Preistoria Alpina, 47 (2013): 57-67 ISSn 0393-015757 © Museo delle Scienze, trento 2013

Atti Seminario 2012: “Analisi tecno-Funzionale dei manufatti litici preistorici: teoria, metodologia, tecniche sperimentali”

The management of lithic resources during the V millennium cal BC at Espluga de la Puyascada (, ) niccolò MAZZucco1*, Ignacio cLEMEntE-contE1, Vicente BALdELLou2 & Ermengol GASSIot BALLBÈ3

1 departamento de Arqueología y Antropología, Institución Milà y Fontanals (IMF-cSIc) c/ Egipcíaques 15, 08001 Barce- lona, . 2 Museo Provincial de Huesca, Plaza de la universidad 1, 22002 Huesca, Spain 3 Departamento de Prehistoria (UAB), Ediicio B, Facultad de Letras 08193 Bellaterra, Spain * corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

SuMMArY - The management of lithic resources during the V millennium cal BC at Espluga de la Puyascada (La Fueva, Huesca) - Al- though the archaeological site of Espluga de la Puyascada was only excavated during one campaign (1975), this cave might be considered one of the most signiicant sites in the pre-Pyrenean mountains of Huesca. The materials found in the survey excavation provide several information about the economy of the pastoral and agricultural groups living in the area during the V millennium calBc. the results of the analysis of the lithic assemblage, and its petrological, technological and functional characterisation, are presented in this paper. the data obtained indicates that the lithic implements were mainly constituted of blade blanks, which production was based on the procurement of raw materials in a regional context over a distance of about 80-90 kilometres. the lithic tools were used in productive processes associated with both the acquisition of food and the manufacture of other implements and goods. rIASSunto - La gestione delle risorse litiche durante il V millennio cal BC alla Espluga de la Puyascada (La Fueva, Huesca) - Sebbene scavata nel corso di solo una campagna (1975), la grotta di Espluga de la Puyasca da è considerata uno dei più signiicativi siti preistorici della regione pirenaica di Huesca (Spagna). Le evidenze archeologiche forniscono numerose informazioni sulla economia dei gruppi agro- pastorali che vissero nella regione durante il V millennio cal. BC. In questo l avoro vengono presentati i risultati degli studi petrograici, tecnologici e funzionali dei manufatti litici. I dati ottenuti indicano che i manufatti litici erano ottenuti attraverso la produzione di lame ricavate da materie prime presenti nella regione ino a circa 80-90 km di distanza. Gli strumenti erano utilizzati in processi produttivi inalizzati sia all’acquisizione di cibo che alla manifattura di altri strumenti ebeni.

Key words: Mountain occupation, neolithic, Functional analysis, means of production. Parole chiave: occupazione della montagna, neolitico, Analisi funzionale, mezzi di produzione

1. IntroductIon cally, Western were characterized by a continuous process of humanization which started from the early and Studies of the human occupation of high mountain- middle neolithic period (VI millennium cal Bc) and rap- ous areas in the Western Pyrenees have increased signii- idly increased during late neolithic and chalcolithic period cantly over the last ten years, with the development of sev- (late IV millennium and irst half of the III millennium cal eral research projects on both sides of the mountain chain Bc) (Galop 2006; Gassiot et al. 2010; Ejarque et al. 2010). (rendu 2003; Galop 2006; Palet et al. 2006-2007; Miras et This scenario fundamentally seem to conirm the data al. 2007; Pèlachs et al. 2007; Bal et al. 2010; Gassiot et al. available for the lower and medium altitudes. In fact, even if 2010; Ejarque et al. 2010). high mountain zones have been for long ignored by the ar- the data obtained from pollen columns and inten- chaeological research, during the last forthy years in the pre- sive archaeological surveying have succeeded in creating a Pyrenees have been carried out a number of research projects new image of the human occupation of these high altitude that lead to the discovery of a signiicant number of archeo - areas, which have traditionally been considered as archaeo- logical sites with similar chronologies (VI - III millennium logically “empty zones”; poorly exploited by prehistoric cal Bc) ( 1987; Baldellou & castán 1985; utrilla populations and characterized by a low level of human & Mazo 1992; Baldellou & utrilla 1995; Petit 1996; utrilla settlements in comparison with lowland areas and/or the & Mazo 2007, oms et al. 2008; oms et al., 2009). this data valley loors (Jiménez 2007). On the contrary, those recent suggest that starting from the middle Holocene both lower studies suggests that mountains areas have been heavily and higher mountain areas have been characterized by an im- inluenced by the human populations and their economic portant process of humanization, probably due to the spread activities starting from the middle Holocene. More specii- of agricultural and pastoral activities. 58 Mazzucco et al. the management of lithic resources

