ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N4500 Date
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Section 14.4, Phags-Pa
The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2020 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 13.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/) 1. -
The Etymology of Chinggis Khan's Name in Tangut'
THE ETYMOLOGY OF CHINGGIS KHAN'S NAME IN TANGUT' Ksenia B. Keppíng Chinggis Khan's fate is closely associated with the Tangut State: it is generally accepted that he met his death in the Great State of the \¡Vhite and hfty (= The Great state of Yab-Yum\z (982-1227), in the course of his Tangut campaign n 1226'27, when the once flourishing Tangut State had been completeþ subdued; shortly after it fell into oblivion. But in spite of this, the list of sources written in a variety of languages describ- ing Chinggis Khan's life and his military successes, lacks Tangut material, and this was and still is taken for granted, since it is widely held that Tangut historical records which, no doubt, had been compiled at the Tangut court, perished in the flames of the Mongolian invasion. However it may be' so far therc are no traces of any historical records written in Tangut script. The idea that some Tangut historical figures or figures connected with the Tanguts might appear in non-historical Tangut texts had nevef crossed my mind' That is why the mention of Chinggis Khan (as well as of two mof€ persons - the Tangut heir, the son of the last but one Tangut empefor De-wang, and 'Phags-pa lama3) in one of the Tangut poetic works (a ritual song) at first seemed to np unbelievable. As it proved to be, among Tangut ritual songs ltl4 tçiqs,which came to us in a cursive handwriting on the revefse sides of wood-block print pages, was one' I I would like to rhank my colleague Professor S. -
Sir Gerard Clauson and His Skeleton Tangut Dictionary Imre Galambos
Sir Gerard Clauson and his Skeleton Tangut Dictionary Imre Galambos Sir Gerard Leslie Makins Clauson (1891–1974) worked most of his life as a civil servant and conducted academic research in his spare time.1 Only after retiring in 1951 at the age of 60 was he able to devote his full attention to scholarly endeavours, which were primarily focussed on Turkish languages. Thus as a scholar, today he is primarily remembered for his contribution to Turkish studies, and his Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish is still an essential reference tool in the field.2 Yet in addition to his study of Turkish and Mongolian linguistics, he also worked on a number of other Asian languages, including Tangut. Even though his extensive list of publications includes a small number of items related to Tangut studies,3 he devoted an incredible amount of time and effort to studying the language and to compiling a dictionary. He never finished the dictionary but deposited a draft version along with his notes in seven large volumes at the Library of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), so that they would be available to anyone who wished to study Tangut and perhaps continue his research. Eric Grinstead, who used the dictionary when working on the Tangut manuscripts at the British Museum, called it “a paragon of excellence” in comparison with high level of errors in dictionaries available at the time.4 Indeed, the erudition of Clauson’s dictionary is obvious even upon a cursory look at the manuscript version and had it ever been published, it would have undoubtedly made a major impact on scholarship. -
African Literacies
African Literacies African Literacies: Ideologies, Scripts, Education Edited by Kasper Juffermans, Yonas Mesfun Asfaha and Ashraf Abdelhay African Literacies: Ideologies, Scripts, Education, Edited by Kasper Juffermans, Yonas Mesfun Asfaha and Ashraf Abdelhay This book first published 2014 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2014 by Kasper Juffermans, Yonas Mesfun Asfaha, Ashraf Abdelhay and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-5833-1, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-5833-5 For Caroline and Inca; Soliana and Aram; Lina and Mahgoub TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword .................................................................................................... ix Marilyn Martin-Jones Acknowledgements .................................................................................. xiv Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 African Literacy Ideologies, Scripts and Education Ashraf Abdelhay Yonas Mesfun Asfaha and Kasper Juffermans Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 63 Lessons -
Artificial Languages Across Sciences and Civilizations
Journal of Indian Philosophy (2006) 34: 87-139 © Springer 2006 DOl: 10.1007/sl0781-005-8189-0 FRITS STAAL ARTIFICIAL LANGUAGES ACROSS SCIENCES AND CIVILIZATIONS anupiisitavrddh iilJiilfl vidyii niitiprasTdati "science does not smile on those who neglect the ancients" Bhartrhari, Viikyap adfya INTRODUCTION Beneath this essay lies a philosophic question: how can language, natural or artificial, assist us in knowledge of the world (which includes ourselves)? I shall not try to contribute to the answer of this question by mere speculation, but start with some facts: artificial languages are at least as universal as natural languages and are neither restricted to one civilization, viz., the so-called Western which I call Euro-American; nor are they confined to mathematics, physics and a few other sciences that in English are often referred to as 'exact.' My paper consists of four parts. Parts I and 11 pave the way for Ill and IV. Part I deals with ancient and medieval science. Its theatre is Asia, the large continent to which Europe is appended. Part 11 sketches the sciences of language that developed there and provides a background for the emergence of artificial languages that will be-treated in Parts Ill, 'Early Artificial Languages' and IV, 'From Natural to Artificial Language.' Definitions come in the end, but the concept of artificial language that is used here must be clarified at least to some extent. Artificial languages contrast with natural languages such as English or Thai. An artificial language is not natural- or so it seems. But the opposite does not hold. Natural languages may be artificial and artificiality admits of degrees. -
Component-I (A) – Personal Details
