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Iranian Food Info4Migrants IRAN Country profile Project number: UK/13/LLP-LdV/TOI-615 1,648,195 km2 POPULATION 77,176 mln GDP per capita $4,763 CURRENCY Iranian rial (IRR) Languages PERSIAN (official), Azeri, Kurdish, Lurish, Gilaki, Mazandarani, Turkmen, Arabic, Baloch, Georgian, Armenian, Neo-Aramaic (spoken) 2 Learnmera Oy www.thelanguagemenu.com Country profileIRAN COUNTRY BACKGROUND Turkmenistan Tehran IRAN Afghanistan Iraq Saudi Arabia Official name: Islamic republic of Iran Location: Western Asia. Iran has borders with ten countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq and Turkey. Capital: Tehran National Flag Religion: 89% Shia Muslims and 9% Sunni Muslims make up the 98% of the population, making Islam the dominant reli- gion. The rest of the population consists of people following Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and the Baha’i. Ethnicity: Persians (61%), followed by Azeri (16%), Kurd (10%), Lur (6%), Baloch (2%), Arab (2%), Turkmen and Turkic tribes (2%), and other (1%), make up the ethnic composition of Iran. Climate: Iran has a hot, dry climate characterized by long, hot, National emblem dry summers and short, cool winters. The climate is influenced by Iran’s location between the subtropical aridity of the Ara- bian desert areas and the subtropical humidity of the eastern Mediterranean area. 3 Learnmera Oy www.thelanguagemenu.com Country profileIRAN IRAN FACTS Zimbabwe Israel India Language The largest language group consists of the speakers of In- do-Iranian languages, who in 1986 comprised about 70 percent of the population. The speakers of Indo-Iranian languages are not, however, a homogeneous group. They include speakers of Persian and its various dialects; speak- ers of Kirmanji, the term for related dialects spoken by the Kurds; speakers of Luri, the language of the Bakhtiaris and Lurs; and Baluchi, the language of the seminomadic people who live in Southeastern Iran. Approximately 28 percent of the population speaks various dialects of Turkish. Speakers of Semitic languages include Arabs and Assyrians. Indonesia Jordan Iraq Flag The current Iranian flag was adopted in 1980 and has three equal horizontal bands of green, white, and red. Green is the color of Islam and represents growth, white symbolizes honesty and peace, and red stands for bravery and martyrdom. Centered in the middle, the white band is the stylized representation of the word “Allah” and the phrase La ilaha illa Allah (“None is worthy of worship but Allah”) in the shape of a tulip. Along the inner edges of the green and red bands are 22 copies of the phrase Alla- hu Akbar (“God is great”). Iran Ireland Iceland Persian cat The Persian cat is one of the world’s oldest breed of cats. The first documented ancestors of the Persian were imported into Western Europe from Persia around 1620. The cat has long silky fur to protect it from the cold in the high plateau regions of Iran. 4 Learnmera Oy www.thelanguagemenu.com Country profileIRAN Italy Yemen Cape Verde IRAN FACTS Iranian Politeness Taarof is a system of politeness that includes both verbal and non-verbal communication. Iranians protest compli- ments and attempt to appear vulnerable in public. They will belittle their own accomplishments in an attempt to appear humble, although other Iranians understand that this is merely courtesy and do not take the words at face value. In adherence to taarof, if you are offered something, like a tea or a sweet, even if you want it, you should at first decline it until their insistence becomes greater. Public vs. Private Iranians see themselves as having two distinct identities: “zaher” (public) and “batin” (private). When they are in public, they must conform to accepted modes of behaviour. It is only within their homes among their inner circle that they feel free like they can be themselves. Family members are always part of the inner circle. The inner circle forms the basis of a person’s social and business network. Friendship is very important and extends into business. The people from the inner circle can be relied upon, to offer advice, help find a job, or cut through bureaucracy. Capital relocation With a population of around 8.3 million and surpass- ing 14 million in the wider metropolitan area, Tehran is Iran’s capital, largest city and urban area, and the largest city in Western Asia. A plan to move the capital due to the earthquake hazard has been discussed many times in previous years. In 2010, the government of Iran an- nounced that “for security and administrative reasons” the plan to move the capital from Tehran has been final- ized. There are plans to relocate 163 state firms to the provinces and several universities from Tehran. 