In this paper, we will focus our attention on one of E.S - Supericial level formed mainly by the remains these sites located in a mountain environment: the Espluga of modern practices of penning sheep and goats. this level of Puyascada. this site has been only partially investigated was documented in all the four surveys. disturbed archaeo- during the 70s, revealing the existence of a number of lev- logical material was occasionally present. Between 13 and els of occupation dated to the Middle neolithic. However, 30cm thick. for logistical reasons the excavations were interrupted, thus leading to the interruption of the study of the materials, E.1 - Silty grey-brown layer, characterised by abun- which were only preliminarily published (Baldellou 1987). dant ash and charcoal. It was located only in the central sec- our objective is to present a renewed analysis of the lithic tor of the chamber, in survey c3. the stratum was sloping, assemblage retrieved during the excavations, covering as- and it was sub-divided into two sub-strata on the basis of pects as raw material procurement, technological and use- the different quantity of organic remains present. It was be- wear analysis, in order to determine how these resources tween 50 and 110cm thick. the few archaeological remains were managed during the neolithic period. In this way, we were associated with a bell-beaker occupation. hope to appraise and integrate the data from the old exca- vation, contributing to the understanding of the economic E.2 - Silty dark brown layer characterised by the orientation of the site. presence of abundant ash and charcoal. In some areas stains of ire-altered red earth were found. The presence of a large amount of clasts and stones of different sizes was probably 2. ArcHAEoLoGIcAL contExt due to an ancient collapse of the overhanging cave entrance. this level was found in survey c1, c3 and c4. In some the Espluga de la Puyascada is located in the north- sectors it was sub-divided into different strata depending east of the Iberian Peninsula, in the region of and on the distribution of the stone clasts of varying sizes. Its the . It is situated in the municipality of maximum thickness was between 60 and 110cm. this layer La Fueva, a few kilometres from the town of San Juan de contained a large amount of archaeological remains be- toledo, in the Sobrarbe district (Fig. 1, a). longing to a neolithic phase with impressed pottery. these the cave is formed in a limestone massif called Si- remains included a rich bone assemblage (mainly punches, erra Ferrera which runs in a nW-E direction from the cinca but also a spoon and a spatula) and objects of adornment Valley to the Esera Valley. this is part of the Interior Moun- such as beads and rings (Fig. 2. a-g). tains which run parallel to the Pyrenees chain and which reach considerable altitudes of over 2000m in the central the chronology of the human occupation of the and western sections. the cave entrance is at 1300m above cave was determined on the basis of three radiocarbon sea level in the middle of a limestone ridge, in an area char- dates. First sample, a charcoal, was taken from Level E.1, acterised by steep slopes and abrupt relief. the dimensions in the survey c3, while the other two charcoals came from of the cave entrance are large: it consists of a single cham- Level E.3, surveys c1 and c3. the results were already ber 15m wide, with a small inal passage about 5m long published (Baldellou 1987). Here, we present dates recali- (Baldellou 1987). brated with oxcal 4.1 software (Bronk ramsey 2009), us- In 1975, under the supervision of dr Vicente Baldel- ing the Intcal09 calibration curve (reimer et al. 2009). lou, from Huesca Provincial Museum, four surveys were ex- the results show that the cave was occupied during cavated in the cave entrance and in the chamber. the total the ifth and fourth millennium cal BC. All the dates have surface area was 16m2. the sediment was excavated in arti- been calibrated to two sigma, and their standard deviation icial spits each one between 5 and 10 cm thick, which were was relatively small (table 1). later uniied in sedimentary macro-units. Although the strati- the chronological sequence is indicative of at least graphic sequence was not uniform in the different surveys, two different occupation phases in the cave. the oldest three levels were distinguished (Fig. 1, b-c). date, from survey c1 indicates that the cave was occupied