Component-I (A) – Personal details: Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati . & Dr. K. Muniratnam Director i/c, Epigraphy, ASI, Mysore. Dr. Rajat Sanyal Dept. of Archaeology, University of Calcutta. Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. 1 Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Indian Epigraphy Module Name/Title Evolution of North Indian Scripts from Brahmi Module Id IC / IEP / 12 Notion of early writing in India; The nature of early scripts; Pre requisites Reasons behind evolution of scripts Development from Early to Middle Brahmi; Regionalization and other Developments in Late Brahmi; Objectives Characteristics of Late Brahmi; Genesis of Proto-Regional Script; Siddhamatrka and its chronological varieties Early Brahmi; Regionalization; Middle Brahmi; Late Keywords Brahmi; Proto-Regional scripts; Siddhamatrka; Nagari; Gaudi E-text (Quadrant-I) : 1. Introduction According to D.C Sircar, the Brahmi script and the Prakrit language are the two salient features of Maurya inscriptions found outside the uttarapatha division of ancient Bharatavarsa (Kumaridvipa). The Brahmi script is read from left to right. According to earlty Indian literary traditions, Brahma, the brahmanical god of creation, is usually believed to be the creator of the speech and, thus, the script also. Scholars are of different opinions regarding the origin of Brahmi. According to some scholars, Brahmi is an indigenous script that developed in India. Others believe that it is an Indian modification of a foreign system of writing exactly like Kharosthi, the exact path which is still difficult to trace. Sircar suggests that the development of the Brahmi script can be assumed to be the result of an attempt to write the Middle Indo-Aryan languages in the alien script of the prehistoric peoples of India. -
Areal Script Form Patterns with Chinese Characteristics James Myers
Areal script form patterns with Chinese characteristics James Myers National Chung Cheng University http://personal.ccu.edu.tw/~lngmyers/ To appear in Written Language & Literacy This study was made possible through a grant from Taiwan’s Ministry of Science and Technology (103-2410-H-194-119-MY3). Iwano Mariko helped with katakana and Minju Kim with hangul, while Tsung-Ying Chen, Daniel Harbour, Sven Osterkamp, two anonymous reviewers and the special issue editors provided all sorts of useful suggestions as well. Abstract It has often been claimed that writing systems have formal grammars structurally analogous to those of spoken and signed phonology. This paper demonstrates one consequence of this analogy for Chinese script and the writing systems that it has influenced: as with phonology, areal script patterns include the borrowing of formal regularities, not just of formal elements or interpretive functions. Whether particular formal Chinese script regularities were borrowed, modified, or ignored also turns out not to depend on functional typology (in morphemic/syllabic Tangut script, moraic Japanese katakana, and featural/phonemic/syllabic Korean hangul) but on the benefits of making the borrowing system visually distinct from Chinese, the relative productivity of the regularities within Chinese character grammar, and the level at which the borrowing takes place. Keywords: Chinese characters, Tangut script, Japanese katakana, Korean hangul, writing system grammar, script outer form, areal patterns 1. Areal phonological patterns and areal script patterns Sinoform writing systems look Chinese, even when they are functionally quite different. The visual traits of non-logographic Japanese katakana and Korean hangul are nontrivially like those of logographic Chinese script, as are those of the logographic but structurally unique script of Tangut, an extinct Tibeto-Burman language of what is now north-central China. -
Section 18.1, Han
The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2020 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 13.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/) 1. -
14.4 Phags-Pa
The Unicode® Standard Version 14.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2021 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at https://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 14.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-29-0 (https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/) 1. -
14 South and Central Asia-III 14 Ancient Scripts
The Unicode® Standard Version 12.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2019 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 12.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-22-1 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode12.0.0/) 1. -
Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N4488 L2/13-191
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4488 L2/13-191 2013-10-28 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Preliminary proposal for encoding the Adlam script in the SMP of the UCS Source: UC Berkeley Script Encoding Initiative (Universal Scripts Project) Author: Michael Everson Status: Liaison Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2012-10-28 1. Introduction. An alphabetic script for the Fulani language began to be devised in the 1980s by brothers Ibrahima Barry and Abdoulaye Barry, when they were children in Guinea. One of them asked their father why they could not write their language, and when their father wrote a few words in Fulani in Arabic script, he said “That’s not our script. We should have our own.” Some time later the boys proved to their father that they had devised by engaging in blind testing—similar to the way in which Sequoyah proved the efficacy of the Cherokee syllabary to his colleagues. One wrote a text and left the room; his brother came in and read it aloud, and then wrote down something else that he was told to write. Then he left the room and his sister, who had learned the script, came in to read what he had written. Over the next few years the Adlam script continued development. It is currently in use in Guinea and in other countries, and its use is increasing. 2. Structure. Adlam is a casing script with right-to-left directionality. -
Universal Scripts Project: Statement of Significance and Impact
Universal Scripts Project: Statement of Significance and Impact The Universal Scripts Project expands the capabilities of the Internet by providing digital access to text materials from a variety of modern and historical cultures whose writing systems are not currently included in the international standard for electronic representation of scripts, known as Unicode. People who write in these scripts find it difficult to use email, compose and send documents electronically, and post documents on the World Wide Web, without relying on nonstandard fonts or other cumbersome workarounds, and are therefore left out of the “technological revolution.” About 66 scripts are currently included in the Unicode standard, but over 80 are not. Some 40 of these missing scripts belong to modern linguistic minorities in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, China, and other countries in Southeast Asia; about 40 are scripts of historical importance. The project’s goal for 2007–2008 is to provide the standards bodies overseeing character sets with proposals for 15 scripts to be included in the Unicode standard. The scripts selected for inclusion include 9 modern minority scripts and 6 historical scripts. The need is urgent, because the entire process, from first proposal to acceptance, typically takes from 2 to 5 years, and support among corporations and national bodies for adding more scripts to Unicode is uncertain. If the proposals are not submitted soon, these user communities will not be able to use their scripts in the near future. The scripts selected for this grant have established scholarly and user-community connections, which will help guarantee that the proposals meet the users' needs.