I M-fl7 Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 22(4):732- 150, 2006 Copyright © 2006 by The American Mosquito Control Association, Inc.

MOSQUITO VECTOR CONTROL ATD BIOLOGY IN LATIN AMERICA —A 16TH SYMPOSIUM

GARY G. CLARK AND YASMIN RUBIO-PALJS2 I.. ABSTRACT. The 16th Annual Latin American Symposium presented by the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) was held as part of the 72nd Annual Meeting in Detroit, Ml. in February 2006. The principal objective, as for the previous 15 symposia, was to promote participation in the AMCA by vector control specialists, public health workers, and academicians from Latin America. This publication includes summaries of 34 presentations that were given orall in Spanish and 12 posters presented by participants from 6 countries in Latin America, Puerto Ric6 and the United States. The symposium addressed results from chemical and biological control programs and studies; studies on insecticide resistance; findings from population genetics, molecular, taxonomic, ecological, and behavioral studies of vectors of dengue (Aedes aegypli and Ac. albopictus), West Nile virus (Culex quinque/asciatus). malaria (Anopheles albimanus, An. darlingi, and An. marajoara). Icishmaniasis (Lutzonivia). Chagas disease (Triatoma); and Amhlvonima. KEY WORDS Mosquitoes, dengue, malaria, West Nile virus. Jeishmaniasis, mosquito control. hionomics, Ace/es, Ainhlvonuna, Anopheles, Culex, Lutzo,niia, iriato ma

INTRODUCTION ,nanus, An. darlingi, An. inarajoara). leishma n iasts (Lutzom)ia). Chagas disease (Triatoina); and The American Mosquito Control Association Ainblyoih,na. Summaries of 13 previous symposia (AMCA) is dedicated to the study and control of have hebn published (Clark and Suarez 1991, mosquitoes, other vectors, and arthropods and 1992, 1993; Clark 1995, 1996; Clark and Rangel promotes cooperation and interaction among 1997, 1998. 1999; Clark et al. 2000; Clark and professionals and students in this field both in Quiroz-Martinez 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005). the United States and internationally. To pro- mote greater and more active participation among and within a portion of its international SUMMARIES membership, a Spanish language symposium was first held at the 1991 Annual AMCA Meeting First iolations of West Nile virus from a sick and has continued at all subsequent annual human and from mosquitoes in Mexico meetings. In addition to providing a forum for Darin Elizondo-Quiroga. C. Todd Davis, scientists whose first language is Spanish, the Ildffonso Fernandez-Salas, Armando Elizondo- session promotes interaction with mosquito Quiroga,Roman Escobar-Lopez, Hilda Guzman, control industry representatives and interaction Amelia Travassos da Rosa, Bradley J. Blitvich, with professional colleagues in the United States Alan D. T. Barrett, Barry J. Beaty and who are involved in mosquito vector control, Robert B. Tesh training, and research at the university level, and with state and federal government officials. Laboratoio c/c En tomo/ogIa MM/ca, Facu/tad c/c This publication includes summaries of 34 Ciencias Bio/ógicas. Uniiersidad A utonoina tie presentations that were given orally in Spanish Nuevo Lón, Apdo. Postal 109F San Nicolas de and 12 posters presented by participants from 6 los Garza. Nuevo Leon, A1cxico: Universit p of countries in Latin America, Puerto Rico, and the Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 1X; and United States. Topics addressed in the sympo- Colorado State Uniiersiit, F,. Collins, (.O sium included results from chemical and bi- ological control programs and studies; studies of Several recent reports have documented the insecticide resistance; findings from population widespread geographic distribution of West Nile genetics, molecular, taxonomic, ecological, and virus (W NV) in Mexico, but until now, no behavioral studies of vectors of dengue (Aedes autochthdnous human cases of illness due to this aegypti and Ac. albopictus), West Nile virus virus have been reported from Mexico. All (Culex quinqueJssciatus), malaria (Anopheles a/hi- Mexican WNV isolates studied to date have U come from dead equines or birds. We report the Mosquito and Fly Research Unit. Center for First isolations of WNV from a sick person and Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, from mosquitoes. A single pool of Culex quin- Agricultural Research Service. USDA, 1600 SW 23rd que/asciatu.s yielded a virus isolate designated Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608. NI -54, which produced cytopathic effect on 2 DirecciOn de Salud Ambiental. Ministerio de Salud approximately day 7 and that was identified as y Desarrollo Social, Maracay, Aragua. Venezuela. WNV. Thel human isolate was from a 62-year-old

732 DI:CrMI3ER 2006 Mosuiro Vicrog CoNTRol. Sy irosiui 733

Mexican woman living in Sonora state. Reverse where the distribution of both species overlap and transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) where dengue-infected Ac. media litta!u,r might be was performed by using 3 primer pairs to amplify collectel. This species, the Caribbean tree hole the entire prM-E genes of each WNV isolate as mosquito, exhibits vertical transmission and described previously. PCR products were gel could act as a potential dengue virus reservoir. purified with the QiAquick kit, and the resulting Aedes species were monitored using ovijars template was directly sequenced with the ampli- throughkut the city in 5 major habitat types fying primers. The results suggest that isolates (high-de nsity housing, low-density housing, for- obtained from northern states of Mexico (Nuevo est, norforest vegetation, and wetlands) during Leon and Sonora) were derived from WNV the dry andl rainy seasons in 2005. The following strains circulating in the western United States. independent variables were used with various models vithin a raster geographical information system t predict Aede.s abundance and presence West Nile virus serology in horses in Monterrey, or absene: temperature; rainfall; elevation; slope: Nuevo Leon, Mexico human ensity; household density; normalized differene vegetation index (N DVI); and surface L. Iharra Juarez and brightness, greenness, and wetness. After model I. Fernández Salas validation, results from this research will he used Medical Enionologv Laboratory. Biological to stratify the city in terms of vector prevalence Sciences Faculty. Nuevo Leon University, San and to etablish vector control priorities for the Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo LeO,i, Mexico preventicn of dengue outbreaks.

West Nile virus (WNV) is an emergent disease Spatial analysis of Aedes aegjpti infestation, in temperate regions of Europe and recently in dengue occurrence, and meteorological variables North America. West Nile virus is an arbovirus in from 1985 to 2004 in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil the family Flaviviridae that can cause inapparent infections or febrile disease, meningitis, encepha- G. Z.Laporta, P. A. V. Vieira, L. F. Mucci, litis, and death in birds, humans, and horses. M. P. Correa, M. Pereira, P. L. Brito, M. G. Birds are main vertebrate reservoirs and mosqui- Arteiro l P. A. Opromolla, R. M. Tuhaki and toes, especially Culex species, are the principal M. A. M. Salluni vectors for WNV. Nuevo LeOn state is located in northeastern Mexico where many migratory birds Un,ve,sidade de Sao Paulo. iaculdade de SaOde coming from the United States and other parts of POblica, Sao Paulo, Brazil North America arrive, and they are potentially The rintroduction of the dengue vector infected with WNV. We collected serum samples mosquito Aedes aegvpti started in the early from 66 horses from the following localities in 1980s. From 1990 to 2004, approximately Nuevo Leon state: Santiago (n = 28 samples), 145,000 of dengue cases were confirmed, and Zuazua (16), 1)r. Gonzáles, Mann (13), and the Ac. aegJ7p1i infestation had spread to 498 cities Pesqueria (9). These samples were processed by in the state of Sao Paulo. To describe the spatial blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and temporal distribution of Ac. aegypti, dengue test and 58% had anti-WNV antibodies. cases andl temperature data in the state of Sao Paulo werel analyzed. All databases were exported to a geographic information system (GIS). By Predicting the distribution of dengue vectors in an using GIS methodology, the data were used to urban area create thematic maps and to carry out spatial Roberto Barrera, Joshua Smith, Manuel statistics analysis. The temperature showed Amador, Brad J. Biggerstaff. Jonathan Cox and strong correlation with both dengue occurrence Gary G. Clark and mosquito infestation. Areas where the difference I between the highest temperature in Dengue Branch. Cetiters for Disease Control and the winter1 and the highest temperature in the Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Division of summer were approximately 2°C showed faster Vector Borne infectious Diseases. Centers for mosquito infestation. In contrast, in areas where Disease control and Prevention, it. Collins, CO; the difference between the highest temperature in and Yale University, New Haven, CT the winterl and the highest temperature in the summer was higher than 4°C, the infestation was The objectives of this research were to produce slow, and the number of dengue cases was lower predictive maps with the distribution of potential than in those areas where the infestation was dengue vectors (Aedes aegypti and Ac. inediovit- faster. Thus, temperature influenced both mos- tatus) in the metropolitan area of San Juan. quito infes:tation and the dynamics of dengue Puerto Rico, and to locate areas within the city virus transi1nission.