ref. Lab. Layer Sample BP ± Cal BC 1σ % Cal BC 2σ % μ m 3490-3471 4.5 3620-3611 0.4 cSIc-383 E.1 (c3) charcoal 4560 80 3373-3265 27.1 3266 141 3521-3021 95.0 3241-3104 36.6 4581-4572 0.4 4483-4480 cSIc-382 E.2 (c3) charcoal 5580 70 1.0 67.2 4556-4323 93.5 4426 66 4463-4349 4289-4267 1.4 4893-4889 1.6 4982-4970 1.0 cSIc-384 E.2 (c1) charcoal 5930 60 4884-4869 5.3 4814 75 4965-4688 94.7 4850-4724 61.3 tab. 1 - 14c dates from the Espluga de la Puyascada, phases 1 & 2 calibrated dates have been realized with oxcal software 4.1 (Bronk & ramsey 2009). Tab. 1 - Datazioni radiometriche del sito di Espluga de la Puyascada, fasi 1 e 2(Baldellou 1985). Le date calibrate sono state realizzate con OxCal software 4.1 (Bronk & Ramsey 2009). Preistoria Alpina, 47 (2013): 57-67 59

Fig. 1a - Geographical framework. The white star ‘P’ represent the “Espluga de la Puyascada” site, while the black stars represent other archaeological sites of the period: a) cueva de chaves; b) cueva del Moro de ; c) cueva colomera; d) cueva del Parco; e) cueva de Els trocs; f) cueva del Sardo. circles represent chert outcrops: 1)Lacustrine Ebro valley outcrops ; 2) tremp fm. outcrops; 3) cretaceous marine chert outcrops. Fig. 1a - Localizzazione del sito archeologico (stella bianca) e dei siti coevi della regione (stelle nere). Fonti di materie prime litiche (cerchi). Fig. 1b - a) Stratigraphic sequence of survey c1; b) Stratigraphic sequence of survey c3. Fig. 1b - a) Sequenza stratigraica della trincea C1; b) Sequenza stratigraica della trincea C3. 60 Mazzucco et al. the management of lithic resources during the irst half of the ifth millennium, from 4965 to sectors of the Ebro river basin (Fig. 1, 3-4) (Anadón et al. 4688 cal Bc, whereas the second, from survey c3, was 1989; Pardo et al. 2004). the nearest outcrops of this type dated to 4556-4323 cal BC. It is thus dificult to deter- of chert are about 80 or 90 kilometres from the cave. mine whether these represent a single prolonged occupa- A second group, of white-grey chert, is character- tion phase or two separate phases. More radiocarbon dates ised by the presence of pseudomorphs of gypsum crystals are required to verify the consistence and duration of the and iron oxides (n = 6; 15.8%) (Fig. 2, l). It may be attrib- human occupation along the ifth millennium. However, uted to continental units of high-salinity lacustrine environ- bearing in mind these results and the study of the ceramic ments, of Palaeocene age, in the tremp- basin in the remains (Baldellou 1987), it seems reasonable to consider Pre-Pyrenees, in the provinces of Lerida and Huesca (Fig. Level E.2 a homogeneous unit. 1, 2). Units of this kind have been identiied in the Serraduy and campo area, in the Ésera and Isábena Valleys, some 10 or 15km from the site (rosell et al. 2001; López-Martínez 3. MAtErIALS And MEtHodS et al. 2006). the third group seem to proceed from a local source. this study is focused on the chipped lithic assem- It is a dark chert type, characterised by the presence of ma- blage recovered from the level E.2. this assemblage might rine foraminifers, among which mainly sponge spicules (n be regarded as relatively abundant considering the surface = 2; 5.3%) (Fig. 1, 1). Several types of marine chert types area that was excavated and the thickness of the layer; known in the region; one of the nearest outcrops to the site level E.2 occupied a surface of only 10m2 considering all is a limestone stratum with abundant lint nodules located the surveys. It may be regarded as a single assemblage, as only 15 kilometres away, in the Armeña district (Fig. x.x, the pottery typology is homogeneous throughout the level 3). It is an upper cretaceous chert containing spicules and (Baldellou 1987). some foraminifers like Lacazina (Garrido-Megías and ríos the lithic remains have been studied within the 1972). Further west, similar chert types has been located in theoretical framework developed by the Institución Milá