DOCSLIB.ORG

Agrarian Change and the Land System in the Chao Phraya Delta DORAS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Agrarian Change and the Land System in the Chao Phraya Delta DORAS DORAS - DELTA : research report n°6 Agrarian change and the land system in the Chao Phraya delta François Molle Thippawal Srijantr DORAS CENTER Kasetsart University IRD 1 DORAS - DELTA : research report n°6 Agrarian change and the land system in the Chao Phraya delta François Molle (DORAS, IRD) Thippawal Srijantr (DORAS, Kasetsart University) DORAS CENTER Kasetsart University IRD 3 Molle, François; Srijantr, Thippawal. 1999. Agrarian change and the land system in the Chao Phraya Delta. Kasetsart University, DORAS Center, Research Report n°6, 184 p. /Thailand / Chao Phraya / agrarian system / agrarian change / land tenure / tenancy / landlessness / population studies / intensification / ISBN 974-553-692-2 Please direct inquiries and comments to: DORAS Center Kasetsart University Administrative building, 10th floor Bangkhen, 10900 Bangkok Thailand [email protected] Kasetsart University, IRD, 1999 Cover: Rice plots in the Borommathad project (Chai Nat Province) Image from NRCT (National Research Council of Thailand) Printed in Bangkok 4 Acknowledgements This work has benefited from comments and discussions with several people. The authors would like in particular to express their appreciation to Ammar Siamwalla, Jacques Amyot, Chatthip Nartsupha, Somporn Isvilanonda and Charles Mehl. 5 Abbreviations, units used ALRO: Agricultural Land Reform Office BAAC: Bank of Agriculture and Agricultural Co-operatives BMA: Bangkok Metropolitan Area DLD: Department of Land Development HYV: High Yield Varieties NRDC: National Rural Development Council RID: Royal Irrigation Department rai 1 ha = 6.25 rai thang 1 thang = 10 kg (for paddy rice in the Central Region) baht 1 US $ = 37 baht (current average value) changwat Province amphoe District tambon Sub-district 6 Abstract Land is the prime resource of agricultural production. Agrarian systems are often subject to historical land fragmentation, along with growing population pressure, and/or to a trend towards a skewed distribution of ownership (small farms are absorbed by large farms which keep growing in size). It is shown that although the Chao Phraya Delta land system has undergone several crises during the 20th century, it has by and large remained rather stable and avoided “crisis” scenarios. The report presents an extensive analysis of historical change based on secondary data and observations made by local studies. Land distribution in both farm size and tenure status, together with landlessness, are analysed along history and desaggregated at the provincial level. High discrepancies between provinces show that undiscriminating analysis based on data at the regional level or on specific areas (e.g. Rangsit) are misleading. Patterns of contractual arrangements in the rental markets are also presented in their temporal and spatial diversities and it is concluded that real rents have been declining in the last 30 years. The overall interpretation of changes in the land system is attempted by analysing in detail how these change relate to concomitant evolutions observed in demographic parameters (fertility revolution, increase in life expectancy, migrations), agricultural change (land development, intensification, diversification), economic change (growth of non-agricultural sectors; regression of the land frontier; land speculation, etc), and cultural factors (patterns of inheritance, attraction of the urban way of life). The linkages between the land market (rent and purchase) and the capital and labour markets are also investigated. The evidence of far-reaching structural and macro transformations is emphasised and serves as a basis for the analysis of current dynamics and for prospectives. 7 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 13 2 THE MAIN ONGOING PROCESSES IN THE AGRARIAN SYSTEM ................ 19 2.1 A DECLINING AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND A NET LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND .... 19 2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES ................................................................................. 20 2.2.1 A net positive out-migration flow ............................................................. 20 2.2.2 Fertility decline ........................................................................................ 25 2.2.3 The ageing farmers’ population............................................................... 