DOCSLIB.ORG

Morphological, Chemical and Genetic Characterization of Citrus Monstruosa, an Endemism of Sardinia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Morphological, Chemical and Genetic Characterization of Citrus Monstruosa, an Endemism of Sardinia UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI SASSARI CORSO DI DOTTORATO DI RICERCA Scienze Agrarie Curriculum Produttività delle Piante coltivate Ciclo XXIX Morphological, chemical and genetic characterization of Citrus monstruosa, an endemism of Sardinia Dott.ssa Grazia Viglietti Coordinatore del Corso Prof. Antonello Cannas Referente di Curriculum Prof.ssa Giovanna Attene Docente Guida Dott.ssa Grazia Maria Scarpa Tutor Dott. François Luro Anno accademico 2015- 2016 Acknowledgments We would like to thank the president of the INRA Centre and also Yann Froelicher, AGAP Unit Director, in Corsica, France, for the period spent in their laboratories. For experiments and analysis thanks to UMR 1390 INRA-AGAP, San Giuliano and, in particular, my tutor François Luro. Franck Curk for his assistance and support and all INRA laboratory technicians: Gilles Constantino, Elodie Marchi and Isabelle Tur. We also want to thank University of Corse, CNRS UMR 6134 SPE, "chemistry and biomass" team, Ajaccio, in particular prof. Félix Tomi and Dr. Sylvain Sutour for the essential oil analysis. We also would like to thank the Department of Agronomy, food, natural resources, animals and environment (DAFNAE) in Padova for the period spent in their laboratories and, specially, prof. Gianni Barcaccia and dr. Giulio Galla for their support and their help about work made with them. Finally, we wish to acknowledge the collaboration of dr. Giovanna Becca and dr. Pietro Paolo Urgeghe for analysis performed by them. Grazia Viglietti - Morphological, chemical and genetic characterization of Citrus monstruosa, an endemism of Sardinia Tesi di dottorato in Scienze agrarie. Curriculum: Produttività delle piante coltivate Ciclo XXIX Università degli Studi di Sassari Anno Accademico 2015 - 2016 Index AIM AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORK................................................................................................ 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 2 Origin and diffusion of citrus ............................................................................................................... 2 Citrus in Italy: history for a cultural identity.................................................................................... 4 Citrus in Sardinia: in search of the past ........................................................................................... 5 Pompia ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Taxonomy of citrus and genetic relationship among taxa ................................................................ 12 The citrus: 6 botanical genera ....................................................................................................... 14 Genetic origin of the most important cultivated species .............................................................. 17 Citrus essential oils and their properties ........................................................................................... 22 Essential oil composition ............................................................................................................... 22 Uses and virtues ............................................................................................................................ 23 Extraction techniques .................................................................................................................... 25 Essential oil characterization ......................................................................................................... 25 Evolution of the molecular tools for identifying the species ............................................................ 27 References ......................................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER I .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Karyological analysis and DNA barcoding of Pompia, a first step towards the identification of its relatives. ............................................................................................................................................ 44 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 44 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................. 46 Results and discussion ................................................................................................................... 51 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 63 References ..................................................................................................................................... 64 Supplemental material .................................................................................................................. 67 CHAPTER II ............................................................................................................................................. 88 Genetic characterization of Pompia based on SSR and InDel molecular markers ............................ 