the Añisclo canyon, some 7 kilometres from the site in a y Fontanals (cSIc), which covers all the productive pro- straight line (Fig. 1, 1). In this case, it is an Eocene chert, cesses from the procurement of the raw material, its trans- distinguished by the presence of Alveolina and Nummu- formation into implements and the use made of them (Pie lites (Van Lunsen 1970; Mazo and cuchí 1992). Both rock and Vila 1992; clemente 1997; terradas 2001; Briz et al. types are well-jointed, with frequent cracks and issures, 2005). which means they are inappropriate for blade production. the petrological analysis of the remains has been this may explain why they are so scarcely employed in the carried out only on a macroscopic level, on a macrosopic archaeological sites of this period. the sample from Puyas- level to avoid the destruction of the archeological samples. cada consists of only two samples and due to the absence of the petrographic characterisation was based on the micro- diagnostic fossils, their exact provenance cannot be deter- palaeontological and textural features, through the use of mined. However, they probably belong to local chert types. a stereoscopic microscope (Leica MZ16A, 20x-40x). the The last lint type, represented by a single item (n = 1, micro-fossils present in the rock have been employed to 2.6%), probably comes from a more distant source, outside relate the archaeological materials with the palaeoenvi- the region. It is a fragment that due to its texture and compo- ronmental conditions existed at the time of the geologi- sition can be related with the so-called “honey lint” or silex cal formation (marine or lacustrine conditions). Features blond (Fig. 2, g). the source of this material is being debated as texture and composition (aspect, colour, granulometry, by different researchers, although one of the most plausible density, presence or absence of minerals and/or grains, etc.) hypotheses suggest that it comes from Lower cretaceous were related with the raw material sources by comparing formations situated in Provence (Binder 1998). them with the reference collection of the Institución Milá y Fontanals siliceous (Litocat). the use-wear analysis was carried out with both ste- 5. tEcHnIcAL And FunctIonAL reoscopic microscope (Leica MZ16A, 20x-40x), to examine MAnAGEMEnt the macro-wear (notches, rounding of the edges, etc.) and transmitted light microscopy (olympus BHMu, 50x-600x), Although the archaeological ieldwork only consist - to study the micro-wear (striations, micro-polish, etc.) (Se- ed of survey excavations and the material recovered repre- menov 1964; González and Ibáñez 1994; clemente 1997). sent a partial sample of the lithic assemblage of the Espluga de la Puyascada, we believe that it is possible to highlight certain relevant aspects in the way these raw materials were 4. rESuLtS exploited and used. At a technological level, the irst point to be high- the petrographic analysis of the lithic assemblage lighted is the preference for blade products (n = 26, 68.4%), from Espluga de la Puyascada has differentiated the follow- while lakes (n = 8, 21.0%) and by-products of knapping (n ing lithological groups: = 2, 5.6%) are less common. Blades were produced mainly the largest group (n = 28; 73.7%) is represented by with chert types from the Ebro Valley. the presence of two a brown/beige/black chert which can be distinguished by cores and a re-sharpening tablet of this lithology, together the presence of oogonia and stems of charophyceae algae with a higher frequency of artefacts with cortex (table 2) (Fig. 2, h). chert of this type are well-known in the region suggests that at least a part of the knapping sequence was and can be found in the carbonate lacustrine formations performed in situ. this means that the cores and/or preforms of oligocene and Miocene age in the central and eastern were transported over considerable distances. Preistoria Alpina, 47 (2013): 57-67 61