5 Learnmera Oy www.thelanguagemenu.com Country profileIRAN IRAN FACTS Revolution Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979, when the monarchy was overthrown and clerics assumed political control under supreme leader Ayatollah Khomeini. The Iranian revolution put an end to the rule of the Shah, who had alienated powerful religious, political and popular forces with a programme of modernization and Westernization cou- pled with heavy repression of dissent. Three Wise Men The Medes were of Aryan origin and the first people to unify Iran by the 6th century B.C. One of the tribes, the Magi, were powerful Zoroastrian priests. The most famous Magi are the Three Wise Men of the Christian Nativity story who brought gifts to the newborn Christ. The 13th century Italian explorer Marco Polo claimed to have visited the graves of the Three Wise Men in what is now Iran’s capital Tehran. Internet and censorship In the first decade of the 21st century, Iran experienced a great surge in Internet usage, and, with 20 million people on the Internet, currently has the second highest percentage of its population online in the Middle East, after Israel. When initially introduced, the Internet services provided by the gov- ernment within Iran were comparatively open. Many users saw the Internet as an easy way to get around Iran’s strict press laws. In recent years, Internet service providers have been told to block access to pornographic and anti-religion websites. The ban has also targeted such popular social networking sites as Facebook and YouTube, as well as news sites. 6 Learnmera Oy www.thelanguagemenu.com Country profileIRAN PUBLIC HOLIDAYS Lunar holidays National holidays Islamic calendar Gregorian calendar (2015) Muharram 9 Tasu’a of Imam Hussain Muharram October-November Muharram 10 Ashura of Imam Hussain Safar November - December Safar 20 Arba’een of Imam Hussain Rabi’ al-awwal December - January Safar 28 Demise of prophet Rabi’ al-thani January-February Muhammad and Martyrdom Jumada al-awwal February-March of Imam Hassan (Mujtaba) Jumada al-thani March - April Safar 29 or 30 Martyrdom of Imam Reza Rajab April - May Rabi’-ul-Awwal 17 Birth of Muhammad and Sha’aban May - June Imam Jafar Ramadan June - July Jamaad-ath-Thaanee 3 Martyrdom of Fatima Shawwal July - August Rajab 13 Birth of Imam Ali Dhu al-Qi’dah August - September Rajab 27 Mission of Muhammad Dhu al-Hijjah September - October Sha’aban 15 Birth of Imam Mahdi Ramadhan 21 Martyrdom of Imam Ali Shawwal 1 Eid ul-Fitr (End of Ramadhan) The Islamic or Hijri calendar abbreviated as AH is Shawwal 2 Eid ul-Fitr (End of Ramadhan) a lunar calendar, and months begin when the first Shawwal 25 Martyrdom of Imam Jafar crescent of a new moon is sighted. The Islamic lunar Dh-ul-Hajja 10 Eid ul-Adha (Ghurban) calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar Dh-ul-Hajja 18 Eid al-Ghadeer year consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 days. Solar holidays National Holidays Persian calendar Gregorian calendar Farvardin 1-4 Nowrooz (New Year) Farvardin March - April Farvardin 12 Islamic Republic Day Ordibehesht April - May Farvardin 13 Nature Day Khordad May - June Khordad 14 Khomeini’s death Tir June - July Khordad 15 Revolt of Khordad 15 Mordad July - August Bahman 22 Victory of the Iranian Revolution Shahrivar August - September Esfand 29 Nationalization of Oil Industry Mehr September - October Aban October - November Azar November - December The Solar Hijri calendar, also called the Solar Hejri Dey December - January calendar, and abbreviated as SH, is the official calendar Bahman January-February of Iran and Afghanistan. The determination of starting Esfand February-March moment is more accurate than in the Gregorian calen- dar, because it uses astronomical observations rather than mathematical rules. 7 Learnmera Oy www.thelanguagemenu.com Country profileIRAN INTERESTING FACTS • The word Iran means the Land of the Aryans. • It snows in Tehran. • The former name of Iran was Per¬sia, which was in use until 1935. • Iran ranks seventh among countries in the world as regards number of World Heritage Sites recog- nized by UNESCO. • Iran ranks second in the world in nat¬ural gas and third in oil reserves. • Iran’s Constitution and Parliament were created on August 5th, 1906. • Famous bib li cal peo ple buried in Iran: Queen Esther, Daniel, Cyrus the Great, Dar- ius the Great, St. Thaddeus. • Iran is one of the world’s old est con tin u- ous major civ i liza tions, with his tor i cal and urban set­tle ments dat­ing back to 4000 BC. • In spite of fierce com pe ti tion, Per sian rugs are still the best rugs in the world. • The word mausoleum comes from the famous grave of King Mausolus. Iran’s Mau soleum of Maus sol los was iden ti fied as one of the Seven Won ders of the An- cient World. • Per sian (Farsi) is still spo ken in Tajikestan and Afghanistan.
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