26 2.3 PATTERNS OF LAND TRANSMISSION ................................................................... 29 2.4 LANDLESSNESS AND INDEBTEDNESS ................................................................. 34 2.4.1 Landless agricultural wage labourers...................................................... 34 2.4.2 Indebtedness .......................................................................................... 43 2.5 AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AND DIVERSIFICATION ...................................... 48 2.6 THE LAND MARKET........................................................................................... 50 3 A QUALITATIVE FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS .............................................. 54 3.1 STOCKS OF AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS AND FARM LAND ....................................... 54 3.2 SIGNIFICANT CATEGORIES OF LAND HOLDERS..................................................... 55 4 MAIN QUANTITATIVE CHANGES IN THE LAND SYSTEM ............................. 59 4.1 CHANGE IN THE NUMBER OF FARMS................................................................... 59 4.2 EVOLUTION OF RICE-GROWING FARMS............................................................... 65 4.3 EVOLUTION OF THE AVERAGE FARM AREA .......................................................... 67 4.4 PLOT FRAGMENTATION..................................................................................... 69 5 CHANGE IN LAND OWNERSHIP AND PATTERNS OF LAND TENURE ........ 70 5.1 PERCENTAGES OF DIFFERENT TENURE TYPES .................................................... 70 5.2 CHANGE IN TENANTED FARM LAND .................................................................... 73 5.3 AVERAGE FARM SIZE AND LAND TENURE ............................................................ 76 5.4 LAND TENURE AND FARM SIZE CLASS................................................................. 79 6 LANDOWNER/TENANT RELATIONSHIPS AND RENTAL ARRANGEMENTS81 8 6.1 CONTRACT COVENANTS ................................................................................... 81 6.1.1 Informality ............................................................................................... 81 6.1.2 Contract duration .................................................................................... 82 6.1.3 Other covenants...................................................................................... 82 6.1.4 Modes of payment .................................................................................. 83 6.2 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CONTRACTING PARTIES .................................. 88 6.3 THE VALUE OF RENTS AND THEIR HISTORICAL CHANGES ...................................... 92 6.3.1 Fixed rents in kind................................................................................... 94 6.3.2 Fixed rents in cash.................................................................................. 95 6.4 NOTE ON THE PRECARIOUSNESS OF ARRANGEMENTS ....................................... 100 6.5 LAND RENTAL AND LEGISLATION...................................................................... 102 6.6 LANDOWNERS-TENANTS: CHANGING “TERMS OF TRADE” ................................... 106 6.6.1 Depressions and prosperity .................................................................. 106 6.6.2 Note on capital accumulation ................................................................ 110 6.6.3 Note on spatial mobility and tenancy .................................................... 111 7 RESTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.............................................................. 114 7.1 ABRIDGED CHRONOLOGY ............................................................................... 114 7.2 RESILIENCE OF THE DELTA AGRARIAN SYSTEM ................................................. 119 7.2.1 The Malthusian threat ........................................................................... 119 7.2.2 The Marxian threat................................................................................ 122 7.2.3 Note on socio-economic differentiation and class formation ................. 126 7.3 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TENANCY, LANDLESSNESS AND THE PROCESSES AT WORK 128 7.3.1 The land jigsaw ..................................................................................... 128 7.3.2 Tenancy and landlessness in context ................................................... 