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Distribution of dengue receptors in mosquito wings emerged from discarded tires, followed by midgut with different vector competence those from containers for animal drinking, tanks, and artificial containers. These results may be Ricardo Francisco Mercado-Curiel, Alvaro explained by the amount of organic material in Diaz-hadillo, Barry Beaty, William Black, each container, which was assessed qualitatively. Minerva Camacho-Nunez and Maria de Lourdes Muñoz At the same time, we reared an F 1 Ac. aegypti strain from Playa in the laboratory with different Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology. amounts of food to obtain a broad spectrum of Centro de Investigacion v de Estudios A vanzados adult sizes. We measured the wing length and del IPN; Genoinic Sciences Program, Universidad counted the eggs laid during the first gonotrophic Auibnoma de la Ciudad de Mexico. Mexico. and cycle and observed a positive correlation between Department de Microbiology. Immunology, and these 2 variables. According to these field and Pathology, Colorado State (In iversilv, laboratory data, females with the highest fecun- Ft. Collins, CO dity should emerge from pupae developed in discarded tires and containers for animal drink- Dengue is a worldwide disease distributed in ing. Programs should educate the community tropical and subtropical countries and is the most that Ac. aegypti females may emerge from all common vector-borne viral disease in humans. types of water containers in an urban area. Infection ranges from asymptomatic, or mild self- limited illness (dengue fever), to a severe disease with spontaneous hemorrhaging (dengue hemor- Host-feeding preference of culex quinqucfasciatu.s rhagic fever), or most seriously, to dengue shock in Monterrey, Northeastern Mexico syndrome characterized by circulatory failure. The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the principal Armando Elizondo-Quiroga. Adriana vector of this virus. In natural infections, dengue Flores-Suárez, Darwin Elizondo-Quiroga, Yuri is present in the mosquito vector and then Ayala-Sulca, Luis Ibarra-Juárez and transmitted to the human host by the bite of the Ildefonso Fernández-Salas vector mosquito when a blood meal is being Laboraiorio dc- Entomologia Médica, Facu/tad de obtained. Because viruses must find cellular receptors to invade the host cell and then Ciencias Bioldgicas. Universidad A utónoma de replicate, it is necessary to study receptors in the Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, midgut of mosquitoes. This approach is especially Nuevo LeOn, Mexico important because mosquitoes differ in suscepti- Studies were conducted to determine the host bility to infection and may have different levels of selection patterns of Cule.v quinquefèisciatus Say, vector competence. We present evidence that 1823 in the municipalities of Guadalupe and strongly indicates that the proteins with apparent Escobedo near Monterrey in northeastern Mex- molecular weights of 80 and 67 kDa are receptors ico. Mosquitoes were captured inside and outside in the midgut of Ac. aegvpti for the 4 serotypes of houses. Chickens and humans were the most dengue virus. Our results on virus receptor common blood sources for all Cx. quinquefascia- Ac. distribution in the midgut of 3 strains of tus females, accounting for almost 70% of the aegypti with different vector competence support blood meals. Human blood was detected by the suggestion that these receptors are very enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 36.4% important in vector competence. and 28.4% of engorged females found resting inside houses in Guadalupe and Escobedo, re- Aedes aegypri fecundity estimation from different spectively. The percentages of indoor resting types of water containers in Playa, females fed on chicken blood were 38.7% and Havana City, Cuba 56.7%. respectively. The weighted and unweight- ed human blood index (HBI) values were Silvia Suarez, Maria C. Marquetti, Juan Bisset, calculated, by using indoor and outdoor data, Raul Gonzalez and Maureen Leyva from the proportions of human-fed mosquitoes. Instituto Dc Medicina Tropical Pedro Kouri. Weighted means (HBI) estimates for Guadalupe Havana, Cuba and Escobedo were 23.0% and 15.4%, respective- ly. The forage ratios (FRs) for humans were less A pupal survey of Aedes aegypti was conducted than I (with or without chicken populations); in Playa municipality, Havana City, between consequently, it seems that these mosquitoes fed April and December 2004. We collected 616 on humans less frequently compared with chick- pupae in 59 positive containers. We measured the ens, horses, and pigs. The FRs for chickens were wing length of females that emerged from these the highest of all available hosts (1.7 and 3.2). pupae and calculated the average wing length for Chickens were the most abundant hosts in each container type. Females with the longest Escobedo and the second most abundant in DIEcFMInR 2006 MOSOI.ITO VI:cIoR CONTROL S\4IoSIuM 735

Guadalupe, indicating a selective bias of Clv the disease has now extended to 46 states in quinqueflisciatus for chickens (i.e., ornithophagic) the United States, with the primary vector be- ing Culex pipiens. In Mexico, this disease has extendeJ to 4 states, including Nuevo Leon, culex mosquito distribution in Mexico where bx. pip/ens has been collected in 13 Alvaro Diaz-Badillo, Jorge Pascual Muñoz, municiplities, including the Monterrey metro- Barry Beaty, William Black Ill and politanrea. This trend can be considered an in- Maria de Lourdes Muñoz crease ib the number of cases compared with previous years. Thus, we have initiated studies of Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, the susceptibility of Cx. pipien.s to pyrethroids by Centro de Investigacion y de Esudios A vanzados using thle bottle bioassay technique. We are con- del JPN, Distrito Federal; Lahoratorio Estatal ducting trials with permethrin, cypermethrin, del- c/c Salud Ii/,lica c/c Oaxaca, Ser v/c/os c/c Salud taniethrin, and biphenthrin insecticides against de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juárez, Mexico, and mosquito populations from Lampa sos, Ana- Department of Microbiology. Immunology, huac, Monterrey. and Guadalupe. Nuevo Leon, and Pathology, Colorado State University. northeatern Mexico. Ft. Collins, CO West Nile virus (WNV) was initially isolated in Hen cages as a monitoring method of dwelling America from species of Culex mosquitoes and colonization by Triatoinu longipennis (Hemiptera: birds in the greater New York City area in 1999. Reduviidae) in western Mexico Subsequently, the virus spread in the United JosC Alejandro Martinez-lbarra and States, and many human cases were reported. Francisco Trujillo-Contreras Cule.v mosquitoes are considered to he the most important vectors, although WNV has been Centro Universitario del Sur and Univeis/dad c/c isolated or detected from >20 species of mosqui- duacla/ajara. Guadalajara, Mexico toes in the United States. West Nile virus was initially detected in equines and birds in Mon- In Mexico, Triaioma long/penn/s is one of the terrey, Tamaulipas, Coahuila, and Yucatan. most imortant vectors for the transmission of Because of the importance of this vector, the Trypano.oma czuzi to human populations. Even aim of the present research was to investigate the when it is possible to monitor colonization of Culex species distribution in Mexico City, the houses by different methods (e.g.. Gomez-Nuñez state of Mexico, Jalisco, Oaxaca, SaltilJo, boxes). there is no reliable method for monitoring Nayarit, and Morelos to determine the potential moving populations when they begin to colonize to spread WNV in Mexico. In total. 32 sites were human dwellings. using peridomestic habitats as sampled during 2004-2005 for mosquito larvae. a "bride" between the wild and domestic Cule.v quinqueiciaius was the dominant mos- habitats. To test a novel monitoring device, 20 quito species collected. The importance of this dwellings in three localities were selected. In each species in the natural history of WNV in the locality, a hen cage (2 X 2 X I m) was installed, northeastern United States prompted us to baited with 10 adult Leghorn hens, and habitat evaluate the breeding sites of Culex and associ- materials( sacks, stones, and pieces of wood) were ated species in considering the potential of future added to support the hens at night and to protect WNV focus in Mexico. colonizin triatomines. During 5 monthly field trips. 53 triatornines (49 F long/penn/s and 4 F harheri) were collected; most of them were Susceptibility of adult field populations of Cu/es collected Iinside houses, and only 8 (16.3%) F pipens qziinquefasciatus Say to pyrethroids in long/pennis were collected in the hen cages. Even Nuevo Leon, Mexico if this method was more efkctive, more research is necessary to validate it. G. Ponce, B. Lopez, A. E. Flores, M. H. Badii and 1. Fernández Salas Morphothetric comparison among Triatoina bar- Uniiersidad AutOnonza de Nuevo Leon, tI.le.vico hen (Hein iptera: Reduviidae) from the west coast of Mexico it The West Nile virus has become to Amy Jacoho-Hernández, José Alejandro public, equine, and animal health in many Martinezlbarra and Carlos Blanco-Covarrubias areas of the United States. The most serious manifestation of West Nile virus infection is fatal Centro Universitarjo del Sur. Guadalajara, Mexico encephalitis in humans and equines as well as death in certain avian species. The first cases The genus Triaio,na includes several species of avian infections in the Americas occurred that are cnsidered very important for the trans- in August 1999 in New York. NY. In actuality, mission of frvpanosoma cruz/ to humans in

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Mexico, primarily because of their capacity to species records, L. cellulana, L. saltuosa, L. colonize domestic environments. lriaton,a bar- brachipyga, and L. vela.scoi, collected in Peru. beri is one of the most important vectors of Additionally, in 2003, personnel from the Na- Chagas disease in this country because of its tional University of the Peruvian Amazon and frequent contact with humans as a source of the Naval Medical Research Center Detachment blood and its high infection rates with 71 cruzi. conducting sand fly collections in the Department This species usually occurs in houses, chicken of Loreto discovered a previously undescribed coops in villages, and in a sylvatic focus in species in the Trichophoromyia subgenus, which western Mexico. One of the main problems in we have named Lurzo,n via nautaensis sp. ii. controlling T. cruzi vectors is the recolonization Differentiation of L. nautaen.cis sp. n. from other of domiciliary habitats through migration of iric/zophoroinyia is facilitated, however, by the triatonhine bugs from sylvatic to domestic foci presence of 2 bristle tufts in the basistyle. I tuft and between neighboring localities. To determine basal and compact and the 2nd tuft apical and the mobility between habitats, it is useful to diffuse, and the paramere, which is simple and analyze the structure of representative popula- typical of the species. This new species description tions with respect to migration. To associate that and the additional records now document the mobility with morphometric parameters and to presence of 18 species in the lrichophoromyia distinguish between populations, 5 populations subgenus in Peru. along the range of this species on the west coast of Mexico were sampled. Five head measure- ments were performed on 20 adult specimens (10 Diversity of Phlebotomine (Diptera: Phlebotomi- of each sex) from each of these populations. Only nae) sand fly species in three sites of the Yucatan specimens collected inside houses were analyzed. Peninsula, Mexico Sampled populations were not significantly (P > E. A. Rebollar-Tellez, C. Pérez-Mãndez, 0.05) different according to all studied measure- A. Che-Mendoza, F. Dzul-Manzanilla and ments. We concluded that there was a single E. Tun-ku population along the area that was sampled, in spite of some recorded differences on the habits of Centro de Investigaciones Regionales I),. Hideyo some subpopulations. The mobility of these Noguchi, " Universidad A utOnoma de subpopulations has to be high to keep low metric Yucatan. Mexico differences between them, which allows for mor- phometrical "homogeneity" in the subpopulations The protozoan I.eishmania mexicana is the of the area. For control programs, this desired main parasite causing leishmaniasis iii southern outcome presents a challenge. because it is Mexico. Distribution of cases in the Yucatan more difficult to control subpopulations that are Peninsula (YP) shows a patchy geographical migrating and interbreeding with other popula- distribution. The uneven distribution of leish- tions. maniasis in the YP could be due to differences in the distribution or abundance of the sand fly vectors. In 2 transmission cycles of leishmaniasis A new species of Phlebotomine sand fly in the (2001 -2002 and 2002 -2003), we collected phleho- Amazon Basin of Peru (Diptera: Psychodidae) tomine sand flies in three sites of the YP. R. Fernández, V. Lopez, E. Requena and Selection of sites was made on the basis of J. Stancil previous reports of disease. The sites were Racanchen and Tekax in Yucatan state; La United States Naval Medical Research Center Libertad and Escarcega in Campeche state; and Detachment, Lima, Peru, and Universidad Nacto- Santa Isabel and Carrillo Puerto in Quintana nal de la Amazonia Peruana. Iquitos, Peru Roo state. Each site was sampled twice during each transmission cycle. Trapping methods in- The Lutzomyia subgenus Trichophoromyia in- cluded Shannon traps for anthropophilic species, cludes numerous species that are widely distrib- Disney traps for rodent-attracted species. and uted in the Amazon Basin. The Tnichop/Iorom)ia CDC light traps. Overall, we collected a total of subgenus was first documented in the Peruvian 4.429 specimens (1,350 in La Lihertad; 1,088 in Amazon with the description of Lutzomyia Becanchen; and 1,191 in Santa Isabel). There loretonensis (Llanos 1964) collected in the De- were marked differences in the composition partment of Loreto. In 1994, Young and Duncan and abundance of species in each site and trap- described 3 nexk species from the Peruvian ping method. Brumptomyvia m galindoi. Lurzoyia Amazon, L. chic/la, L. nenwrosa, and L. sinuosa, de/eo,ii, and Lu. cruciata were among the most for a total of 9 species reported nationally. commonly caught species. Other species such Additional studies in Peru have yielded a total as Lu. olmeca olmeca were found in variable of 13 species in the Tnichophoronivia subgenus. In densities among sites, but were more abundant in this report, we document the presence of new Santa Isabel than in the other 2 sites. DvcIMBIi 2006 MOSQUITO VvToR CONTROL SYMIosivNl 737