88 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 88 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................. 89 Results and Discussion .................................................................................................................. 94 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 97 References ................................................................................................................................... 100 Supplemental material ................................................................................................................ 102 Grazia Viglietti - Morphological, chemical and genetic characterization of Citrus monstruosa, an endemism of Sardinia Tesi di dottorato in Scienze agrarie. Curriculum: Produttività delle piante coltivate Ciclo XXIX Università degli Studi di Sassari Anno Accademico 2015 - 2016 CHAPTER III .......................................................................................................................................... 104 Analysis of Pompia phenotype and composition of the essential oil ............................................. 104 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 104 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................... 105 Results and discussion ................................................................................................................. 109 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 128 References ................................................................................................................................... 131 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 133 Grazia Viglietti - Morphological, chemical and genetic characterization of Citrus monstruosa, an endemism of Sardinia Tesi di dottorato in Scienze agrarie. Curriculum: Produttività delle piante coltivate Ciclo XXIX Università degli Studi di Sassari Anno Accademico 2015 - 2016 AIM AND ORGANIZATION OF THE WORK Characterize an unknown species means to protect and enhance its existence, especially if it is closely linked to the territory and its traditions. Sardinia has a rich plant heritage, probably due to its geographical isolation. This biodiversity is threatened by agriculture standardized resulting in loss of local landraces. The main purpose of this work is the characterization of a species of unknown origin in Sardinia, Pompia, through the study of its morphological, chemical and genetic characteristics. The Chapter 1 is introduced the data of a first genetic analysis approach, performed with DNA barcoding technique to identify which of the species of the genus Citrus are more similar to Pompia. It is also investigated the ploidy level through chromosomal counts, karyotype and flow cytometry. In Chapter 2 it was decided to make more detailed genetic analysis using SSR and InDel molecular markers with the aim of identifying which of the Citrus species and varieties are Pompia's parents and if there is genetic variability inside Sardinian specimens. Finally, Chapter 3 contains the Pompia phenotype and its essential oil composition in leaves and fruits, comparatively with its ancestors and lemon, a same interspecific hybrid origin, to estimate the inheritance of parental characters. In second step, the variability of Pompia phenotype was investigated by the sampling of different orchards and locations in Sardinia. The present work has been corrected by a english, mother tongue,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lulav-And-Etrog-Instructions.Pdf
    אֶּתְ רֹוג לּולָב LULAV AND ETROG: THE FOUR SPECIES What they are and what to do with them INTRODUCTION The commandment regarding the four species (of the lulav and etrog) is found in the Torah. After discussing the week-long Sukkot festival, specific instructions for how to celebrate the holiday are given. Leviticus 23:40 instructs: םּולְקַחְתֶּ לָכֶּם בַּיֹוםהָרִ אׁשֹון פְרִ י עֵץ הָדָרכַפֹּת תְ מָרִ ים וַעֲנַף עֵץ־עָבֹּת וְעַרְ בֵי־נָחַל ּושְ מַחְתֶּ ם לִפְ נֵי ה' אֱֹלהֵיכֶּם ׁשִבְ עַת יָמִ ים “On the first day you shall take the product of hadar trees, branches of palm trees, boughs of leafy trees, and willows of the brook, and you shall rejoice before Adonai your God seven days." These are the four species that form the lulav and etrog. The four species are waved in the synagogue as part of the service during the holiday of Sukkot. Traditionally, they are not waved on Shabbat because bringing these items to the synagogue would violate the prohibition against carrying. Some liberal synagogues do wave the lulav and etrog on Shabbat. While it is customary for each individual to have a lulav and etrog, many synagogues leave some sets in the synagogue sukkah for the use of their members. The lulav and etrog may also be waved at home. Below you will find some basic information about the lulav and etrog, reprinted with permission from The Jewish Catalogue: A Do-It-Yourself Kit, edited by Richard Siegel, Michael Strassfeld and Sharon Strassfeld, published by the Jewish Publication Society. HOW THE FOUR PARTS FIT TOGETHER The lulav is a single palm branch and occupies the central position in the grouping.
