Citizenship, the Public Sphere and Lesbian Organizing in South Africa

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Citizenship, the Public Sphere and Lesbian Organizing in South Africa Becoming Citizens: Lesbian Organizing and the Public Sphere in South Africa and Argentina Julie Moreau Department of Political Science McGill University August 2013 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) © Julie Moreau, 2013 Abstract This dissertation explores the emergence of lesbian civic subjectivities in the context of legal equality in South Africa and Argentina. This is done through an examination of the activism of two self-identified lesbian and bisexual women’s organizations—Free Gender in South Africa and La Fulana in Argentina. I argue that the negotiation and redefinition of multiple identities in the formation of collective identity of each group can be usefully conceived of as a process of subject formation for the public sphere. I refer to this process as lesbian organizing and argue that the subjectivities created through this process pose specific challenges to dominant discourses of citizenship in each context. In South Africa, citizenship is constituted by a discourse of ‘the gap’ between ‘rights on paper’ and ‘rights in practice.’ Insisting on a ‘gap’ between de jure and de facto citizenship generates the expectation that certain citizens will not be able to effectively exercise their rights, thus obscuring the political and social construction of the conditions of this vulnerability. This discourse intersects another—‘homosexuality is unAfrican,’or the idea that non- heterosexual activity is a colonial import and that sexual minorities are therefore not African and less than human. Together, these two discourses construct homophobic violence as the product of exclusively heterosexual, often homophobic ‘communities’ and constitute as mutually exclusive the subject positions of ‘black lesbian’ and ‘African,’ ‘woman,’ and ‘community member.’ Free Gender’s lesbian organizing challenges these discourses through redefinition of these terms to be commensurate with ‘black lesbian.’ Free Gender insists upon the commensurability of these positions in public via participation in memorial services for deceased lesbians, which demonstrates the existence of a black lesbian organization in the townships, respect for the family of the deceased and the community as a whole, and lesbian kinship ties. Black lesbians are shown to have profound and enduring ties to the community and by extension are themselves profoundly human, forcing a reconsideration of the terms of being ‘human’ in the public sphere. In Argentina, a discourse of human rights enabled the recent passage of same-sex marriage, referred to as Matrimonio Igualitario (Equal Marriage) by proponents. Couched in the language of conferring the “same rights with the same names” upon all Argentines regardless of sexual orientation, the law is a premier example of the reinvigoration of a human rights discourse under the Kirchner administrations. This has had the unanticipated effect of structuring the public sphere around an axis of sameness and difference, with the burden on LGBTI (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex) citizens to perform a degree of sameness in order to become legitimately public subjects. Fulana’s goal of lesbian visibility emerges as a corrective to heterosexism and homophobia both in society and in the group itself. It is simultaneously a demand directed at group members who, it is believed, must overcome their ‘internalized lesbophobia’ and a demand directed at society for entrance into the public sphere on the terms of citizenship. Rather than espousing a particular image of ‘the lesbian’ to be included in the public sphere, La Fulana’s demand for lesbian visibility insists upon ‘openness’ as a characteristic of the subjectivities the group would like to see in the public sphere, as well as the terms upon which the group would like the process of inclusion to be carried out. La Fulana’s lesbian organizing insists that inclusion itself be the process by which yet-to-be determined subjectivities emerge. What appears through comparison of Free Gender and La Fulana is the specific nature of the challenge lesbian organizing poses to the norms that govern the terms of inclusion in the public sphere. i Résumé Cette thèse explore l’émergence des citoyennes lesbiennes en tant que sujets au sein des nouvelles égalités juridiques en Afrique du Sud et en Argentine et ce, en examinant les activités de deux organisations activistes de femmes qui s’identifient elles-mêmes en tant que lesbiennes et bisexuelles – Free Gender (en Afrique du Sud) et La Fulana (en Argentine). J’avance que la négociation