132 7.4 LINKAGES BETWEEN FACTOR MARKETS............................................................ 136 7.4.1 Capital and land markets ...................................................................... 136 7.4.2 Labour and land markets ...................................................................... 137 7.5 IS THE TENURE SYSTEM FUNCTIONING WELL ?.................................................. 142 7.5.1 Allocation of production factors ............................................................. 142 7.5.2 Supply/demand on the land market ...................................................... 145 8 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................... 151 9 ANNEXES .......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Unofficial Translation) Order of the Centre for the Administration of the Situation Due to the Outbreak of the Communicable Disease Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) No
    (Unofficial Translation) Order of the Centre for the Administration of the Situation due to the Outbreak of the Communicable Disease Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) No. 1/2564 Re : COVID-19 Zoning Areas Categorised as Maximum COVID-19 Control Zones based on Regulations Issued under Section 9 of the Emergency Decree on Public Administration in Emergency Situations B.E. 2548 (2005) ------------------------------------ Pursuant to the Declaration of an Emergency Situation in all areas of the Kingdom of Thailand as from 26 March B.E. 2563 (2020) and the subsequent 8th extension of the duration of the enforcement of the Declaration of an Emergency Situation until 15 January B.E. 2564 (2021); In order to efficiently manage and prepare the prevention of a new wave of outbreak of the communicable disease Coronavirus 2019 in accordance with guidelines for the COVID-19 zoning based on Regulations issued under Section 9 of the Emergency Decree on Public Administration in Emergency Situations B.E. 2548 (2005), by virtue of Clause 4 (2) of the Order of the Prime Minister No. 4/2563 on the Appointment of Supervisors, Chief Officials and Competent Officials Responsible for Remedying the Emergency Situation, issued on 25 March B.E. 2563 (2020), and its amendments, the Prime Minister, in the capacity of the Director of the Centre for COVID-19 Situation Administration, with the advice of the Emergency Operation Center for Medical and Public Health Issues and the Centre for COVID-19 Situation Administration of the Ministry of Interior, hereby orders Chief Officials responsible for remedying the emergency situation and competent officials to carry out functions in accordance with the measures under the Regulations, for the COVID-19 zoning areas categorised as maximum control zones according to the list of Provinces attached to this Order.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrate Contamination in Groundwater in Sugarcane Field, Suphan Buri Province, Thailand
    International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-1S, May 2019 Nitrate Contamination in Groundwater in Sugarcane Field, Suphan Buri Province, Thailand Sorranat Ratchawang, Srilert Chotpantarat - infants and human birth defects [6], [7]. Nitrate (NO3 ) is a Abstract: Due to the intensive agricultural activities, nitrate chemical compound with one part nitrogen and three parts - (NO3 ) contamination is one of the problems for groundwater oxygen. This common form of nitrogen is usually found in resource protection in Thailand, well-known as an agricultural water. In general, occurring concentrations of nitrate in country. Nitrate has no taste and odorless in water and can be detected by chemical test only. It was reported that Suphan Buri is groundwater are naturally less than 2 mg/L originated from considered as one of the provinces with intensive agricultural natural sources such as decaying plant materials, atmospheric - areas, especially sugarcane fields. In this study, NO3 deposition, and inorganic fertilizers. concentrations were measured in 8 groundwater wells located in In Asia, nitrogen fertilizer application has increased - sugarcane fields in this province. NO3 concentration in the area dramatically approximately 17-fold in the last 40 years [8]. was ranged from 2.39 to 68.19 mg/L with an average As comparing to other countries, it was found that average concentration of 30.49 mg/L which was a bit higher than the previous study by Department of Groundwater Resources or fertilizer application rates of Thailand are low (Thailand: 101 - DGR, which found that NO3 was in the range of 0.53-66 mg/L kg/ha; USA: 113 kg/ha; China: 321 kg/ha).