    [Show full text]
  • HS-SPME and Microdistillation Isolation Methods for the Volatile Compounds of Bergamot Fruits Cultivated in Turkey
    Nat. Volatiles & Essent. Oils, 2019; 6(4): 21-25 Ağalar et al. RESEARCH ARTICLE HS-SPME and microdistillation isolation methods for the volatile compounds of bergamot fruits cultivated in Turkey Hale Gamze Ağalar1,*, Burak Temiz2 and Betül Demirci1 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470, Tepebasi, Eskisehir, TURKEY 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Health Sciences, Anadolu University, 26470, Tepebasi, Eskisehir, TURKEY *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract Bergamot fruits are important for cosmetic, perfumery, food and drug industries. Bergamot essential oil is well characterized and is used extensively in many flavours and fragrances. In the present study, the bergamot fruits cultivated in Adana were collected for the isolation of the volatiles in the peels, by microdistillation and headspace-solid phase microextraction (SP-SPME) techniques. The fresh peels of the fruits subjected to microdistillation were analysed by GC and GC-MS systems, simultaneously. In the same time, to trap volatile compounds in the fresh peels HS-SPME technique was employed. As result, limonene (32.9, 36.8%), linalool (37.3, 16.6%) and linalyl acetate (7.8, 30.2%) were identified as the major compounds comparable in the peels obtained by microdistillation and HS-SPME, respectively. Keywords: Citrus x bergamia, bergamot, microdistillation, HS-SPME, volatiles Introduction Citrus × bergamia Risso & Poit. belonging to the Rutaceae family is defined as a hybrid between a sour orange (C. aurantium L.) and lemon (C. limon L. Burm. f.) or formed as a mutation of the latter. In the same time, bergamot is thought to be a hybrid between a sour orange and lime (Navarra et al., 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Spicy Grapefruit Margarita. the RECIPE
    THE RECIPE spicy grapefruit margarita. By halfbakedharvest I swear I have found the perfect amount of tequila, to lime juice, to fruity mixer for margs prep time 10 minutes total time 10 minutes servings 6 drinks 4.47 from 39 votes calories 207 kcal INGREDIENTS BIG BATCH MARGARITAS 1 1/2 cups silver tequila 12 ounces 2 cups grapefruit juice 16 ounces 3/4 cups fresh lime juice 1/4 cup agave nectar may also use honey 1-2 whole jalapeños halved (depending on how spicy you want your drink) slices lime + grapefruit for serving TO MAKE JUST ONE DRINK 1 1/2 - 2 ounces silver tequila 2 1/2 ounces grapefruit juice 1 ounce fresh lime juice 1 tablespoon agave nectar or more to taste 1-2 slices jalapeno depending on how spicy you want your drink slices lime + grapefruit for serving SPICY CHILI SALT RIM 1 tablespoon chili powder 1 tablespoon kosher salt 2 teaspoons granulated sugar INSTRUCTIONS SPICY CHILI SALT RIM In a bowl, combine the chili power salt and sugar. Mix well to combine. Use this mixture to rim your glasses. BIG BATCH MARGARITA Combine all the ingredients in a pitcher and stir to combine. Keep chilled in the fridge for 1-3 hours. Taste the drink every hour to check for spiciness. The longer you leave the jalapeño in the drink the spicier the drink will become. Once the drink is spiced to your liking, remove the jalapeños. When ready to serve, salt the rims of 4-6 glasses. Add ice to each glass and pour the margaritas over the ice.
    [Show full text]
  • New Citrus Varieties Fort Bend County Master Gardeners
    New Citrus Varieties Fort Bend County Master Gardeners Fruit Tree Sale, February 9, 2019 Written by Deborah Birge, Fort Bend County Master Gardener Citrus is one of the most sought-after fruit trees for residents of Fort Bend County. Nothing is more intoxicating than a tree full of orange or lemon blossoms. Nothing more inviting than a tree full of tasty oranges or satsumas ready for the picking. Citrus can be cold hardy needing little winter care or very cold sensitive needing protection from temperatures below 40 degrees. Choosing the variety for your particular needs and interest can be accomplished by understanding the many varieties and their properties. Fort Bend County Master Gardeners will be offering several new citrus varieties at the Annual Fruit Tree Sale, February 9, 2019. We have a new pommelo, lime, three mandarins, and a grapefruit. This article will discuss each to help you in your decisions. Australian Finger Lime The Australian finger lime is described as Citrus Caviar. These small cucumber-shaped limes are practically in a category all their own. Their aromatic skin appears in a triad of colors and the flesh holds caviar- shaped vesicles that pop crisply in your mouth with an assertively tart punch. The tree is a small-leafed understory plant with some thorns. The tough climate conditions of the Australian coastal regions where Finger Limes were first grown make it suitable for a diversity of planting locations with little care or maintenance. It will even tolerate cooler weather down to a brief frost. Its compact, almost hedge-like stature make it an excellent candidate for tight spots in the garden or throughout the landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • Bergamot Essential Oil Attenuates Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Rats
    molecules Article Bergamot Essential Oil Attenuates Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Rats Laura Rombolà 1, Laura Tridico 1, Damiana Scuteri 1, Tsukasa Sakurada 2, Shinobu Sakurada 3, Hirokazu Mizoguchi 3, Pinarosa Avato 4, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti 5, Giacinto Bagetta 1 and Luigi Antonio Morrone 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (L.T.); [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (G.B.) 2 First Department of Pharmacology, Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 815-8511 Fukuoka, Japan; [email protected] 3 Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 981-8558 Sendai, Japan; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (H.M.) 4 Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, IT-70125 Bari, Italy; [email protected] 5 Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0984-493-054; Fax: +39-0984-493-107 Academic Editor: Olga Tzakou Received: 15 March 2017; Accepted: 9 April 2017; Published: 11 April 2017 Abstract: Preclinical studies have recently highlighted that bergamot essential oil (BEO) is endowed with remarkable neurobiolological effects. BEO can affect synaptic transmission, modulate electroencephalographic activity and it showed neuroprotective and analgesic properties. The phytocomplex, along with other essential oils, is also widely used in aromatherapy to minimize symptoms of stress-induced anxiety and mild mood disorders. However, only limited preclinical evidences are actually available.