Natural infection of L:uzoin;ia walker (Newstead, positive controls. We found that the experimental 1914) with peripyloric Leish,nania in Trujillo formulation has a residual activity >3 months. An State, Venezuela EC lOfl% formulation of cis-permethrin plus pyriproxyfen is now being assayed as an ultra- Adalberto Gonzalez, Yolanda Méndez, Jorge low vlunie formulation on larval and adult Suhrez, Herrninia Bendezu, Eliades Ledezrna and niosquitoes, in a closed shed (420 ni2) according Milagros Oviedo to methodology described in our laboratory. We Lahoratorio Biologia c/c Luizo,nia, Centro c/c conclude that these new slow-release formulations !nvestigaeiones -Jose Wiireniu,zdo Jorrealba could be good alternatives for the larvicide NURR, Univer.cidad c/c los Andes. Trujillo. Vene- temephos for mosquito control. zuela; and Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Oriente. Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela Space repellency, irritation and toxicity of I)l)T, permethrin, and biphenthrin to Aedes aegypti by Epidemiological surveys in the lowlands of using a high-throughput screening system (HITTS) Trujillo state, Venezuela. have shown that these in Monterrey, Mexico areas are endemic for visceral and cutaneous Yuri Ayala-Sulca, A. Flores-Suarez, G. Ponce, leishmaniasis. The objective of this investigation L. 1harri-Juarez. 1. Fernandez-SaLts, J. P. Grieco was to investigate the transmission dynamics in and N. Achee these areas through the study of the sand fly fauna with Shannon and CDC miniature light A1edie,l Entomology Lahorato,v, University of traps during a 10-month period. Of the sand flies Nuevo Leon, Monterrey. Mexico; and Un/JOined caught in these traps, Luizoinpia evansi was the Services Universit y of the Health Sciences, most abundant species (70%), followed by L. Bethesda, MD ovallesi (14%) and L. gomezi (10%). Lutzoinyia walker was the least abundant (6%), but a natural Aedes aeg ypti, the primary vector of dengue infection was reported in I L. ii;alkeni. The and yellw fever, exhibits resistance to various parasite was indistinguishable from Leishmania insecticides, a situation that poses problems for spp. and the type of parasitic development was vector cbntrol programs in many countries. We peripyloric, typical of Leishniania /raziliensis. This studied a novel system for the rapid investigation is the 1st report of a natural infection of L. iial/ceni of irritating chemical compounds to measure and suggests that L. walker is a possible vector of their repellent action and their contact toxicity cutaneous leishmaniasis in this area. More studies against riosquitoes. The high-throughput screen- are needed to clarify its status as a vector. ing system (HITTS) has a modular design that allows for examination of 2 behavioral responses (contact irritancy and spatial repellency) as well Evaluation of insect growth as toxicity. Presently, other than for the biting regulators for Aedes aegypti control response there is no standard test system for Susana A. 1)e Licastro, E. Seccacini, screening new chemicals for affects on adult H. Masuh, A. Lucia and E. Zerba mosquitc behavior. The responses of Ac. aeg.ypli to various concentrations of 3 topical repellents, Centro de Jnvestigaeiozes en Plagas e In.scct,cidas DDT, prmethrin, and hiphenthrin, were evalu- (CIPEIN- CI] EFA /CONICET ated. At treatment concentrations of 25 nmol/cm2 Buenos Aires. Argentina DDT, prniethrin, and biphenthrin, mosquitoes exhibited significant contact irritant (escape) and In dengue prevention programs, an important spatial repellency (movement away from the component is the elimination of possible breeding chemical source) responses. In toxicity studies, places of Aede.c aegypti larvae. In this study, the permethrin and biphenthrin at 0.025 nmol/cnY larvicidal effect of insect growth regulators diflu- produced higher effects of "knockdown" (34%) benzuron and pyriproxyfen on 2nd- and 3rd-stage with 194 mortality, whereas DDT was 10 times larvae of the susceptible CIPEIN strain of Ae. less effective than pyrethroids. aegvpti was determined; the LC 30 values were 1.84 and 0.063 ppb, respectively. Experimental slow- Alternative insecticides in perinethrin-resistant release granular formulations 0.1% of both larvi- Aedes aej,ypti (L.) populations in Mexico cides produced 100% larval mortality at a concen- Adriana V. Flores, Ildefonso Fernández-Salas, tration of I and 0.04 ppm, respectively. A residual Gustavo Ponce-Garcia, I laydeé Loaiza-Becerra, efficacy assay was performed using 1.5-g granules Aurora Lopez Arias, Israel Garza Garza, (0.1% a.i.) in 15 liters of water (I ppm). Weekly, Guadalupe Reyes Soli, Fernando Garza, William the larvicidal effect on 2nd- and 3rd-stage larvae Brogdon, William C. Black Ill and Barry J. Beaty was determined. Novaluron 107o EC (OSCAR), pyriproxyfen 0.5% granular (SU MI LAR V). and Laborato,1io de EntoinologIa Méclica, Facultad c/c teniephos 1% sand granules (ABATE) were used as Ciencia.s BiolOgica.s, Universidacl A utbnonia c/c

738 JOURNAL OF Till: A\IFRICAN MosQuno Co rioi. AssOcl,vnON VOL. 22, No. 4

Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico; Centers for pyrethroid insecticides. To elucidate the possible Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA; and involvement of the GST system in conferring Colorado Slate University, Ft. Collins, CO DDT resistance, biochemical assays and real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Resistance surveillance is an essential step in analysis were measured in mosquitoes surviving insecticide resistance management (I RM) by DDT exposure. The frequency of individuals with providing baseline data for program planning high GST activity correlates with DDT resis- and pesticide selection and by detecting resistance tance. Preliminary results with real-time PCR at an early stage so that alternatives can he have shown overexpression of an epsilon gene implemented and used for continuous monitoring GSTe2 in these resistant populations, suggesting of resistance. We have used the bioassays and a role for this enzyme in DDT detoxification. biochemical tests to identify and document Research on Ac. aegypti resistance is in progress mechanisms of resistance of Aedes aegypti popu- to improve dengue vector control programs in lations in various regions throughout Mexico. Colombia and to implement resistance manage- This was done to provide baseline data for focal ment strategies. program planning and pesticide selection. Base- line information was collected on the susceptibil- ity of Ac. aegypti larvae and adults to the most Resistance levels against temephos in Aedes commonly applied pesticides in Mexico in the (Sregonzyia) aegypli from four states in Venezuela past, and to the most recently and potentially Leslie Alvarez and Arelis Briceño useful pesticides in the future, such as malathion. biphenthrin, deltamethrin, X-cyhalothrin, cyper- Universidad de Los Andes, Centro de Iiitestga- methrin, and propoxur. As a result of this survey, ciones .JosO Witrenmundo Torrealba" N URR, we have selected Ac. aegypti populations in the Trujillo, Vene:uela laboratory with elevated esterases associated with permethrin and temephos resistance. We calcu- Organophosphate insecticides have played an lated discriminant dose of insecticides listed important role in the control of Aede.s (Stego- above as the first step in developing an insecticide rn yia) aegypti, vector of dengue fever and dengue rotation scheme in a focal program of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Venezuela and other Amer- vector control in Mexico. ican countries. For more than 20 years, in Venezuela, temephos has been used as a larvicide and malathion as an adulticide in the control Increased glutathione S-transferases associated to campaigns for this vector. Thus, we selected 5 1)1)1 resistance in Aedes aegyj#i from Colombia strains of Aedes (Stegomnyia) aegypti from 4 Idalyd Fonseca, Tara Brant. Venezuelan states— •Trujillo (PTO and SM), Zulia Martha L. QuinOnes and William G. Brogdon (Z), Falcon (F). and Táchira (TB)- to determine resistance levels against temephos. Bioassays were Irograrna de E.studio y Control de Enfrnwdades done with 4th-stage larvae by testing 5 concen- Tropicales (PEcET.), Univer.cidad de Antioquia, trations, according the WHO methodology. Medellin, Colombia; and Centers fin- Disease When we determined the resistance ranges, Control and Prevention. Atlanta. GA strains TB, Z. and F showed low levels of resistance (less than 5-fold); the strain from The continued use of chemical pesticides could Trujillo state (PTO) showed moderate resistance result in resistance in medically important insects. (6.3-fold), and SM was susceptible. Our results Two major resistance mechanisms have been suggest that these populations should be under involved: increased metabolic detoxification and surveillance constantly to observe any change in reduction in the sensitivity of insecticides target resistance levels against temephos, and that we site. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play should include pyrethroid insecticides for their a central role in the detoxification of xenohiotics control. Additionally. it is necessary to under- such as insecticides, and elevated GST expression stand the behavior of any Aedes (Stegomyia) is an important mechanism of I)I)T resistance. aegypti population that could be part of vector Field populations of Aedes aegypti were collected control with this insecticide in Venezuela. from localities in Putumayo, Choco, Bolivar, and Antioquia, Colombia. High levels of resistance to DDT were detected in all of the evaluated Accurate estimation of the total Aede.s aegypti populations by bioassays using World Health pupal numbers in large water storage containers Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Claudia M. E. Romero-Vivas, Pedro Arango- Control and Prevention (CDC) methodologies. Padilla and Andrew K. I. Falconar The mortality levels ranged from 5% (Santa Rosa, Bolivar) to 35% (Ilayita. Quibdo). None of Grupo de Investigaciones en .Enfer,nedades Tropi- the DDT-resistant populations were resistant to cales, Departaniento de Ciencias BOsica,c Médicas. DiciMuiR 2006 Musui to Vic rug CONTROL SYMPOSIUM 739

