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Searchers After Horror Understanding H Mats Nyholm Mats Nyholm Searchers After Horror Understanding H. P. Lovecraft and His Fiction // Searchers After Horror Horror After Searchers // 2021 9 789517 659864 ISBN 978-951-765-986-4 Åbo Akademi University Press Tavastgatan 13, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland Tel. +358 (0)2 215 4793 E-mail: [email protected] Sales and distribution: Åbo Akademi University Library Domkyrkogatan 2–4, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland Tel. +358 (0)2 -215 4190 E-mail: [email protected] SEARCHERS AFTER HORROR Searchers After Horror Understanding H. P. Lovecraft and His Fiction Mats Nyholm Åbo Akademis förlag | Åbo Akademi University Press Åbo, Finland, 2021 CIP Cataloguing in Publication Nyholm, Mats. Searchers after horror : understanding H. P. Lovecraft and his fiction / Mats Nyholm. - Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press, 2021. Diss.: Åbo Akademi University. ISBN 978-951-765-986-4 ISBN 978-951-765-986-4 ISBN 978-951-765-987-1 (digital) Painosalama Oy Åbo 2021 Abstract The aim of this thesis is to investigate the life and work of H. P. Lovecraft in an attempt to understand his work by viewing it through the filter of his life. The approach is thus historical-biographical in nature, based in historical context and drawing on the entirety of Lovecraft’s non-fiction production in addition to his weird fiction, with the aim being to suggest some correctives to certain prevailing critical views on Lovecraft. These views include the “cosmic school” led by Joshi, the “racist school” inaugurated by Houellebecq, and the “pulp school” that tends to be dismissive of Lovecraft’s work on stylistic grounds, these being the most prevalent depictions of Lovecraft currently. Certain additional views of long standing are also addressed, such as Lévy’s suggestion that Lovecraft was withdrawn from the world due to existential hopelessness and therefore created his art by escaping into dreams. The specific research question to be answered revolves mainly around matters of motivation and intention: What did Lovecraft wish to accomplish with his writing? Why did he write? Can answers be found through a study of his life and thinking based on all the relevant material that is available? This presupposes a view of literature as a communicative act between a writer and a reader, via a written text, which means that the research question can be tightened: What was Lovecraft trying to communicate with his writing, and did he succeed in communicating it? I suggest that an answer to this question is that Lovecraft was primarily concerned with creating mood and atmosphere through artistic self-expression, and that this was grounded in a strict adherence to the traditional past associated with his cultural heritage, further motivated by what I refer to as his gentlemanly pessimism in combination with a strong curiosity about the nature of reality. Lovecraft’s identity was rooted partly in his view of himself as an English gentleman with values going back to the eighteenth century, and partly in his cultural pessimism that was an outgrowth of certain larger intellectual and cultural trends at the time in New England and in the Western world in general. Out of this, I believe, grew all the themes that are of central importance in Lovecraft’s fiction. Abstrakt Avsikten med denna avhandling är att undersöka H. P. Lovecrafts liv och litterära verk i ett försök att uppnå en djupare insikt genom att sätta Lovecrafts litterära produktion i relation till hans liv. Tillvägagångssättet är därför historiskt-biografiskt, med basis i historisk kontext och baserat på Lovecrafts hela facklitterära arbete utöver hans skönlitteratur, med avsikt att föreslå vissa korrektiv till rådande kritiska åsikter om Lovecraft. Dessa åsikter inkluderar den "kosmiska skolan" under Joshis ledning, den "rasistiska skolan" som påbörjades av Houellebecq, och "pulpskolan" som tenderar att avfärda Lovecrafts arbete på stilistiska grunder. Dessa tre inriktningar är de för närvarande huvudsakliga kritiska framställningarna rörande Lovecraft. Några andra långvariga kritiska åsikter tas också upp till behandling, som till exempel Lévys antagande att Lovecraft drog sig tillbaka från världen på grund av en känsla av existentiell hopplöshet och av den orsaken skapade sin konst genom att fly in i sina drömmar. Den specifika forskningsfrågan som skall besvaras är främst fokuserad på avsikt och motivation: Vad önskade Lovecraft uppnå med sitt skrivande? Varför skrev han? Kan svar hittas genom en studie av hans liv och tanke baserad på allt relevant material som är tillgängligt? Det här förutsätter en syn på litteratur som en kommunikativ handling mellan en författare och en läsare, via en skriven text, vilket medför att forskningsfrågan kan göras mera exakt: Vad avsåg Lovecraft att kommunicera med sitt skrivande och var han framgångsrik i sin avsikt? Jag föreslår att ett svar på denna fråga är att Lovecraft huvudsakligen var intresserad av att skapa stämning och atmosfär genom artistiskt självuttryckande, och att detta var grundat i en djup sympati för ett traditionellt förflutet som var associerat med hans kulturella arv, ytterligare motiverat av vad jag kallar hans gentlemannamässiga pessimism i kombination med en stark nyfikenhet om verklighetens sanna natur. Lovecrafts identitet hade sitt ursprung dels i hans syn på sig själv som en engelsk gentleman med värderingar som gick tillbaka till sjuttonhundratalet, och dels i hans kulturella pessimism som var en följd av vissa intellektuella och kulturella trender i New England och västvärlden som helhet vid den här tiden. Min åsikt är att alla de litterära motiv som är av central betydelse i Lovecrafts skönlitteratur hade sitt ursprung i denna bakgrund. Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Definitions ............................................................................................................... 3 1.2. Methodology .......................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1. Literary Darwinism ............................................................................... 5 1.2.2. The Utterance Model and Reasoned Evaluation ........................ 6 1.2.3. Historical-Biographical Analysis ...................................................... 7 1.2.3.1. Source Criticism and Textual Criticism ......................... 8 1.2.3.2. Context ....................................................................................... 9 1.2.3.3. Biography ............................................................................... 10 1.2.3.4. Autobiography ...................................................................... 11 1.2.3.5. Intertextuality....................................................................... 12 1.2.3.6. Ethics ........................................................................................ 13 1.2.3.7. Memory ................................................................................... 15 1.2.3.8. Inspiration and Creativity................................................ 16 1.2.3.9. Trauma .................................................................................... 17 1.2.3.10. Personality .......................................................................... 19 1.2.3.11. Dreaming ............................................................................. 21 1.3. Summary............................................................................................................... 21 2. Background ..................................................................................................... 23 2.1. Biographical Sketch .......................................................................................... 23 2.1.1. Childhood and Teenage Years ........................................................ 23 2.1.2. Health Issues ......................................................................................... 26 2.1.3. Self-Imposed Isolation ...................................................................... 27 2.1.4. Amateur Journalism ........................................................................... 28 2.1.5. Marriage and New York .................................................................... 31 2.1.6. Final Decade .......................................................................................... 32 2.2. Historical Overview .......................................................................................... 33 2.2.1. A Sense of the Past .............................................................................. 33 2.2.2. Change ..................................................................................................... 36 2.2.3. Social Environment ............................................................................ 38 2.2.3.1. Race .......................................................................................... 39 2.2.3.2. Degeneration Theory......................................................... 40 2.2.3.3. Immigration .......................................................................... 42 2.2.3.4. Eugenics .................................................................................. 43 2.2.3.5. Anglo-Saxonism ................................................................... 45 2.2.3.6. Physical Anthropology ...................................................... 46 2.2.4. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 49 3.
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