et la redéfinition des identités multiples, dans la formation de l’identité collective de ces deux groupes, peuvent être utilement conçues en tant que processus de formation du sujet dans la sphère publique. Je nomme ce processus « lesbian organizing » et j’avance que les sujets créés à travers ce processus posent des défis spécifiques aux discours dominants de la citoyenneté dans chacun des deux contextes examinés. En Afrique du Sud, l’idée de la citoyenneté provient d’un discours de « l’écart » entre les droits « en théorie » et les droits « en pratique ». L’insistance d’un « écart » entre citoyennetés de facto et de jure présuppose que certains citoyens ne pourront pas exercer leurs droits de manière effective, et empêche ainsi les constructions politiques et sociales des conditions de cette vulnérabilité. Ce discours en croise un autre selon lequel « l’homosexualité n’est pas africaine », et où les activités qui ne sont pas hétérosexuelles sont importées par les colonisateurs; les minorités sexuelles ne seraient donc pas africaines, elles seraient moins qu’humaines. Ensemble, ces deux discours décrivent « les communautés » comme étant exclusivement hétérosexuelles et souvent homophobes. Dans ce cadre discursif, les termes « lesbienne noire », « membre d’une communauté », « africaine » et « femme » ne sont pas compatibles. L’organisation lesbienne Free Gender conteste ces discours en redéfinissant les termes précités et en les mettant sur le même pied d’égalité que celui de « lesbienne noire ». Free Gender insiste sur le fait qu’en public, ces termes sont inséparables lors de services funéraires de lesbiennes décédées, ce qui démontre l’existence d’une organisation lesbienne et noire dans les townships, le respect pour la famille de la personne décédée et de la communauté dans son entier, ainsi que des liens qui unissent ces lesbiennes. Des liens profonds et durables lient les lesbiennes noires à leurs communautés. Ces femmes sont elles-mêmes, par extension, profondément humaines; ce qui nous force ainsi à reconsidérer le terme d’être « humain » dans la sphère publique. En Argentine, le développement d’un discours des droits de l’homme a permis l’adoption récente du mariage entre personnes de même sexe, dénommé Matrimonio Igualitario (droit égal au mariage) par ses instigateurs. Pétrie dans une rhétorique qui promeut l’idée de conférer les mêmes droits « avec les mêmes noms » à tous les Argentins, indépendamment de leur orientation sexuelle, cette loi est le premier exemple de la redynamisation d’un discours sur les droits de l’homme sous l’administration Kirchner. Cela a eu pour effet imprévu de structurer l’espace public autour d'un axe de similitude et de différence et a obligé les citoyens LGBTI (lesbiennes, gays, bisexuels, transgenres et intersexes) à performer un certain degré de similitude afin de devenir des sujets légitimement publics. La visibilité lesbienne, l'objectif de La Fulana, se présente comme une façon de corriger l’hétérosexisme et l’homophobie de la société, mais également du groupe lui-même. C’est à la fois une demande adressée aux membres du groupe qui, croit-on, doivent surmonter leur « lesbophobie internalisée », et une demande adressée à la société afin que les conditions du devenir citoyen puissent avoir lieu dans la sphère publique. Plutôt que d’épouser une image particulière de « la lesbienne » qui devrait être incorporée dans la sphère publique, La Fulana réclame une visibilité lesbienne et insiste sur « l’ouverture », qui caractérise les sujets que ce groupe voudrait voir dans la sphère publique, ainsi que le terme à partir duquel ce groupe voudrait que se fasse le processus d’inclusion. Le « lesbian organizing » de La Fulana se mobilise autour ii de l’inclusion comme étant le processus même par lequel des sujets en devenir puissent exister. Ce qui ressort de cette étude comparative entre les deux organisations, c’est la nature singulière que le défi du « lesbian organizing » ajoute aux normes qui régissent les termes de l’inclusion dans la sphère publique. iii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................................................i RESUME ........................................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................... vii FIGURES AND TABLES .................................................................................................................................... viii ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................................................ix PREFACE .........................................................................................................................................................xi
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