Universidad del Norte; Grupo Control c/c Vectorcs, Abate.elimination of disposable containers and Secretaria Distrital de Sa/uci. ST with Aqua Reslin® Super (permethrin-esbiol- Barranquilla. Colombia piperonl butoxide). Outcomes were evaluated by entomological assessments and passive dengue Each house in 3 neighborhoods of Barranquilla, surveillance. Integrated measures effectively re- Colombia, where high dengue fever case incidences duced mosquito indicators (85-98%), especially have been registered over the past 7 years, was where all antilarval and adulticiding measures inspected during the wet and dry seasons to assess were implemented. In contrast, limited suppres- the most abundant and Aedes aegvpti pupae- sion wa observed where conventional measures productive breeding sites. Information was re- were undertaken, perhaps because preventive corded about the numbers of potential wet and antilarval measures were never synchronized with pupae-positive containers, the types of these insecticide space treatments. Community partic- breeding sites, their material, location (indoors/ ipation by all actors involved was enthusiastic outdoors), condition (covered/uncovered), and and sustainedI throughout the intervention, prob- the total numbers of pupae in each water ably beciuse residents and local authorities were container. Because it is impossible to routinely constantly briefed on the achievements reached. count the total number of Ac. aegypti pupae in the Therefore, community-based source reduction large (>20-liter) water storage containers (tanks and proper management of water-storing con- and drums), which were the most productive tainers caused a sharp reduction of larval breeding sites, we compared the total pupae indicators, even where no temephos was distrib- counted in 596/697 (85%) of these containers to uted. I the estimated numbers of pupae present obtained by using a "sweeping method" coupled with calibration factors. There was a strong positive aegipti production in glass vases correlation between the numbers of Ac. aegypti Cirlos Humberto Marin-Herniindez, pupae collected by the sweeping method coupled H umbert Quiroz-Martinez. Ariadna Rodriguez- with the calibration factors and the total number Castro, M. H. Badii, Juan Francisco Martinez- of pupae counted (r = 0.9). The information Pei-ales and Abraham Flores-Mellado produced by both methods was similar regarding the most productive, the most abundant, and I.aboratoho c/c Entomo/ogia, Facu/lad c/c Ciencias therefore the most important Ac. aegypli breeding Biológica.. Un iversiclacl A utonoma c/c Nuevo LeOn, sites against which control programs should be Sin Nico/Os c/c los Garza, Mexico focused. Further validation studies of this sweep- ing method and the applied calibration factors Experiments to define Aedes aegypti produc- need to be performed in other areas. tion in glass vases were conducted. The study was carried odt using 120 units with 3 liters of water, which were to be colonized naturally by mosqui- Integrated control of Aedes aegypri and Ac. toes. The other part of the study consisted of albopietus in southern Chiapas, Mexico a simulated production of mosquitoes with the Juan I. Arredondo-Jiménez, Norma E. Rivero, introductin of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 1st instars. José OrdOñez-González. Kenia M. Valdez- Data analysis was made by linear regression and Delgado and Margarita Pérez-Ramirez correlatioit coefficient. In the natural production, 62.5% of1 containers were positive, with pre- Ceti Ira c/c In Iestigación de Paluc/ismo. Instituto dominantly 4th instars. The simulated production Nacional de Saluci Pithlica. Tapachula, was significant between total larvae and adults, Chiapas. Mexico but no significance was obtained to all the stages individually. We evaluated dengue vector (Aecle.r aegypti and Ac. albopictus) integrated control strategies com- pared with conventional measures in cities from Distribution and larval ecology of Anopheline southern Chiapas, Mexico. Treatments were 1) mosquitoes in an ecologically complex region of the antilarval measures, no insecticide (ALNI). in- neotropics cluding community education and participation @ary Fritz, Reema Paudel and (CP) + complete adulticide measures (CAM), Corey Brelsfoard including indoor "fast" spraying with Anvil® (ci- phenothrin) (FS) of dengue-positive and "high- Department o,i Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois risk" houses, and space treatments with Anvil Universit y, Charleston, IL (ST); 2) antilarval measures, insecticide (AU), with CP and Abate® (temephos) pellets (TP) + The Chapare/Carrasco Valley region in Bolivia ST; 3) ALl + FS + ST; and 4) a conventional exemplifies Ithe changing nature of tropical rain approach, including larviciding with granular forest in South America with concomitant

740 JOIJRAI, 01 nil A\4FRICAN MOSQUITO CONTROl. ASSOCIA noN Vot.. 22, No. 4 changes in the epidemiology of malaria. Most of identified and characterized 2 km around 4 main the Chapare/Carrasco Valley is now secondary villages: Boca de Nichare, Surapire, Icutu. and forest or cultivated lands with subsistence farm- Playón. Six hydrological types of habitats were ers, large-scale agricultural monoculture, cattle identified, and 8 anopheline species were collect- ranches, and a high proportion of migrant ed: lagoon (An. triannulatus, An. oswaldoi. Ali. workers. This region also has the highest in- dar/ingi. and An. (Nv.) sp.), back swamp forest cidence of malaria in Cochabamba state. This (An. oswaldoi and An. niediopunctatus s. I.), study examined the distribution and larval swamp (A17. o.cwa/doi). pool (An. mecliopunciatus ecology of 7 anopheline species in this ecologi- s. I.), river (Chagasia hat/za,ia. An. nunezto ian, cally complex valley. Species distributions were An. ositaldoi, An. mediopunctatus s.l., and All. not random and correlated to altitude, water squain,Jeniur), and spring (An. niediopunctatus S. I. quality parameters, and vegetation profiles. and An. (Ste.) sp.). At each collecting site, 30 Anopheles trinkae, Ali. Jluininensis, and An. scoops with a 230-ml dipper were made, and the oswaldoi sI. were primarily found in higher number of larvae per dip was counted. Physico- altitude, riverine regions of the eastern slopes of chemical parameters and type of vegetation were the Andes Mountains. Anopheles triannulatus was recorded. Human landing catches were con- widely distributed, whereas Ali. .ctrodci. An. ducted outdoors in the 4 villages and light traps /luininensis. and An. oswaldoi sI. had relatively (CDC and UV updraft) were placed inside restricted distributions. Anopheles marajoara was human dwellings. Only 4 species of adult females common in low, grassland areas, often with were collected: An. danlingi. An. OsH)aldOi, An. cattle. Depending on species, distributions corre- nuneztovari. and An. hraziliensis. This is the first lated to altitude, vegetation, pH, volatile and report of anophelines from this malaria endemic fixed solids, total dissolved solids, ammoniuin, area of the country. The project was funded by nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand, empha- FONACIT-2005000034. sizing the importance of regional solutions to malaria control. Spatial and temporal distribution of Anopheline larvae in a malaria-endemic area of Bolivar State, Venezuela Ecological characterization of Anopheline J. E. Moreno, V. Sanchez and Y. Rubio-Palis habitat in the lower Caura River basin, Venezuela Instiluto de A /to.s Estudios Di. A inoldo Gahal- Y. Rubio-Palis, J. E. Moreno. M. Bevilacqua don. MSDS: Centro c/c Iniestigaciones c/c Campo and D. Medina "Dr. Francesco Vitanza Tuniereino. Bolivar, Venezuela; DirecciOn c/c Salud A nib/eu tcz/. MSDS, de So/nd Anihiental, MSDS, Maracay; i3ilaracai, Venezuela; and BIOMED, Universidad BIOMED, Universidad de (.araboho. Maracay: de Caraboho, Maraca p. Venezuela Instituto de Altos Estudios Dr. A iioldo Gabal- don, " MSDS; Centro de Inre.rIiaciones de canipo The Municipality of Sifontes, located in the "Dr. Francesco Vitanza, " Tunuremo; Asociación northeastern part of Bolivar state. Venezuela, is Venezolana para la Conservación de Areas Nat- one of the major malaria foci in the country. wales (A COA NA), Caracas. Venezuela During the past 2 years, the number of malaria cases has increased dramatically. In 2003, a total The Caura River basin, located south of the of 5,273 cases were reported, and during 2004 the Orinoco River in the center of the Bolivar state number of cases increased to 14,657. The (03"37...07"47N. 63°23" •6535W), is an impor- objective of the present study was to determine tant forest frontier that covers 47.000 km. The the spatial and temporal distribution of anoph- landscape is gently undulated with interspersed dine larvae. Between September 2002 and De- low hills (peneplains) and the predominant cember 2003, larvae were collected monthly from vegetation is macrothermic ombrophilous forests different previously characterized larval habitats. and savannahs. Altitude is <300 m, mean annual Anopheline species were identified per dip to rainfall 1,980-2.970 mm, mean annual tempera- determine the density of each anopheline species ture is 26.6 .27.7°C, and relative humidity is 75 in each type of larval habitat. Additionally, 85%. From the eco-epidemiological point of physicochemical parameters and type of vegeta- view, malaria transmission is classified as interior tion in each collecting site were recorded. The lowland forest malaria. The lower Caura is CANOC() analysis showed that the presence or inhabited by Amerindians of the Yekwana and absence of a particular Anopheles species was Sanenia ethnic groups. The objective of the determined by the dynamics of the habitat, type present study was to describe the habitats of of vegetation, and ambient light conditions. In anophelines around villages of this unexplored general, the abundance was higher during the dry malaria endemic area. Larval habitats were season; nevertheless, this situation might change

