………. 256 - Language, Text and The Intended Nation ……………………………………………. 273 - Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………. 282 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………. 286 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………… 315 7 List of Figures 2.1 ‘London 1499’ in Gregory, Philippa, The King’s Curse (London: Simon & Schuster, 2014) pages unnumbered ………………………………………………. 117 2.2 ‘Tudor England’ in Gregory, The King’s Curse, page unnumbered …………118 2.3 ‘London 1543’ in Gregory, Philippa, The Taming of the Queen (London: Simon & Schuster, 2015) pages unnumbered ………………………………………… 119 2.4 ‘England and France 1543’ in Gregory, The Taming of the Queen, page unnumbered ………………………………………………………………….... 120 2.5 ‘The Tudor and Plantagenet Houses in November 1499’ in Gregory, The King’s Curse, pages unnumbered …………………………………………………… 123 2.6 ‘The Tudor and Stuart Houses in 1543’ in Gregory, The Taming of the Queen, page unnumbered …………………………………………………………….. 124 2.7 ‘Kateryn Parr’s Family in 1543’ in Gregory, The Taming of the Queen, page unnumbered ……………………………………………………………………. 125 2.8 ‘The House of Plantagenet on 17 May 1521’ in Gregory, The King’s Curse, p. 234. ……………………………………………………………………………… 126 2.9 ‘The Tudor and Plantagenet Houses on 27 May 1541’ in Gregory, The King’s Curse, pp. 582-3 ……………………………………………………………….. 127 2.10 Chapter heading in Gregory, The Taming of the Queen, p. 30 …………… 127 2.11 Front Cover, Gregory, The Taming of the Queen ………………………….. 129 2.12 Front Cover, Gregory, The King’s Curse ……………………………………. 129 8 The Tudor Turn: The Poetics and Politics of Englishness in Contemporary Historical Novels Introduction This project responds to two coeval elements of English culture that started to emerge around the beginning of the present century: a revival of national consciousness that arguably culminated in Britain’s departure from the European Union, and an upsurge of imaginings of the Tudor world, particularly that of Henry VIII. Through a close reading of six Henrician texts by Philippa Gregory, C.J. Sansom and Hilary Mantel, all of whom are leading authors in the field, it sets out to address the following questions: why have there been so many novels written about this monarch’s reign in recent decades? Why have they achieved commercial success? And what might they tell us about English identity along with the role of historical fiction in helping to shape a nation’s understanding of itself? My analysis of the ways in which these texts write England applies a postcolonial reading of English identity, mapping the novels’ themes and preoccupations to contemporaneous polemical texts on the state of the nation and identifying a common discourse of loss, anxiety and grievance. As such, I aim to contribute original insights to current debates on the relationship between fiction, cultural memory and national identity at a time of significant political and demographic change.1 The findings of my research suggest that the Henrician turn of the early twenty- first century reflects some of the anxieties associated with these changes, and contests the positivist continuity narratives of England that have typically ascribed to its people a stable, evolutionary and understated sturdiness which has not heretofore 1 See for example, Maria Sobolewska and Robert Ford, Brexitland: Identity, Diversity and the Reshaping of British Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020) Kindle ebook. 9 required explicit expressions of nationhood. Contemporary re-imaginings of the English Reformation re-shape the national story as one of trauma and rupture afflicting an oppressed population. In different ways, the work of all three authors examined here engages with the processes of historicising and the erasure of inconvenient truths. I suggest that in inculcating
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