Verlorene Arkadien

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Verlorene Arkadien Verlorene Arkadien Das pastorale Motiv in der englischen und amerikanischen fantastischen Literatur – H.P. Lovecraft, James Branch Cabell, Mervyn Peake, William Gibson Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Neuphilologischen Fakultät der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg von Oliver Plaschka Danksagung Ich danke meinem Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Peter Paul Schnierer für das mir entgegengebrachte Vertrauen und die Unterstützung; meinem Zweitgutachter Prof. Dr. Dieter Schulz; sowie allen Freunden und Kollegen, die mir über die Jahre Inspiration und Motivation gewesen sind, last but not least an Peter Bews' Autorenstammtisch: Erik Hauser, Matthias Mösch, Dale Adams, Alexander Flory, Marjolijn Storm ... et ceteri doctores quondam doctoresque futuri Diese Arbeit wurde eingereicht im Oktober 2008 unter dem Titel: "Verlorene Arkadien: Das pastorale Motiv in der angloamerikanischen fantastischen Literatur – H.P. Lovecraft, James Branch Cabell, Mervyn Peake, William Gibson" 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort 6 Ziele und Forschungsstand 8 I. Einleitung 13 I.1 Die Erschließung Arkadiens 13 I.1.1 Der Mangel an Drachen 14 I.1.2 Die beste der Welten 15 I.1.3 Das innere Paradies 17 I.1.4 Der zerrissene Mensch 21 I.1.5 Der Blick zurück 24 I.1.6 Desiderie 28 I.2 Zur Theorie der fantastischen Literatur 29 I.2.1 Von der Romanze zur Fantasy 31 I.2.2 Zum Verhältnis von Welt und Gegenwelt 34 I.2.3 Heldenreise und Weltheilung 40 I.3 Die Pansfigur zwischen Antike und Neuzeit 44 I.3.1 Aufstieg und Tod einer Gottheit 45 I.3.2 Die Wiederkehr des Großen Pan 49 I.4 Die zerrissene Welt 53 I.4.1 Zur Theorie der Phantastik 54 I.4.2 Ursprünge des Unheimlichen 56 I.4.3 Die Ambivalenz des Heiligen 58 I.4.4 Das manifeste Mysterium 60 I.4.5 Alle möglichen Welten 62 II. H.P. Lovecraft: Wo die See sich dem Himmel vermählt 65 II.1 Einführung 66 II.1.1 Der Einsiedler von Providence 66 II.1.2 Der Mythos 68 II.1.3 Das Traumland 72 II.1.4 Das Seltsame, Wahre und Alte 74 II.2 Traumlandgeschichten 80 II.2.1 The White Ship 80 II.2.2 Celephaïs 84 II.2.3 The Quest of Iranon 88 II.2.4 The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath 92 II.2.5 The Silver Key 98 II.3 Fazit 104 3 III. James Branch Cabell: Der Betrug an der Welt 107 III.1 Einführung 109 III.1.2 Einer aus Richmond 109 III.1.3 Virginia, Rhode Island und die Romantik 113 III.1.4 Poictesme 116 III.1.5 Die Biographie 119 III.1.6 Drei Attitüden 121 III.2 Die Biographie des Lebens Dom Manuels 123 III.2.1 The Cream of the Jest (A Comedy of Evasions) 123 III.2.2 Jurgen (A Comedy Of Justice) 125 III.2.3 Figures of Earth (A Comedy Of Appearances) 133 III.2.4 The High Place (A Comedy of Disenchantment) 140 III.2.5 The Silver Stallion (A Comedy of Redemption) 142 III.2.6 Something About Eve (A Comedy of Fig-leaves) 146 III.3 Fazit 149 IV. Mervyn Peake: Efeu und Stein 153 IV.1 Einführung 154 IV.1.1 Maler, Dichter, Romancier 154 IV.1.2 Einordnung und Rezeption 157 IV.2 Titus Groan 162 IV.2.1 Das Schloß und seine Bewohner 162 IV.2.2 Coda in a Gothic mode 169 IV.3 Gormenghast 174 IV.3.1 Titus' Kindheit 174 IV.3.2 Ein Höhepunkt, der keiner ist 180 IV.3.3 Gefangen zwischen Efeu und Stein 