DIacEuuI:R 2006 MosQurlo VvcroR Coarioi. SYMPOSIUM 74

according to the type of habitat and the Diagiostic doses by bottle bioassays for pyre- anopheline species. Anopheles triannulatus is more throids, organophosphates, and DI)T susceptibility abundant during the dry season (February- testing of Anopheles darlingi root from Antioquia, April), whereas An. ,narajoara and An. dar/ingi, Colombia the main malaria vectors, are more abundant Idalyd Fonseca, Martha L. Quinones, Rocio during the rainy season (May-January). The Cuirdenas, Wilber Gómez and present results contribute to a better understand- William G. Brogdon ing of the influence of climate on the transmission of malaria in this endemic area of southern Pro grama de Estudio v Control de EnJrmedades Venezuela. This project was funded by the Inter- Tropiccle.c (PECET), Universiclad deAntioqula; American Institute for Global Change Research .Facu/ic,c/ di. Salud Puiblica, Uniicrsiclaci Nacional, (IAI-CRN-048). Bogota, Colombia; Dirección Seccional de Saluci An tioqula, Colombia; and Centers Jar Disease Changes in the vectorial capacity of Anopheles Cbntrol and Prevention. Atlanta, GA aThi,nanu.s in Colombia associated with increases in temperature Anopheles darlingi Root is the most important malaria vector in South America. Until 1991, Guillermo L. Rüa, Martha L. Quiñónes, lvin DDT was used for malaria control, whereas D. Vélez, William Rojas, (Iermán Poveda. Juan pyrethroids and some organophosphates are now S. Zuluaga and Daniel Ruiz applied for malaria control. The recent evolution of pyrethroid resistance in several Anopheles Pro grania c/c Estudio y Control de Enjermedades species represents a major threat for the future 7roncales (PECET), (Jniiersiclad de A ntioqu!a, success o f malaria control programs. The bottle Medellin: Corporcición para In vestigaciones bioassay was used to establish baseline insecticide Biológicas. Medellin: Escuela de Geociencias y mortality,, data of adult female An. darlingi from I Icledjo A inhiente, Universidad Nacional de location in northeastern part of the Department Colombia, Medellin; Programa de Ingeneeria of Antio4uia, Colombia, where no insecticide has Ambiental, Escuela de Ingenieria de Anhioquia. been used for 10 years. The diagnostic dose (1)1)) Medellin, Medellin; and Departainenlo de Salud was deiiied as the lowest dose that caused Puiblica, Facultad de Medicina, Un iversidad mosquitoes to die at a maximal rate. We Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia evaluated insecticides currently used and others that could be used if insecticide resistance was Increases in malaria incidence in Colombia detected. The I)Ds were 25 .tg/bottle/20 rnin for have been related to anomalies in air tempera- lambdacyha loth rin, 25 .tg/bottle/20 min for del- tures, commonly observed during El Niño events. tamethrinl 21.5 fIg/bottle/I 5 min for permeth rin, Increasing temperatures significantly alter those 25 4g/botile/15 min for cytluthrin, 100 jig/bottle! entomological variables relevant for malaria 40 min fr DDT, 50 j.ig/bottle/35 minfor feni- transmission, which in turn affect the vectorial trothion, and 50 j.ig/bottle/25 min for malathion. capacity and the concomitant disease incidence. These D1)s will allow for future monitoring of Assessing the impact of this climatic variable on resistance levels of Au. darlingi in this region. the vectorial capacity could lead to identification Data from these tests are currently used in of those key variables that are strongly affected a national stud), on resistance and the resistance by increasing temperatures and that could en- surveillance network in Colombia. hance malaria transmission. The impact of temperature on the vectorial capacity of Anopli- des albimanus in a high endemic locality in Multiple resistance to insecticides in Anopheles Colombia was evaluated through the analysis of marajoira from Guarico State, Venezuela a historical time series of monthly vector densities Darjaiiiva Molina Dc Fernandez, Luisa estimated during 7 years. This information was Figueroa and Enrique Perez combined with data on the gonotrophic cycle, sporogonic cycle, and survival that have been Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud Puiblicci estimated under controlled laboratory conditions. Arnoldo GabaldOn ; Direccibn c/c Salud Am- Increasing temperature from 24 to 27°C increased hien tal v C San itaria. Li! inisterio c/c the vectorial capacity of An. al/,imanus by 24%. Salud, Maracay, Venezuela The observed relationship between vectorial capacity and temperature was nonlinear with Adult populations of Anopheles marajoara a maximum potential of transmission around from agricultural areas of the Calahozo, Guuirico 27°C. a temperature observed in the area during state, Venezuela. a region with sporadic malaria El Niño events. The duration of the sporogonic transmission, showed resistance to the 3 major cycle was the variable most affected by increasing insecticide I groups (pyrethroids, organopho- temperatures. sphates, and carbamates). We assessed resistance

742 JOURNAl. OF TIlE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL AssocI,\1 ION Voi.. 22, No. 4 with biological and biochemical methodologies dances. In both years, Shannon -Weiner diversity by using impregnated papers with insecticides values were significantly depressed after algal prepared in our laboratory with conventional extraction for a period of 3 (2001) or 4 (2002) World Health Organization (WHO) bioassays months, before returning to values similar to according to standards established by the WHO those of the control zone. We conclude that this and Wheaton bottles bioassay containing mea- intervention has a relatively small impact on sured insecticide doses. The biochemical tests these aquatic predators. indicated increased enzyme level of nonspecific esterases and mixed function oxidases. and there was evidence of insensitive acetyicholinesterase. Small-scale field trial of These results are discussed in terms of the zooprophylaxis for Anopheles problem of multiresistance surveillance in the albinsanus control in southern Mexico field, especially to the agricultural insecticide application that also might contribute to in- Armando Ulloa, Gabriel Fuentes-Maldonado, secticide pressure or select for resistant individu- Mario Henry Rodriguez, Juan I. Arredondo- als throughout of pest control. Anopheles mar- Jimênez, Mauricio Casas-Martinez and ajoara is one of the important vectors of malaria Lilia Gonzalez CerOn in the endemic foci of Bolivar state, Venezuela, in Centro de Inve.rtigaciOn de Paludi.s,no, Centro de Plasmodium terms of its density and positivity for In Iesligacion sohre Enfi-rmedades I?JeCCiO.SaSI falciparum P. vivax. and It is the primary vector INSP, Chiapas. Mexico around the city of Macapã in Amapá state. Brazil, and its importance in malaria transmission In malaria control, the use of domestic animals has been corroborated in the city of Boa Vista in to mitigate mosquito bites on humans has been Roraima state, Brazil. called "zooprophylaxis." The present study was designed to establish whether curtain traps impregnated with biphenthrin to 23.3% emulsifi- Environmental manipulation for Anopheles control able concentrate (EC) and baited with a horse temporarily reduces the diversity of odonate would be effective against Anopheles a/bi,nanus predators human-biting populations. The experiments were carried out in 3 villages located in southern J. G. Bond, R. Novelo-Gutierrez. A. Ulloa, J. Chiapas. In Nueva Independencia village, zoo- C. Rojas, H. Quiroz-Martinez and T. Williams prophylaxis and insecticides were tested; in Emiliano Zapata, only zooprophylaxis without Centro de In vest igacion de Paludismo-INSP, insecticide was evaluated; and Simon Bolivar was Tapac/iula, Chiapas; ECOSLIR, 7 apachula. used as a control village. The abundance, parity Chiapas; Insliluto de Ecologia. Xalaj,a. Veracruz, rate, and human blood index of An. albi,nanus Facultaci de Cicncias Biológicas, Univcrsidad were measured. The results demonstrated that AzitOnonia de Nuevo LeOn. San Nicolas de los zooprophylaxis with insecticide had a significant Garza, Nuevo LeOn, Mexico; Depariamento Pro- effect on all variables, with an 81%, 44%, and clu:ciOn Agraria, Universidad POblica 1e Navarra, 57% reduction, respectively. No effect was Pamplona, Spain observed using zooprophylaxis alone. The results Extraction of filamentous algae from river- of this study suggest that zooprophylaxis may be side pools is a highly effective intervention for a strategy viable to reduce the abundance and longevity of An. albinianus populations in south- control of Anopheles p.ceudopunc!ipenni.s. We ern Mexico. examined the magnitude of changes to odonate diversity, as important mosquito predators, and its recovery rate after single annual extractions of Current evidence of Anopheles azfecus in Mexico algae from An. pseudopuizclzpennis breeding pools Mauricio Casas Martinez. Arnoldo Orozco along 3-km sections of the River Coatán, Bonilla and Richard C. Wilkerson Chiapas, Mexico, over 2 years. An adjacent 3- km control section remained untreated. Monthly In,stiluto Nacional de Salud Pahlicalceniro de samples of odonates were collected in control In vest igaciOn de Paludismo. Tapac/zula, Mexico; and extraction zones during 5 months each year. and Department of Entomology. Walter Reed Overall, 6 families, 10 genera. 16 species, and 965 Army Institute of Research. Silver Spring, MD odonate individuals were registered. Sampling before algal extraction in 2001 confirmed no Anopheles aztecus Hoffman 1935, a malaria difference in the diversity of odonates in control vector of the Mexican central plateau and and extraction zones. Algal extraction resulted in neovolcanic range, has not been reported since minor but detectable changes in the odonate the decade of 1960s. Currently, this native species diversity, but no significant changes in abun- is not associated with any residual malaria focus DzcI:MizI:R 2006 Mosoiji ro VIcroR CONTROL SvNl posIuu 743 in the country. However, Anopheles larvae were whoseeffect was significant on the malaria found in 3 collections from Texcoco Lake incidence due to P. vilax and P. fi/ciparu,n. (191630"N, 99°0820"W) located in the Mexico Similar models could be validated in different Valley, between January 2003 and March 2005. ecological environments, such as the Peruvian The immature stages were collected in a hydro- jungle. and in other countries. logical system of eutrophic channels with floating (Eic/zhornia sp.) and submerged (Ceratophylluin Seasonal susceptibility in Lutzomyia etansi sp.) aquatic vegetation, near tourist areas at (Nune,L1ovar, 1924) to experimental infection 2,260 ni above sea level. The larvae were main- with Leishinania chagasi tained in the laboratory until their emergence to adults and taxonomically identified. A pair M. J. Oviedo. A. Gonzáles, J. V. Scorza and (female and male) of mosquitoes was sent to the M. I). Feliciangeli Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit for taxonomic reconfirmation. The samples were identified as Universidad de Los Ande.c, Trujillo; Laborator y of An. aziecus, and specimens have been deposited Lutzo,n via Biology, Centro Tru/illano de In ve.sti- in the mosquito collection at the Malaria Re- gaciones lfarasicoh5gicas Jose Witreinundo Tor- search Center. Further studies should he con- rca/ha, NURR-ULA, Trujillo; Instituto (IC Inves- ducted to clarify the distributional status of this tlgacione.s Bio,nédica.s (B/OMEn), and UC, reemerging mosquito, especially in the context of Niicleo A ragua, Maracay, Venezuela recent conservation activities for Texcoco Lake, contiguous with Mexico City, the largest urban Lutzom.jia ezansi has been associated with center in the world. transmission of Leislunania chagasi, etiological agent of he American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) in Colombia and Venezuela. In different Influence of climatic variability on the malaria geographicil areas of Venezuela where AVL is incidence due to Plas,nodium falciparuin and endemic, this species has been described as, with P. vivax in a Peruvian endemic area a certain hnthropophilic grade, abundant, in P. Ventosilla, E. Huarcaya, J. Chauca. exclusive orl sympatric form with L. bongipalpis, A.M. Palacios, P. Gutierrez and J. Aron and, with iiatural infection rates ranging from 0.02% to 0l5%. Present study was conducted Institute de Medicina Tropical Alexander von with the objective to know its vectorial compe- Humboldt"- UICH: Region de Sa/ud Luciano tence for I) chagasi under experimental condi- Castillo . Cobonna, Piura, Peru; School of tions. A chracterized Leishmaizia c/zagasi isolate hygiene and Public health, Baltimore. MD: and (MHOM/VE/99/YUSBELIS) was used as well as Fa,ni/y and Community Medicine, University of L. evansi indviduals collected in different times of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM the year (2002-2004), in a nonendernic zone lor leishmaniasi; and the F 1 generation of these sand The influence of climate change on the trans- flies was obtained. Twenty-four infection assays mission of malaria continues to be a subject of were conducted, feeding 832 sand flies over considerable debate. It is known that variation in a hamster subcutaneous inoculum of 5 X 10 climatic conditions has a profound effect on the arnastigotes/0.7 ml. Parasite development pattern life of mosquitoes and on the development of was suprapyloric, with parasites gleic tampon malaria parasites. The objective of this study was formation at esophagic valve, where the y reached to analyze, through a statistical model of auto- the metacycli form. High experimental infection regression-distributed lag, the relationship be- rates were obtained either in field and laboratory tween climatic variables (temperature, precipita- individuals frpm populations collected in Sep- tion, and humidity) and malaria incidence rate of teniher (16.6%). October (22.3%), and November Ilasmodiuni falciparuin and P. vivax in the main (39.7%), contrastin g with February. August (in- endemic areas Luciano Castillo & Colonna fection rate of 0.5%) these differences were Health Region, Piura, Peru, during 1995-2002. statistically significant (Yates correction = The highest incidence of P. ji/ciparum malaria 105.67. P < 00001). Bioecological factors could was recorded during the El Niño phenomenon, be associated with seasonal susceptibility in this which occurred between June 1997 and June species, and nztural infection rates reported in 1998. However, malaria due to P. vivax did not different geogriphical regions for same periods show a dramatic increase. Taking in consider- seem to confirih hypothesis. ation only the effect of incidence in previous months and seasonality, the adjustment of auto- regression model for the malaria incidence due to Discovery of typhus group Rickettsia in Am- bljommmza P. vivax was 41.2% and P. ftibciparuni 56.0% (R2 ticks in the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico total). Temperature and humidity (and their Aaron Medina-Shnchez, Donald H. Bouyer, interactions) have been the climatic variables Claudio Mafra, Jorge Zavala-Castro, Ted