    [Show full text]
  • Bright Citron™ Soak
    Product Profile BRIGHT CITRON™ SOAK WHAT IT IS An aromatic and refreshing sea salt soak for cleansing skin. WHAT IT DOES Softens and cleanses skin. WHY YOU NEED IT • Provides the first step to cleanse impurities and soften skin for a luxurious manicure or pedicure experience. • Gently cleanses without drying skin. FRAGRANCE FEATURED Pink Grapefruit and Warm Amber. FRAGRANCE PROFILE • Bright citrus top notes. • Soft floral mid notes. CREATIVE SUGGESTIONS • Light woody base notes. • Create a fragrant ceremonial experience by placing the Soak into warm water directly prior to ACTIVE BOTANICALS immersing hands or feet. Kaffir Lime (Citrus Hystrix Leaf Extract): • Add lime or grapefruit slices to enhance the Is known to purify skin and promote radiance. experience. • Use as a foot soak prior to all salon services. Honey: • Excellent retail product for home use in bath tubs. Is known to hydrate skin and help retain moisture. INGREDIENT LISTING FEATURED INGREDIENTS & BENEFITS Maris Sal ((Sea Salt) Sel Marin), Sodium Sesquicarbonate, Sea Salt: Argania Spinosa Kernel Oil, Honey, Citrus Hystrix Leaf Natural salt used for its therapeutic properties. Extract, Aqua ((Water) Eau), Glycerin, Propylene Glycol, Salts increase the flow of water in and out of Hydrated Silica, Parfum (Fragrance), Limonene, Linalool, cells, in essence flushing and cleansing the cells. Hexyl Cinnamal, Citral. This facilitates the absorption of other ingredients into the cells. AVAILABLE SIZES • Retail/Professional: 410 g (14.4 oz) Argan Oil (Argania Spinosa Kernel Oil): • Professional: 3.3 kg (118.8 oz) Is known to nourish dry skin. DIRECTIONS FOR USE • For feet, add a teaspoon to footbath and agitate water to dissolve.
    [Show full text]
  • Lime (Citrus Aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) Essential Oils: Volatile Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hypolipidemic Effect
    foods Article Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) Essential Oils: Volatile Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hypolipidemic Effect Li-Yun Lin 1,*, Cheng-Hung Chuang 2 , Hsin-Chun Chen 3 and Kai-Min Yang 4 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan 2 Department of Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan 3 Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan 4 Department of Hospitality Management, Mingdao Unicersity, ChangHua 523, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-33-432-793 Received: 19 July 2019; Accepted: 2 September 2019; Published: 7 September 2019 Abstract: Lime peels are mainly obtained from the byproducts of the juice manufacturing industry, which we obtained and used to extract essential oil (2.3%) in order to examine the antioxidant and hypolipidaemic effects. We identified 60 volatile compounds of lime essential oil (LEO) with GC/MS, of which the predominant constituents were limonene, γ-terpinene, and β-pinene. Lime essential oil was measured according to the DPPH assay and ABTS assay, with IC50 values of 2.36 mg/mL and 0.26 mg/mL, respectively. This study also explored the protective effects of LEO against lipid-induced hyperlipidemia in a rat model. Two groups of rats received oral LEO in doses of 0.74 g/100 g and 2.23 g/100 g with their diets. Eight weeks later, we found that the administration of LEO improved the serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate transaminase levels in the hyperlipidemic rats (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, the LEO improved the health of the rats in terms of obesity, atherogenic index, and fatty liver.