186 IV.3.4 Titus' langer Weg 190 IV.5 Fazit 194 V. William Gibson: Hinter dem Spiegelglas 198 V.1 Einführung 199 V.1.1 Vater des Cyberpunk 199 V.1.2 Der Weg in den Cyberspace 201 V.1.3 Das Gibson-Kontinuum 203 V.1.4 Cyberpunk als Postmodernismus 207 V.2 Neuromancer 211 V.2.1 Unter Eis 211 V.2.2 Im Streulicht 217 V.2.3 Neuromantik 224 4 V.3 Count Zero 227 V.3.1 Transhumanismus 228 V.3.2 Cyberspace und Religion 232 V.3.3 Im Schatten des Eichhörnchenwalds 233 V.4 Mona Lisa Overdrive 238 V.4.1 Substitutionen der Wirklichkeit 238 V.4.2 Gomi, Geister und die Desiderie des Authentischen 241 V.5 Fazit 246 Schluß 249 Anhänge 257 Literaturverzeichnis 260 5 Vorwort Caelum, non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt. – Horaz, Epistulae I.xi Arkham, Lichfield, Gormenghast, Ninsei – keiner dieser Orte findet sich auf einer Karte; sie geben nur vor, Teil unserer Welt zu sein. Ihre Bewohner aber streben noch weiter: Sie suchen nicht nach einem Ort, sondern einem Ideal, das sich Jenseits der Grenzen ihrer Welt befindet, und das viele Wandlungen durchlaufen hat, aber unter einem Namen bekannt wurde: Arkadien. Arkadien definiert sich ex negativo durch all das, was es nicht ist – Leid, Mühsal, Tod – weswegen der Satz des "et in Arcadia ego" auch stets eine so ungeheuer verunsichernde Wirkung ausübte, und dieJenigen, die nach Arkadien suchten, von einem Paradies ins nächste trieb. Arkadien steht für ein Konzept, das in den meisten Kulturen auftaucht: Es ist nicht hier, sondern (wie James Branch Cabell es vielleicht nennen würde) au-delà – "jenseits", utopisch in seiner Verortung. Es ist nicht heute, und, wie Schiller kritisch betont, auch nicht morgen, sondern gestern, Ja vorgestern – antan – und die arkadische Vision ist ihrem Wesen nach eine rückblickende. Arkadien ist der Garten am Anfang der Zeit, der verloren ging, und dessen in melancholischer Dichtung gedacht wird.1 Zwar äußert pastorale Literatur häufig den Wunsch nach Restauration des Goldenen Zeitalters – dennoch stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit sie diese für realistisch hält. Die Auseinandersetzung mit dieser Frage führt zur Utopie; ihre Vermeidung ist dagegen Eigenheit der fantastischen Literatur, die den Nichtrealismus zum Prinzip erhebt, und die Erlangung Jeden Ortes, Jeder Zeit, und Jeder Welt in Aussicht stellen kann, um die Endgültigkeit des Verlusts aufzubrechen. Dabei hält sie es mit Renato Poggiolis Wort, daß man Arkadien stets durch Rückzug erreicht;2 die Aufgabe von Hier und Jetzt ist Beginn der fantastischen Reise, und wird oft als ihr Makel gesehen, als nutzlose Zerstreuung oder Opium fürs Volk. Gleichwohl befreit sie, und so finden sich unter den Protagonisten der hier untersuchten Texte Bewohner nicht nur dieser, sondern sekundärer Wirklichkeiten, Flüchtige schon zweiter Instanz, und somit Gewohnheitstäter. 1 Cf. Friedrich Schiller, "Über naive und sentimentalische Dichtung", in ders., Sämtliche Werke, Bd. 5, München: Carl Hanser, 1962, 748. Zu Cabells Audela und Antan cf. III.2.3 und III.2.6. 2 Cf. Renato Poggioli, The Oaten Flute: Essays on Pastoral Poetry and the Pastoral Ideal, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975, 1. 