744 JOURNAL oil 1111 AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION Vot.. 22, No. 4

Whitworth, Vsevolod L. Popov, lldefonso ing of DNA-covered microparticles. Bacillus Fernãndez-Salas, Adriana Flores and tlzuringiensis variety israelensis Cry toxins were David H. Walker introduced using several constructs in the pCAM- BIAI30I vector. In the selection stage, 81 clones Medical Entomology Laboratory, Universidad were obtained. Positive transformation was con- Autonoina de Nuevo Leon. Mexico: and Rickettsia firmed by polymerase chain reaction and South- Laborator y, University of Texas Medical Branch. ern blot analysis. Selected transgenic algae Galveston, TX demonstrated high toxicity to Aedes aegypti and Anophele.s alhi,nanu.r larvae in bioassays. All Ac. Epidemic louse-borne typhus was a scourge of aegypti larvae died within 3 to 4 days of exposure, Mexico from early colonial days until the mid- whereas all An. albimanus larvae died within 4 to 19th century, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever 6 days of exposure, although the difference was has caused highly fatal outbreaks in northern not significant (P > 0.05). Progressive deteriora- Mexico since the 1940s. An outbreak of 96 cases tion of the midgut epithelium was observed in of typhus group rickettsiosis occurred in Mon- larvae exposed to Cry4A. Cry4B toxin-producing ternorelos County in the state of Nuevo Leon in cyanobacteria. This is the first report of a success- 1997. Thus, we initiated surveillance of the ful transformation of a filamentous alga by using possible vectors of rickettsia in this region of a transformation vector from higher plants. Mexico. The Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo P. animali.c LeOn in collaboration with the University of Previous demonstration of in a mos- quito provides evidence that this transgenic Texas Medical Branch and the Department of Health of the state of Nuevo LeOn analyzed the cyanohacteria may be an excellent candidate for sera of patients suspected to have dengue fever by malaria and dengue mosquito vector control. using immunofluorescence and the Western blot technique. We observed a substantial prevalence Epidemiological surveillance of Chagas disease of antibodies to both the typhus and spotted fever with community participation in Trujillo State, groups of rickettsiae. In a search for potential Venezuela etiologic agents, we collected ticks and fleas at 2 sites in Nuevo Leon and examined them in cell JesOs A. Benitez B and Elina M. Rojas M cultures and by polymerase chain reaction for the genus-specific 17-kDa protein gene. Eighteen Instituto Experimental José Wztrenzundo percent of the ticks contained rickettsial DNA, Torrealba. " Universidad c/c Los Andes. and a typhus group rickettsia was isolated from 2 Trujillo, Venezuela Amblyonuna ticks. Antityphus group lipopolysac- We evaluated a model of unconventional charide monoclonal antibody reactivity and surveillance for Chagas disease based on com- ultrastructural characteristics identified a typhus munity participation by means of sentinel points group rickettsia that is being characterized by referred to as triatomine notification points (or DNA sequence analysis of the 17-kDa, ompA, PNTs in Spanish). We conducted a longitudinal, ompB, and gItA genes. descriptive study in 4 communities in the Chagas disease endemic area in two of these communities Genetic transformation with bacterial toxins of a (Tres Matas and El Secreto). Teachers, students, cyanobacteria and their potential use in mosquito and other community members were trained in control the qualitative identification of the triatomines and in general aspects that included risk factors Maria Guadalupe Vãzquez-Martinez, Mario for Chagas disease. The other 2 communities (La H. Rodriguez, Fidel Flerniindez-Hernández. José Viciosa and Valerita) were untreated controls Luis Cabrera-Ponce, Regina Basurto Rios and where the traditional health surveillance system Jorge E. Ibarra of reports occurred compared to the number of Centro de In vest igaciOn c/c Paludi.smo, JNSP, reports for the two locality groups. In all of the Tapac/iula; Centro c/c In lest igaciones soh,e En- communities, we also conducted a serological ferinedades Infecciosas. INSP. Cuernavaca; Dc- survey despite active transmission of the disease, partanen to Dc Patologia Experinen tal, CLV- bioethical norms were respected, and informed VESTA V. Mexico: I)epartamento de Ingenieria consent agreements were signed by those involved GenCtica de I/anta.r, CIN VESTA V. Irapuato, in the study. In the 4-month evaluation. 53 Guanajuato, and Departainento de Bioteenologia y reports from 42 persons that reported on more BioquImica, CIN VESTA V, Irapuato, than I opportunity captured 120 insects; 97 were Guanajuato, Mexico identified by the collectors as triatomines and by the entomologists as Rhodnius prolixus (55), Phor,nidiu,n aninialis cianobacteria isolated Triaro,na maculate (30), Eratyrus Inucronatus frorn Anopheles albimanus larval breeding sites (8), and Panstrongylu.s geniculatus (4). Six R. were genetically transformed by hiohalistic shoot- prolixus were positive for Trypanosoina c:ruzi. In DECEMIIFR 2006 Mosuiro Vi-c-1-01t C0NTs0L SMPosILJM 745 the comparison of the 2 groups of communities District Iof Columbia, and was probably intro- with and without surveillance, statistically signif- duced into these areas as well as into Cuba by icant differences were observed (P < 0.005), and human activity. We briefly review pertinent an odds ratio value larger than 3 was found for aspects of the taxonomic histoiy, geographical all the study variables. The serological survey distribution, and biology of these 3 species and showed that no active transmission existed in the the 2 other members of the genus, which are zone, based on the negative seroreactivity in presently, known to inhabit Cuba. people younger than 15 years of age, despite having triatomines captured in their houses. These results motivate us to the implement a wider Coffee agriculture promotes Phiebotomine species evaluation in areas at risk to Chagas disease, by ariability in Trujillo, Venezuela using organized community participation under iia Hernhndez, Elina Rojas and continuous supervision. Rafiel Barazarte ini,ersu/ad de Los Andes, Trujillo. Venezuela Forensic entomology in Nuevo Leon, Mexico In a offee agricultural settlement 15 km Humberto Quiroz-Martinez, Ariadna northeast of Trujillo, Venezuela (9°1840"N, Rodriguez-Castro, Abraham Flores-Mellado, 702728"W), with altitudes ranging from 900 to Carlos Humberto Marin-Hernández and 1,467 m and a 15-km slope, the incidence of Alejandra Peña Estrada American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) was reported as 2.3% during November 2003—June La/,oratorio (IC Entoinologia. /-aeultad de Ciencia.v 2004. A study of the phlebotomine fauna to Biológicis, Univer.ridac/ A Utonoflia de NUeIO Leon. determine the sand fly species involved in the San Nicols de Ins Garza, Nuevo Leon, Méx jeo transmissin cycle of the disease was conducted in this area. ICDC light traps were placed outdoors Understanding the process of corpse decom- for weekly serial captures during June and July position forms the basis of establishing the 2003, at 3 altitudinal points (952 in [A]; 1,248 m postmortem interval in any death investigation [B]; and i,.302 in where Leishniania /,razilien- using insect evidence. Studies were conducted on sic infection in humans or dogs had been the insects associated with a decomposing car- detected. 1l total, 1,112 specimens were captured: cass. Heads of Sus scrofè, were used as traps. J.utzomyia. young! (81.6%), L. mlgonei (11%), L. Insects were collected with an insect net and fine- oiallesi (4J8%), L. serrana (2.3%), and L. /ichvi point forceps, preserved in ethyl alcohol, and (0.2%). !.ltzomvia youngi and L. oiallesi were later identified. The most common species of found at all collection points, whereas the other 3 dipterans collected were Coc/i/ioniyia ,nace//ar,a, species were collected above 1,248 m. Lutzonnia Ch vsoniya inegacephala. CJiriswn pa rutIfacflS, serrana and L. lichyi were caught only at point B, and Sarcophaga /iaeniorrhoidalis as well as the which coincidentally was a dwelling within the beetles Der,ne.rtes caninus and Necrobia rut ipes. coffee plantation where 7 of its 9 members had suffered ATL. I_utzoniyia voungi, which is con- sidered to be the predominant species in the New records of cyclopoid copepods species from Venezuelan Andes with a constant 80% of Cuba: an alternative for mosquito control ahundanceJ had been repeatedly incriminated as Zulema Menéndez. Janet W. Reid, Rigoberto an ATL vector in periurhan areas ofTrujihlo. The Fimia, Silvia SOarez and Cristina Diaz other species, which are considered as potential vectors, miht contribute to the epidemiological Cuban Zoology Societ y and World Association of profile of this area where a high proportion of the (opepodologi.rts, Havana, Cuba residents lld suffered the disease. it seems that landscape characteristics model the occurrence of We report new records of cyclopoid copepods certain sand fly species. Because coffee planta- of the genus Mesocvc/ops from Cuba. In the tions are cnsidered epidemiologically related to tropics, several species of Mesoevc/ops have ATL, further evaluations of these sites are shown promise as biological control agents for appropriate( to determine the eventual positive the larvae of disease-hearing mosquitoes. Mesa- association between phlehotomine fauna variabil- c yclops a.spericorni.r is considered pan-tropical, ity and disese prevalence. but it has not previously been recorded here. Mesocvc/ops ,eidae, now found in a new locality, was previously reported from Cuba under the The search for West Nile virus in Culex quinque- jsciarus name M. elliptieu.r. The Asian species Al. (Say, 1823) in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico pe/lpeiensis has been previously reported in the Julián Everardo Garcia-Rejôn, José Arturo Americas from Louisiana. Mississippi, and the FarfIl-Ale, Maria Alba LoroOo-Pino, Elsy Del