    [Show full text]
  • An Updated Checklist of Aquatic Plants of Myanmar and Thailand
    Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1019 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1019 Taxonomic paper An updated checklist of aquatic plants of Myanmar and Thailand Yu Ito†, Anders S. Barfod‡ † University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand ‡ Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Corresponding author: Yu Ito ([email protected]) Academic editor: Quentin Groom Received: 04 Nov 2013 | Accepted: 29 Dec 2013 | Published: 06 Jan 2014 Citation: Ito Y, Barfod A (2014) An updated checklist of aquatic plants of Myanmar and Thailand. Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1019. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1019 Abstract The flora of Tropical Asia is among the richest in the world, yet the actual diversity is estimated to be much higher than previously reported. Myanmar and Thailand are adjacent countries that together occupy more than the half the area of continental Tropical Asia. This geographic area is diverse ecologically, ranging from cool-temperate to tropical climates, and includes from coast, rainforests and high mountain elevations. An updated checklist of aquatic plants, which includes 78 species in 44 genera from 24 families, are presented based on floristic works. This number includes seven species, that have never been listed in the previous floras and checklists. The species (excluding non-indigenous taxa) were categorized by five geographic groups with the exception of to reflect the rich diversity of the countries' floras. Keywords Aquatic plants, flora, Myanmar, Thailand © Ito Y, Barfod A. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • HIS in Thailand Never Ending Stories Thai Health Information System: of the Development of an Effective Situation and Challenges HIS in Thailand Dr
    Never ending stories of the development of an effective HIS in Thailand Never ending stories Thai Health Information System: of the development of an effective Situation and challenges HIS in Thailand Dr. Pinij Faramnuayphal Supported by : Prince Mahidol Award Foundation under the Royal Patronage Ministry of Public Health World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies fully functional health Mahidol University information system as one of the six important building blocks of high Health Systems Research Institute performing health system. A well-functioning health information system (HIS) is one that ensures the production, analysis, dissemination and Published by: use of reliable and timely information on health determinants, health system performance and health status. All of these components Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI) contribute to a better health policy and planning, health resources allocation, health service delivery and finally, health outcome. With the cooperation of : The importance of health information system is crucial and is Ang Thong Provincial Health Office recognized that countries cannot build a good health system without Bangkok Hospital Group Medical Center it. Strengthening health information system, therefore, has become Bang Phae Hospital one of the most important issues worldwide in a recent decade. Bumrungrad Hospital Public Company Limited The demand on measuring the Millennium Development Goals is National Health Security office an example of the explicit requirements of
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Product Model Based on the Creative Economy to Construct Value - Added of Community Enterprise in Nakhon Pathom Province
    วารสารวิชาการ Veridian E-Journal Volume 7 Number 5 July – December 2014 ฉบับ International The Development of Product Model based on the Creative Economy to Construct Value - Added of Community Enterprise in Nakhon Pathom Province Thirasak Unaromlert* Jureewan Janpla** Abstract The research of The Development of Product Model Based on the Creative Economy to Construct Value - Added of Community Enterprise Nakhon Pathom Province was research and development by using Mixed Methods research. The population and samples used in this study was 1) the members of community enterprise, Nakhon Pathom province who produced fabrics and were willing to participate the activities, 2) the members of community enterprise, Nakhon Pathom province who produced water hyacinth baskets were willing to participate the activities, 3) prospective customers to test product concepts. The instruments that used in this study were structured interview and questionnaire. The data analyzed by descriptive statistics. The analysis of qualitative data was using content analysis. The results revealed those were followed; The result of study and synthesis of ideas about constructing value-added of products were found that the designing of the products; first, the designer must be concerned about the principle of general design; it was function that should be considered in psychological function which is a direct benefit to the user. Another important aspect for the design on the product according to the concept of the creative economy was to increasing value- added and constructing value in total customer value which the benefit or utility of the product due to the different in competitiveness especially in the product competitive differentiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Company Presentation TTW Public Company Limited Investor Meeting / Q4’2018 & 2018 Disclaimer
    Company Presentation TTW Public Company Limited Investor Meeting / Q4’2018 & 2018 Disclaimer This presentation includes some forward-looking statements relevant to future events such as plans, business strategies, expectations etc.. Thus, actual situations may differ from what is projected in this presentation due to unexpected environment which might be better or worse than anticipated. Investors or material users should be meticulous on any herein information. This presentation, which is prepared by the company, is only used for investment information. Also, the information included in this forward-looking statement may be changed by TTW Public Company Limited without notice and then the company does not take any duty to update any relevant information. To be Thailand’s Leading Company in Water, Energy and Eco-Friendly Businesses 2 Agenda Company Overview Operating and Financial Performance Growth and Strategy Direction To be Thailand’s Leading Company in Water, Energy and Eco-Friendly Businesses 3 Company Overview – Our Business Produces and Operates Distributes Tap water and Investment in Tap water Waste water Other business To be Thailand’s Leading Company in Water, Energy and Eco-Friendly Businesses 4 Company Overview – Shareholder Structure MITSUI 26% CK 19.4% BEM 19.3% Free Floated 35.3% CKP PTW TWO 68% 25.31% 98%* 32% Pathum Thani Water Company Limited Thai Water Operations Company Limited CK Power Public Company Limited Produces and distributes tap water Operates tap water and waste water Power Holding company 1,200 mil.Bt. Registered Capital treatment systems 60 mil.Bt 9,240 mil.Bt. Registered Capital Registered Capital * 2% is owned by PWA As of Dec 28, 2018 To be Thailand’s Leading Company in Water, Energy and Eco-Friendly Businesses 5 Company Overview – Current Project *Max.