6 Dieses Spannungsfeld zwischen Aufbegehren (gegen die Welt, wie sie ist) und Sentiment (für die Welt, wie sie nicht oder nicht mehr ist), zwischen Weltflucht und arkadischem Streben ist einer Vielzahl fantastischer Szenarien eigen, von denen vier in dieser Arbeit exemplarisch vorgestellt werden. Sie zeigen auf, wie pastorale Merkmale sich in fantastischer Literatur umsetzen, diese prägen und von ihr genutzt werden, um uns letztlich doch etwas über uns und unsere Welt zu sagen. Sie sind Facetten eines Bildes, das sich als universell versteht, und auch die Menschen, die nicht durch Lewis Carrolls Spiegel treten können, mit einschließt; denn auch ohne aus deren Sehnen die Erwartung einer Verwirklichung abzuleiten, wie C.S. Lewis dies tut, sehnen sich diese Menschen nichtsdestoweniger.3 Nicht berührt von dieser Arbeit sind, wie bereits angedeutet, die Utopien und Staatsromane, die an den tatsächlichen Perspektiven zur Errichtung einer idealen Gesellschaftsform interessiert sind. Ebenso tauchen Texte, die die arkadische Welt als ihre Vorbedingung voraussetzen, nur am Rande auf: Die grünen Hügel Hobbingens mögen das erste sein, was einem zum Zusammenhang zwischen Pastorale und Fantasy in den Sinn kommt – Frodos Anliegen ist aber nicht, etwas anderes zu finden, sondern das, was er hat, zu verteidigen. Das ändert sich erst mit seinem Aufbruch nach den Grauen Anfurten: Die Rastlosigkeit, die er auf den letzten Seiten seiner Geschichte empfindet, mag als Startschuß für die Suchfahrer dieser Arbeit gelten. Daß diese mit ihrer Suche nach einem "geraden Weg", wie Tolkien diese Fahrt nach Avallónë und den unsterblichen Landen im Westen nannte, und damit der Verortung Arkadiens im Jenseits statt im Diesseits, unsere Welt gleichsam zu einem globalen Glastonbury degradieren, mag ein Vorwurf sein, den sie dabei ertragen müssen. Doch um es mit Kleist zu sagen, vielleicht ist es manchmal nötig, die Reise um die Welt zu machen, um zu sehen, ob man nicht von hinten wieder in das Paradies gelangt.4 3 Cf. C.S. Lewis, The Weight of Glory, New York: Harper Collins, 2001, 32f. 4 Cf. J.R.R. Tolkien, The Silmarillion, Christopher Tolkien ed., London: HarperCollins, 2004, 257-282; Heinrich von Kleist, "Über das Marionettentheater", in ders., Werke und Briefe in vier Bänden, Berlin: Aufbau, 1978, III 473-80. 7 Ziele und Forschungsstand God made the country and man made the town. – William Cowper, The Task, Book I Pastorale Texte stellen eine der ältesten literarischen Traditionen dar, die wir kennen; sie reicht von Theokrit und Vergil über eine neuerliche Blüte zur Zeit der Renaissance (Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, John Milton) bis zu William Wordsworth oder Robert Frost. Trotz der Prominenz pastoraler Gedichte wurden Vertreter Jeder literarischer Gattung zu verschiedenen Zeiten "pastoral" genannt, und man faßt den Begriff heute in der Regel als Modus-, nicht Genrebezeichnung auf (weswegen "die Pastorale" hier und in Folge auf eine Gesamtheit unterschiedlichster, pastoral gefärbter Texte verweist). Das Korpus an Primär- wie Sekundärliteratur zur Pastoralen ist daher unermeßlich. Es ist aber auch nicht Bestreben dieser Arbeit, Jenes Korpus noch mehr zu erweitern, noch den Anspruch zu erheben, aus der Untersuchung fantastischer Texte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts ein neues Verständnis der antiken Klassiker abzuleiten.
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