746 JoURNAl. OF 1 NI, ASIIERIcAN Mosurio CON rRol. AssoclArloN Vol.. 22, No. 4

Pilar Rosado-Paredes, Luis Felipe Flores-Flores, Juliãn Everardo Garcia-Rejôn, José Arturo Jaidy Marlene Chávez-Medina. Carlos Raak- Farfan-Ale. Armando Ulloa-Garcia, Luis Felipe Baak, Ildefonso Fernãndez-Salas, Bradley Flores-Flores, Carlos Baak-Baak, Elsy Rosado- Blitvich and Barry Beaty Paredes, Ildefonso Fernández-Salas and Barry Beaty Universidad A utonoma De Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan: Universidad AutOnona de Nuevo Leon Universidad Aulónoma de Yucatan; Centro de Monterrev, Nuevo Leon: and Colorado Stare Inve.ctigaciones Sobre Paludismo, Chiapas: Uni- University. Ft. Collins, CO versidad A u!ononia de Nuevo LeOn, Monterrey, Mexico: and Colorado State University, Ft. West Nile Virus (WNV) belongs to the genus Collins. CO FIaviliru.c in the family Flavitiridae. In its trans- mission cycle, it involves mosquitoes and birds, West Nile Virus (WNV) belongs to the genus although occasionally it is transmitted by other Flay/virus in the family Flaviviridac. Its trails- hosts such as humans and equine species, in mission cycle involves mosquitoes and birds, which this virus can cause illness with neurolog- although occasionally it is transmitted to other ical manifestations. This virus has been reported hosts such as humans and equines, in which this in horses as well as migratory and resident birds virus can cause illness, including neurological in the city of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. For its manifestations. In Yucatan, evidence of presence possible control, it is important to know the of this virus has been revealed by positive principal biological aspects of the mosquito serology in horses and migratory and resident vector Culex quinquefa.sciatus. which is well birds. Considering that WNV is already present adapted to the urban conditions of this city. in the Yucatan, specifically in Mérida, it is The objective of this study was to find WNV in important to know the principal biological this mosquito species. Beginning in October 2004, characteristics of its mosquito vector Culex sampling was conducted in the city of Merida by quinquef/isciatus. The objective of this study was using entomologic methods such as red boxes, to determine the length of the gonotrophic cycle resting sites with a backpack aspirator. and and survival of this species. Mosquito collections Mosquito Magnet machines. For sampling, the were made for 25 days. Mosquitoes were taken city was divided into 4 areas, and reverse into the laboratory where they were separated as transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used fed, empty, and gravid; for classification of to analyze mosquitoes in the laboratory. In this abdominal appearance with blood, separations part of the study, pools of female mosquitoes (35) were freshly fed, late stage fed, half gravid, and captured in the same area and date where subgravid. The mosquitoes were dissected and processed together. The trophic state all female classified as nulliparous and parous females mosquitoes was determined, and they were according to the appearance of the tracheolar classified as gravid, unfed, and fed. In the last system. The gonotrophic cycle was estimated with group, state of digestibility of the blood also was time series, and the survival of the mosquito determined. From January to September 2005. population with Davidsons formula. The cross- 3,014 male and 7,822 female mosquitoes in total correlation data suggested similar length of were captured with the Mosquito Magnet ma- gonotrophic cycle of 4 days in both periods. chines. The prime capture time for these mosqui- The survival rate of the mosquito population toes was after midnight; 98% were unfed females. collected in the first period was significantly In total, 12,341 males and 6,281 females were higher (0.91) with a temperature average of 28 collected in resting areas and from red boxes; 1.57 compared with the survival obtained in 97% were unfed females. More mosquitoes were the second period (0.78) with a mean of collected in August than any other month. temperature of 29.21 1.10. Results of the testing of 221 mosquito pools have yielded 2 isolates of WNV. which were collected in October 2004 and January 2005. The re- Conotrophic cycle and survivorship of Culex mainder of the collections is in the process of quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) by using being tested. This is the first report of WNV in sticky ovitraps in Monterrey, Northeastern Mexico mosquitoes in the Yucatan Peninsula. With these results, we can recommend that local health Armando Elizondo-Quiroga, Adriana Flores- authorities develop a control system for this Suarez, Darwin Elizondo-Quiroga, Yuri Ayala- mosquito species, because we know when it is Sulca, Luis Iharra-Juarez and most abundant, when it feeds, and when it has Ildefonso Fern andez-Salas WNV. Lahoratorio de En tonologia MCdica, Facultad de Cien c/as BiolOgicas, Universidad A utonolna de The gonotrophic cycle of (ulex quinquefa.sciatus Nuevo LeOn. San NicolOs de los Garza, Nuevo (Say, 1823) in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico Leon, Mexico

DECEMBER 2006 Mosuno VECTOR CONTROL SMPOSIUM 747

Mark—release--recapture experiments were con- period, father than the vector density, are those ducted to determine the length of the gonotrophic entomolhgical variables mainly affected by cli- cycle and rate of survivorship of Culex quinque- mate variability. flisciatus Say in Monterrey, northeastern Mexico. In total, 2,352 field-caught Cx. quinque/-isciatus Field evaluation of efficacy of two formulations of females were marked and released at 8 to 12 h Bacillus, sphaericu.s against Anopheles aquasalis postemergence in 2 field trials. Sticky ovitraps larvae in seasonal brackish mangrove of Sucre were used to recapture marked gravid females. I State, Venezuela One hundred and ten (4.6%) of the marked females were recaptured during a 12-day sam- Jes6s Berti, Julio Gonzáles, Meifran Herrera and pling period. Recapture rates for the 2 individual Nelson Puentes trials were 6.4% and 3.5%, respectively. The length of the gonotrophic cycle calculated as the Inst ituto ^de Altos Estudios de Salud Pthlica average time between the first blood meal and the Arno/doAr n oldol Gaha/don, " Centro de In vesligación en time of recapture of gravid females was 2-3 days. EnJr,nedades Endémicas, Las I)e/icias, Maracay; The first blood fed mosquitoes were recaptured and Sericio de Endemias Rurales, Gerencia de on the 2nd day postrelease. Gravid, egg-laying .tivla/ario1logia y Saneaniiento Amhiental, Ca,- females were most commonly recaptured at 2 ano, Esrado Sucre, Venezuela 3 days postfeeding. Daily survival estimates for Anop/iees aquasalis Curry is the main vector of the 2 release dates were of 0.871 and 0.883, malaria in Sucre state and northeastern Vene- respectively. zuela. A study of its biological larval control was carried out in Sucre state. The objective of this Climate variability and malaria transmission in study wasl to evaluate the efficacy of 2 formula- Colombia: a 7-year entomological study tions of Ban//us sphaericus on larval control of An. aquasa/is. The typical aquatic breeding-sites Guillermo L. Riia, Martha L. Quinones. Ivan of An. aquisa/is are seasonal brackish mangroves D. Vêlez, William Rojas, German Poveda, Juan with A vicennia germinans. In field trials, 2 S. Zuluaga and Daniel Ruiz formulations of B. sphaericus (Vectojex® wdg 51.2% and Griselefs) were evaluated at rates of Progrwna de E.studio y Control de Enfermedades lropicales (PECET). Universidad de Anrioquia; 2.0 and 2.5 kg/ha. Vectolex formulation at rates of 2.0 kg/ An. Corporación para In ve.ctigaciones Biológicas, Es- ha provided good control against aquasa/is arvae, cue/a de Geociencias y Medio A,nbiente, Univer- producing a larval reduction sidad Nacional de Colombia; and Irograina de greater than 85% during 8 days posttreatment, Ingenieria Anihiental, Escuela de Ingenieria de but it is nt effective at 16 days posttreatment, with only. 13.3% larval reduction. This formula- Antioquta. Medellin, Colombia tion at rates of 2.5 kg/ha provided very good Malaria transmission in Colombia is affected control against An. aquasa/is larvae, producing by climatic variability, particularly during El a larval reduction greater than 90% during Niño events. Variation in climatic conditions 16days pottreatrnent. Griselefs is not effective may alter the mosquitos population dynamics, at rates of 25 kg/ha, producing a larval reduction thus promoting increased malaria incidence. To of 44.60% and 42.82% at 8 days posttreatment estimate the influence of climatic variability on and only 48.06% larval reduction at 16 days the population of Anopheles alhimanus and its posttreatmet. relation to malaria transmission, monthly vector density, parity, and malaria incidence were An update on taxonomic diversity and geographic evaluated from 1998 to 2004 in 2 high-endemic distribution of Anopheles and other mosquitoes localities in Colombia. Increases of malaria from southern Mexico incidence were observed during the El Niño events of 1997--1998 and 2002-2003, which were Mauricio Casas Martinez, Arnoldo Orozco associated with increases in ambient tempera- Bonilla and Evangelina Morales Carmona tures, but a significant relationship between Instituto Nacional de Sa/ud Puily/ica/Ceniro de malaria cases and vector density was not ob- Inves1gaciOn de Pa/udismno, Tapachula; and In- served. The parity-malaria association was not stituto Nacinal de Salud Puib/ica/Deparranwn to consistent, because it was observed in only I de Si.ctema.c kle Informacion Geogruijica en Salud. locality. In studying entomological variables and Cuernavaca, Mexico climate, increased temperature was associated with an increase in parity and a decrease in larval Mosquito larvae and adults were collected to density. Results suggest that when there is verify the taxonomic composition and current increased malaria transmission in Colombia. the distribution f Anopheles spp. in southern Mex- gonotrophic cycle and the sporogonic incubation ico. During 2001-2003. 129 sites were sampled: 17