    [Show full text]
  • THE Tal of MUONG VAT DO NOT SPEAK the BLACK Tal
    THE TAl OF MUONG VAT Daecha 1989, Kanchana Panka 1980, Suree Pengsombat 1990, Wipawan DO NOT SPEAK THE Plungsuwan 1981, Anculee Buranasing BLACK TAl LANGUAGE 1988, Orapin Maneewong 1987, Kantima Wattanaprasert & Suwattana Theraphan L-Thongkum1 Liarnprawat 1985, Suwattana (Liampra­ wat) Damkham & Kantima Wattana­ prasert 1997, Oraphan Unakonsawat Abstract 1993). A word list of 3,343 items with Standard In most of these previous studies, Thai, English and Vietnamese glosses especially by Thai linguists, a Black Tai was used for eliciting the Black Tai or variety spoken at one location is Tai Dam language data at each of the described and in some cases compared twelve research sites: ten in northern with the other Tai or Lao dialcets spoken Vietnam, one in northern Laos, and one in nearby areas. The Black Tai varieties in central Thaialnd. The data collected spoken in Laos and Vietnam have never at two villages in Muong Vat could not been investigated seriously by Thai be used for a reconstruction of Old linguists. Contrarily, in the works done Black Tai phonological system and a by non-Thai linguists, generallingusitic lexicon because on a phonological basis characteristics of the language are and a lexical basis, the Tai dialect of attempted with no emphasis on the Muong Vat is not Black Tai, especially location where it is spoken. In other the one spoken at Ban Phat, Chieng Pan words, a description and explanation of sub-district and Ban Coc Lac, Tu Nang the so-called Common Black Tai is their sub-district, Son La province, Vietnam. major aim. Introduction Not only Thai linguists but also Thai anthropologists and historians are The Black Tai (Tai Darn, Thai Song, Lao interested in the Black Tai of Sip Song Song, Lao Song Dam, Phu Tai Song Chou Tai.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    MS& ~C3 E-235 VOL. 20 KINGDOM OF THAILAND PETROLEUM AUTHORITY OF THAILAND Public Disclosure Authorized NA-TURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FROM BANG PAKONG TO WANG NOI EGAT - INVESTMENTPROGRAM SUPPORT PROJECT (WORLDBANK PARTIALCREDIT GUARANTEE) Public Disclosure Authorized DRAFT FINAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized PREPARED BY TEAM CONSULTING ENGINEERS CO., LTD. FOR BECHTEL INTERNATIONAL, INC. Public Disclosure Authorized JUNE 1994 EZITEAM CONSULTINGENGINEERS CO., LTD. Our Ref: ENV/853/941237 2 June 1994 Mr. Emad M.Khedr Project Engineer 15th Floor, PTT Head Office Building 555 Vibhavadi-RangsitRoad Bangkok 10900, Thailand Dear Sir: Re: EnvironmentalImpact Assessment of Natural Gas Pipeline Project from Bang Pakong to Wans Noi We are pleased to submit herewith 5 copies of the Environmental Impact Assessmentof the Natural Gas Pipeline Project from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi for your considerations. We would like to thank the concerned Bechtel International personnel for their assistances throughout the course of study. Sincerely yours, Amnat Prommasutra Executive Director 51/301-305 Drive-inCenter, Ladprao Road, Soi 130,Bangkapi. Bangkok 10240. Thailand Telex:82855 TRIREXTH. ATTN: TEAM CONSULT.Fax :66 -2-3751070Tel. : 3773480. 3771770.1 'Ulll ?¶a. i LHunh1711n 4l nu nhJf11rnfllfl lusuo"wfl fupiuij iin ....... l2eUwl0t.._,,a,.,._l.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~...... .......... .......... 1: ^ d Id II¶Ut.'1 *'Al lem. LtU TThJwi Id , 1* . ^ t.1 4 - ... ... .. ......................................................................... I... u~~~~~~ i ..................................... 4..~ C f J I Pfl 1 ( ) .L>3?T~I ..i^l2SlMt.......... ..QltU.. ............ l.C. a<.l'....... w.K.>.. nQa.. ............. le w...............9 .. .. .. .. .... ............. .. ... , ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.. _ ... .... __A..-.............................. CHAPTER II PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 ROUTE ALTERNATIVES In conjunction with the Natural Gas Parallel Pipeline Project, PTT requested that Bechtel International,Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Structure of a Tropical Urban Forest in Bang Kachao Peninsula