    [Show full text]
  • GRAS Notice 658, Grapefruit Extract
    GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 658 GR 11111111111111111111 http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/NoticeInventory/default.htm ORIGINAL SUBMISSION ., Notice to the US Food and Drug Administration that the use of Vancitrix™, a glycerin Citrus Extract, is Generally Recognized as Safe GRN ODDb58 Submitted and Prepared by the Notifier: r----------, (Pa~(C~~~~[)) Chemie Research & Manufacturing, Co., Inc. JUL 1 2016 OFFICE OF 18 March 2015 (Original subm ission) FOOI3> ADDITIVE SAFETY 07 June 2016 (Revised submission) THOMAS WRIGHT Table of Contents GRAS Exemption Claim 2 Name and Address of Notifier 2 Common or Usual Name 2 Conditions of Use 2 Basis for GRAS Determination 3 Data I Information Availability Statement 3 Characterization 3 Chemical Composition 4 Organic Certification 4 Manufacturing and Production 5 Company Overview 5 Raw Materials 5 Manufacturing 5 Specifications and Batch Analysis 7 Specifications and Quality Control 7 Ascorbic acid, Citric acid, Naringin and other Flavonoids 8 Screening for Pesticides I Bactericides 9 Heavy Metal Analysis 9 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 10 Microbial Assay (USP-51) 11 History of Consumption 12 Production 12 Safety Assessment 13 Toxicological Studies 13 Drug Interactions 13 Current Regulatory Status 14 Regulatory Status of Citrus Fruit 14 Regulatory Status of Additional Vancitrix™ Components 14 Intended Use 14 Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) 15 General Recognition I Basis for GRAS Determination 16 References 17 1 .. GRAS Exemption Claim Chemie Research & Manufacturing, Co., Inc. (the notifier) has determined that Vancitrix™ grapefruit extract, hereafter referred to as Vancitrix™, is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) for its intended use, consistent with section 201 (s) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
    [Show full text]
  • California Department of Food and Agriculture
    CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AMENDMENT TO THE PROCLAMATION OF AN EMERGENCY PROGRAM AGAINST THE HUANGLONGBING DISEASE FOR COMMUNITIES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY Between March 30, 2012 to May 27, 2021, the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) confirmed the presence of the causative bacterial agent of the citrus disease huanglongbing (HLB) in citrus tree tissue collected in the cities of Cerritos, Compton, Duarte, El Monte, Hacienda Heights, La Mirada, La Puente, Lakewood, Long Beach, Montebello, Norwalk, Paramount, Pico Rivera, Rosemead, San Gabriel, Temple City, and Whittier in Los Angeles County. HLB is a devastating disease of citrus and is spread through feeding action by populations of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. In order to determine the extent of the infestation, and to define an appropriate response area, additional surveys took place for several days over a 250-meter radius area, centered on the detection sites. Based on the results of the surveys, implementation of the CDFA’s ACP and HLB emergency response strategies are necessary for eradication and control. The Proclamation of Emergency Program and associated Notice of Treatment are valid until May 27, 2022, which is the amount of time necessary to determine that the treatment was successful. HLB is considered the most devastating disease of citrus in the world. In the United States, HLB’s unchecked spread in Florida starting in 2006 resulted in devastating impacts on the environment and economy. Symptoms of HLB include yellow shoots with mottling and chlorosis of the leaves, misshapen fruit, fruit that does not fully color, and fruit that has a very bitter taste, which makes it unfit for human consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 1
    Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Lecture 32 Citrus Citrus: Citrus spp., Rutaceae Citrus are subtropical, evergreen plants originating in southeast Asia and the Malay archipelago but the precise origins are obscure. There are about 1600 species in the subfamily Aurantioideae. The tribe Citreae has 13 genera, most of which are graft and cross compatible with the genus Citrus. There are some tropical species (pomelo). All Citrus combined are the most important fruit crop next to grape. 