748 JOURNAL OF TIlE AMERICAN MosQurro C0NrIL0I, AssoclArlo N Voi.. 22, No. 4 in Guerrero, 43 in Oaxaca, 67 in Chiapas, 1 in controlled by malathion and pyrethroids in Mexico City. and I in Mexico state. All Antioquia. This study was funded by Direccion individuals were identified using classical taxon- Seccional de Salud de Antioquia as a part of the omy and keys. Twenty-one species were recorded insecticide resistance observation program. as members of 6 genera and 8 subgenera of Culicidae. In Chiapas, we found 12 species of Anopheles, 2 Aede,c, 2 Oc/I/erotatus, and I Aedes aegypti Pupal productivity surveys in Limatus. In Guerrero. we found 2 species of southern Mexico Anopheles; in Oaxaca, 3 species of Anopheles; in Juan I. Arredondo-Jiménez and Mexico City, I species of Anopheles; and in Kenia M. Valdez-Delgado Mexico state, 1 Cule.v and I CuIi.reta. The species of Anopheles found in southern Mexico were An. Centro c/c In vestigacion c/c Pa/uc/isnio. Institu to albirnanus, An. apiciniacula. An. arglritarsis, An. Nacional de SalucI Ptblica. Tapuchula. Chiapas, crucians, An. dar/ingi, An. eiseni, An. francisanus, Mexico An. heCwris, An. purapunci ipcnniS, An. pseudo- punctipennis. An. punetunacula, and An. lestiti- Dengue vector control against immature mos- pennis. Other mosquito species were Ac. albopic- quitoes target the treatment of all breeding tus, An. azucus, Cx. crvtlzrothorax, Li. durhwnii, containers found in households. Limited re- Oc. epactius, and Oc. podograp/licus. In total, 757 sources demand to concentrate efforts on the records of specimens were included to the most productive containers, i.e., those that pro- mosquito collection maintained at the Malar- duce pupae. Therefore, we assessed the consis- ia Research Center in Tapachula, Chiapas, tency and practicality of Aedes aegvpti pupal Mexico. productivity survey methodology in Chiapas, Mexico. Surveys were conducted in 3 cities testing quadrat and transect sampling. Six hundred Susceptibility of Aede.s aegypti to insecticides in houses of each city were sampled twice. Contain- three high dengue transmission localities of ers within each household were searched for Antioqula, Colombia pupae and larvae. Resting adult mosquitoes also Jorge Mario Cadavid, Rafael Valderrama were surveyed. From 107,297 containers of 26 Hernândez, Olga Sãenz Osorio, Blanca Quintero categories, only 16,032 had water and 96% and Ruiz, Cesar Rodriguez Rios and 92%, respectively, were negative for pupae or III Angel Contreras Samper and IV instars. Sampling methods were not different, but localities and containers varied in Grujo (IC Entoino/ogia McIica, Facultad de pupal production. We found that rainfall patterns A4edicina. Universidad de Antioqula, Colombia were related with the propensity to store water and pupal production. Key pupal production Dengue is a serious public health problem in containers were cement wash basins (84%; the Department of Antioquia. Colombia. In 10,257/12,271). present in 100% of households. 2002, the incidence of classical dengue was 0.38 Premise condition index assessments were not and for dengue hemorrhagic fever was 0.04 sensitive to separate pupal occurrence. Conven- (incidence per 1,000 inhabitants). Aedes aegvpti tional aedine and adult indicators varied in direct is the only dengue vector in Antioquia and has relation with pupal abundance. We concluded been frequently controlled by malathion and that pupal productivity sampling was consistent temephos (abate). To evaluate the susceptibility and practical, but it remains to he seen whether of Ac. acgypti to tenitrothion, malathion, delta- pupal productivity monitoring can reflect the methrin, and X-cyhalothrin, the World Health impact of vector control. Organization methodology was used. Three localities in Antioquia (Bello, San Carlos and Santafe de Antioquia) were selected because of Impact of a community-based strategy for the their high dengue incidence and their entomolog- prevention and control of dengue and diarrhea ical indices. The mosquitoes were collected as Juan I. Arredondo-Jiménez, José G. Ordóñez- eggs in ovitraps placed in those localities, and (ionzilez. Norma F. Rivero, Kenia M. Valdez- adult mosquitoes of F 2 progeny were evaluated. Delgado, Teresa Lopez, Blanca E. Cirerol, lliana The Ac. aegypti mortality to malathion and ?- R. Maio and Margarita Péres-Ramirez cyhalothrin in the 3 localities was 100%. In Santafe de Antioquia and San Carlos, the Centro c/c In Iestigacion c/c Pa/udismno. Inslitu to mortality to deltamethrin was 100%, and in Bello Nucional c/c SalucI IOb lieu, Tapachula. it was 99%. The mortality to fenitrothion in Bello Chiapas, Me.vico and Santafe de Antioquia was 56% and 73%, respectively, whereas in San Carlos it was 90%. We studied ecological, socioeconomic, and These results suggest that Ac. uegIpti could he cultural factors associated with household waste

DEc:ls1Bri 2006 Mosuno VECTOR CONTROL Suiosi CM 749 management in southern Chiapas, Mexico, as of 57.2 çpm. By gas chromatography-mass spec- a basis for the development of community-based trometrk analysis, important qualitative and communication strategies to prevent and control quantitative differences were seen in the essential dengue and diarrhea. The strategy was based on oil composition of the hybrids in comparison with I) partnerships with authorities, leaders, and their parents. We found that I ,8-cineole and /13- residents; 2) assessments of urban ecology (biotic pinene ere the main components. Yields ob- and abiotic environments, urban services, socio- tainedfrom hybrids were almost 2 times greater economic factors, gender relationships, diarrheo- than thoe obtained from their parents. These genie and entomological risks); 3) knowledge, results stiggest that the use of the controlled, attitudes, and practices of residents towards cross-linking technique to obtain interspecific dengue and diarrhea; 4) in-depth interviews and hybrid individuals will produce an enhanced yield domestic assays: 5) design of instruments for and better larvicidal effect of their essential oils intervention and evaluation; 6) implementation of against A. aegy/ti. intervention; and 7) evaluation. Recommenda- tions for diarrhea prevention were proper han- Attack strategy of Piona a,ni,nitli on dling of water, whereas those to prevent mosquito mosquito larvae breeding were based in the application of the "untadita." Four cross-sectional surveys and Caios Humberto Marin-Hernández, community volunteer observations in interven- I-I umbertc Quiroz-Martinez, Ariadna Rodriguez- tion and control cities were used to assess the Castro and Cristina Cramer-I lemkes impact of the interventions. After interventions. we found that 94% of residents were aware and La/,oratorio de Entoinologia, 1-acultad de Cieneias actively participating in the campaign, whereas Biológica.sJ Univer.ridad A utololna de Nue vo Leon, 99% of the houses were negative for mosquito San N/co/Os de los (Jarza. Nuevo LeOn: and larvae. However, diarrheogenic risk factors in Laboratoro de Acarologia Anita Ho//man," Fa- households could not be prevented. In contrast. cu/tad de Ciencias, (Jnirersidad Nacional A utOnonia in the control city <10% of residents were aware de Mexic, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal, Mexico of government dengue prevention education initiatives and more than 30% of houses were Aquatic predators of mosquito larvae include positive for mosquito larvae. water mites. We examined the attack strategy of Pio,w am,,n,tl, (Acari: I lydrachnidia) on mos- quito larva. This study was carried out in I 70-mI Extraction and evaluation of larvicidal effect of glass flasks containing 150 ml of dechlorinated essential oils from eucalyptus hybrids on Aedes water wrth Acdes acgvpli larvae. A videotape aegypti (diptera: culicidae) recording was made to document the attack Lucia Alejandro, Hector Masuh, Susana strategy. With this system. we observed that the Licastro and Eduardo Zerha aquatic mites are "searchers," moving actively and capturing mosquito larvae with their pedi- Centro de Investigaciones de Plaga.s c Insecticidas palps and then using their chelicerae to absorb (CIPEIN- CITEFAICONICET), the hemolymph from their prey. Buenos Aires. Argentina M ENTS In the search for new control tools against Aedes aegpti, larvicidal effect of essential oils Financial support for this session was provided from 5 species of eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) (Euca- by the following sponsors: Clarke Mosquito /),ptus cwna/du/ensis, E. tereticornis. E. grandi.v, Control, Valent Biosciences, Zoecori Professional and their hybrids F. grand/s X ea,naldu/ens,s and Prod ucts/Wllmark International. Summit Chem- F. grand/s X tereticornis) were evaluated. Oils ical, and thelPan American Health Organization. were obtained by hydrodistillation of vegetable Funds from these sponsors covered the annual material collected in an experimental plantation meeting regitiation fee and partially defrayed of our center in Buenos Aires. Argentina (S34 travel expenses for some symposium participants. 33.223, W58 30.523). The oils were used in an Enthusiasm and interest for this symposium acetone solution for testing biological impact on among Spanish- and non-Spanish speaking par- 3rd- or early 4th-stage susceptible CIPEIN strain ticipants wasliigh, and it will continue to he part of Ac. aegypti, and mortality was determined of future meetings. after 24 h. The results showed that eucalyptus oils containing -pinene as the main component have lower LC 0 values than those that have I .8-cineol REFERENCES CITED as the major component. Pure - and -pinene Clark GG. 1995. Mosquito vector control and biology produced the lowest LC 0 values, ranging from in Latin America - a fltrh symposium. .J Am Mosq 12.1 to 1 5.4 ppm, whereas I ,8-cineol had an LC50 Control Avw 11:343- 353.

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