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 20 November 2017 doi:10.20944/preprints201711.0131.v1 Peer-reviewed version available at Forests 2018, 9, 36; doi:10.3390/f9010036 1 Article 2 Ecological structure of a tropical urban forest in Bang 3 Kachao peninsula, Bangkok 4 Montathip Sommeechai 1, 2, Chongrak Wachrinrat 1,2 *, Bernard Dell 3, Nipon Thangtam 4 and 5 Jamroon Srichaichana 5 6 1 Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; [email protected] 7 2 Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart 8 University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; [email protected] 9 3 Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia; [email protected] 10 4 Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; [email protected] 11 5 Thaksin University, Songkhla Province, 90000, Thailand; [email protected] 12 * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +66-81-255-6340 13 14 15 Abstract: Rapid urbanization has changed the structure and function of natural ecosystems, 16 especially the floodplain ecosystems in SE Asia. This paper describes the ecological structure of 17 vegetation stands and the usefulness of satellite images to characterize a disturbed tropical urban 18 forest located in the lower floodplain of the Chao Phraya River, Thailand. Nine representative plots 19 were established in Bang Kachao peninsula in 4 tropical urban forest types: rehabilitation forest, 20 home-garden agroforestry, mangrove and park. The correlation between NDVI and LAI obtained 21 from satellite images and plant structure from field surveys were analyzed. The NDVI had the 22 highest relationship with stand factors for the number of families, number of species, Shannon- 23 Weiner’s diversity index and total basal area.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of Social Development and Welfare Ministry of Social
    OCT SEP NOV AUG DEC JUL JAN JUN FEB MAY MAR APR Department of Social Development and Welfare Ministry of Social Development and Human Security ISBN 978-616-331-053-8 Annual Report 2015 y t M i r i u n c is e t S ry n o a f m So Hu ci d al D an evelopment Department of Social Development and Welfare Annual Report 2015 Department of Social Development and Welfare Ministry of Social Development and Human Security Annual Report 2015 2015 Preface The Annual Report for the fiscal year 2015 was prepared with the aim to disseminate information and keep the general public informed about the achievements the Department of Social Development and Welfare, Ministry of Social Development and Human Security had made. The department has an important mission which is to render services relating to social welfare, social work and the promotion and support given to local communities/authorities to encourage them to be involved in the social welfare service providing.The aim was to ensure that the target groups could develop the capacity to lead their life and become self-reliant. In addition to capacity building of the target groups, services or activities by the department were also geared towards reducing social inequality within society. The implementation of activities or rendering of services proceeded under the policy which was stemmed from the key concept of participation by all concerned parties in brainstorming, implementing and sharing of responsibility. Social development was carried out in accordance with the 4 strategic issues: upgrading the system of providing quality social development and welfare services, enhancing the capacity of the target population to be well-prepared for emerging changes, promoting an integrated approach and enhancing the capacity of quality networks, and developing the organization management towards becoming a learning organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue 2, August 2015