1 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 The common features are a superior ovary on a raised disc, transparent (pellucid) dots on leaves, and the presence of aromatic oils in leaves and fruits. Citrus has increased in importance in the United States with the development of frozen concentrate which is much superior to canned citrus juice. Per-capita consumption in the US is extremely high. Citrus mitis (calamondin), a miniature orange, is widely grown as an ornamental house pot plant. History Citrus is first mentioned in Chinese literature in 2200 BCE. First citrus in Europe seems to have been the citron, a fruit which has religious significance in Jewish festivals. Mentioned in 310 BCE by Theophrastus. Lemons and limes and sour orange may have been mutations of the citron. The Romans grew sour orange and lemons in 50–100 CE; the first mention of sweet orange in Europe was made in 1400. Columbus brought citrus on his second voyage in 1493 and the first plantation started in Haiti. In 1565 the first citrus was brought to the US in Saint Augustine. 2 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Taxonomy Citrus classification based on morphology of mature fruit (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification and Cultivars
    1 Classification and Cultivars 2 Two Tribes • Clauseneae • Citreae has 3 Subtribes –Triphasiinae –Balsamocitrineae –Citrinae 3 Fortunella • Four species - Small trees and shrubs. • Flowers later than Citrus. • Freeze - hardy • Small fruit –‘Meiwa’ and ‘Marumi’ - round –‘Nagami’ ovate 4 Poncirus • Two trifoliate spp. –trifoliata ‘Flying Dragon’ –poyandra • Deciduous • Thorny, Cold hardy, long thorns • Makes great hedges , rootstocks 5 Microcitrus • Northeastern rainforest Australia • Moderate-sized trees. • Leaves are unifoliate dimorphic • Microcitrus australasica –Resistant to burrowing nematode and phytophthora • Micro leaves, flowers, and fruit 6 Clymenia • Unifoliate acuminate leaves tapering into very short petiole. • Branches are thornless. • Style shorter than other true Citrus and stigma is larger and flattened • Fruit - ovoid, thin peeled, many oil glands, many small seeds. 7 Eremocitrus • Xerophytic native of Australia • Spreading long drooping branches • Leaves unifoliate, greyish green, thick, leatherly, and lanceolate. • Sunken stomata, freeze hardy • Ideal xeroscape plant. 8 Citrus - Subgenus Eucitrus • Vesicles - no acrid or bitter oil • C. medica (Citrons) –Uses - candied peel, • Jewish ceremony • Exocortis indicator 9 Citrus limon (Lemons) • Commerce –‘Lisbon’ and ‘Eureka’ • Dooryard –Meyer (Lemon hybrid) • Rough Lemon –Rootstock 10 Lemon Hybrids • Lemonage (lemon x sweet orange) • Lemonime (lemon x lime) • Lemandrin (lemon x mandarin) • Eremolemon (Eremocitrus x lemon) - Australian Desert Lemon 11 Citrus aurantifolia (Limes) • ‘Key’ or ‘Mexican’ limes • ‘Tahiti’ or ‘Persian’ limes some are triploids and seedless • C. macrophylla (lime-like fruit) –Rootstock in California • Lemonimes (lime x lemon) • Limequats (lime x kumquat) 12 • Not grown either in Tahiti or Persian (Iran) • Seedless and marketed when still dark green 13 C. aurantium - Sour Orange • ‘Seville’ in Southern Europe –Orange marmalade • ‘Bouquet’ & ‘Bergamot’ • - Italy –Essential oil • Many forms like ‘Bittersweet’ –Rootstock - High quality fruit.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroprotective Potential of Limonene and Limonene Containing Natural Products
    molecules Review Neuroprotective Potential of Limonene and Limonene Containing Natural Products Lujain Bader Eddin 1 , Niraj Kumar Jha 2 , M. F. Nagoor Meeran 1 , Kavindra Kumar Kesari 3,4 , Rami Beiram 1 and Shreesh Ojha 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] (L.B.E.); [email protected] (M.F.N.M.); [email protected] (R.B.) 2 Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland; kavindra.kesari@aalto.fi 4 Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Limonene is a monoterpene confined to the family of Rutaceae, showing several biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antinociceptive and gastroprotective characteristics. Recently, there is notable interest in investigating the pharmacological effects of limonene in various chronic diseases due to its mitigating effect on oxidative stress and inflam- mation and regulating apoptotic cell death. There are several available studies demonstrating the neuroprotective role of limonene in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Citation: Eddin, L.B.; Jha, N.K.; multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, anxiety, and stroke. The high abundance of limonene in nature, its Meeran, M.F.N.; Kesari, K.K.; Beiram, safety profile, and various mechanisms of action make this monoterpene a favorable molecule to R.; Ojha, S.
    [Show full text]