    Special Issue 2, August 2015 Published by the Center for Lao Studies ISSN: 2159-2152 www.laostudies.org ______________________ Special Issue 2, August 2015 Information and Announcements i-ii Introducing a Second Collection of Papers from the Fourth International 1-5 Conference on Lao Studies. IAN G. BAIRD and CHRISTINE ELLIOTT Social Cohesion under the Aegis of Reciprocity: Ritual Activity and Household 6-33 Interdependence among the Kim Mun (Lanten-Yao) in Laos. JACOB CAWTHORNE The Ongoing Invention of a Multi-Ethnic Heritage in Laos. 34-53 YVES GOUDINEAU An Ethnohistory of Highland Societies in Northern Laos. 54-76 VANINA BOUTÉ Wat Tham Krabok Hmong and the Libertarian Moment. 77-96 DAVID M. CHAMBERS The Story of Lao r: Filling in the Gaps. 97-109 GARRY W. DAVIS Lao Khrang and Luang Phrabang Lao: A Comparison of Tonal Systems and 110-143 Foreign-Accent Rating by Luang Phrabang Judges. VARISA OSATANANDA Phuan in Banteay Meancheay Province, Cambodia: Resettlement under the 144-166 Reign of King Rama III of Siam THANANAN TRONGDEE The Journal of Lao Studies is published twice per year by the Center for Lao Studies, 65 Ninth Street, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA. For more information, see the CLS website at www.laostudies.org. Please direct inquiries to [email protected]. ISSN : 2159-2152 Books for review should be sent to: Justin McDaniel, JLS Editor 223 Claudia Cohen Hall 249 S. 36th Street University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104 Copying and Permissions Notice: This journal provides open access to content contained in every issue except the current issue, which is open to members of the Center for Lao Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • An Inventory and Assessment of National Urban Mobility in Thailand
    Development of a National Urban Mobility Programme - an Inventory and Assessment of National Urban Mobility in Thailand A project of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) in collaboration with the Thai Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning (OTP) Final Report November 2019 Development of a National Urban Mobility Programme Project Background Transport is the highest energy-consuming sector in 40% of all countries worldwide, and causes about a quarter of energy-related CO2 emissions. To limit global warming to two degrees, an extensive transformation and decarbonisation of transport is necessary. The TRANSfer project’s objective is to increase the efforts of developing countries and emerging economies for climate-friendly transport. The project acts as a mitigation action preparation facility and thus, specifically supports the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) of the Paris Agreement. The project supports several countries (including Peru, Colombia, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia) in developing greenhouse gas mitigation measures in transport. The TRANSfer project is implemented by GIZ and funded by the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the German Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) and operates on three levels. Mobilise Prepare Stimulate Facilitating the Preparation of Knowledge products, Training, MobiliseYourCity Mitigation Measures and Dialogue Partnership Standardised support Based on these experiences, TRANSfer The goal of the multi- packages (toolkits) are is sharing and disseminating best stakeholder partnership developed and used for the practises. This is achieved through the MobiliseYourCity, which is preparation of selected development of knowledge products, currently being supported by mitigation measures. As a the organisation of events and trainings, France, Germany and the result, measures can be and the contribution to an increasing European Commission, is that prepared more efficiently, level of ambition.
    [Show full text]