Fig. 2 - Archaeological materials of the Espluga del Puyascada. 1) Bone ring; 2) Perforated shells; 3) Edible cockles (Cerastoderma edule); 4) Bone spoon; 5) Bone spatula; 6) Bone punches; 7) Ebro lint type; 8) Marine cretaceous chert type; 9) Blond lint type; 10) Tremp lint type; 11) Hornfels polished axe. Fig. 2 - Materiali archeologici del sito della Espluga della Puyascada. 1) Anello in osso; 2) Conchiglie perforate; 3) Molluschi (cerastoder- ma edule); 4) Cucchiaio in osso; 5) Spatola in osso; 6) Punteruoli in osso; 7) Selce lacustre dell’Ebro; 8) Selce Marina Cretacica ; 9) Selce beige-miele; 10) Selce Tremp; 11) Ascia levigata in corneana. 62 Mazzucco et al. the management of lithic resources

use-wear analysis has succeeded in showing how was used in the processes of making, maintaining, inishing many of the blade implements were used (n = 18, 73.1%). or resharpening some of those bone instruments. Most of them were used to work soft substances (n = 28, Also some of the lakes found at La Puyascada (n 68.3% of the active zones - AZ). More speciically, half of = 5, 13.1%) show the presence of use-wears. two of them them were used in tasks connected with cutting herbaceous were used in butchery tasks, as they display traces of the plants (n = 12, 29.2% AZ) while the others (n = 10, 24.3% contact with soft animal matter (meat/fresh hide) associ- AZ) for processing animal substances, mainly in tasks as- ated with spots produced by hard animal materials (bone). sociated with butchery, as skinning, quartering, eviscerat- Another lakes was used for plant cutting activities, while ing, boning, etc. (Fig. 5, a). this group of tools would have one another was used as wedge to split a medium/hard sub- been used to process domestic animals: pig (Sus scrofa do- stance. mestica), cattle (Bos taurus), sheep/goats (Ovis aries/Capra Finally, it should be remember that at La Puyas- hircus), as well wild fauna: red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe cada were retrieved two cores with negatives of blade ex- deer (Capreoulus capreolus), wolf (Canis lupus), chamois tractions (n = 2, 5.6%) (Fig. 2, h). Both cores are realized (Rupicapra rupicapra) and probably wild boar (Sus scrofa) employing chert types of the oligocene formations of the (castaños 1987). Ebro basin. Additionally they display signs of being used as hammer-stones, following a widespread practice in Eu- Identiied plant use-wears suggest that tools involved ropean neolithic context. with plant working activities were probably employed to cut wild plants (Fig. 3, a). In four cases, it has observed a very rough and abrasive polish, probably produced cutting 6. dIScuSSIon And concLuSIon the plant at ground level, or very near the soil (n = 4, 9.7% AZ) (Fig. 3, b-c) (clemente and Gibaja 1998). the plants the study of the lithic remains from la Espluga de la that were gathered may have been used for food or for me- Puyascada has succeeded in determining that the raw ma- dicinal purposes, but more also as forage for livestock and/ terials used to make the implements were obtained in three or to condition areas, as has been documented in the neo- different areas. lithic level at Arene candide (MacPhail et al. 1997). only Some of the raw materials come from local areas, in one case (n = 1, 2.4% AZ) (Fig. 5, b), it seems possible within a radius of 5 to 15 kilometres from the site. they that one of the blades was used to cut domestic cereals. consist mainly of a type of grey/black marine lint, charac- this blade differs from the rest of the lithic implements for terized by the presence of many issures and cracks caused its shape and size. the use-wear marks observed show that by the pressure of the surrounding limestone. A second lint it was initially used in agricultural tasks and then re-used to type that proceed from a local context, is a white/grey chert work an abrasive mineral material such as pottery or clay known as belonging to the “tremp Group”. It is more ho- (Fig. 5, b). We suppose that this blade has been previously mogeneous and more suitable for knapping (Mangado et used as sickle and later taken to La Puyascada, where it al. 2007). has been re-used in a totally different activity. the presence the majority of the chert materials proceed from of possible striations produced by transportation, located a regional context. nearest outcrops are located at a dis- beneath the mineral polish, seem to conirm this hypothesis tance up to a hundred kilometres from the site, in the upper (Mazzucco and clemente, 2013). Ebro Valley. this area is characterised by a large number In addition to this blade, there are another two lithic of primary outcrops and nodules that are usually of large implements that display use-wear related to pottery-making dimensions. this chert type is quite homogeneous, charac- (Gassin and Garidel 1993; torchy and Gassin 2010). one terized by a micro-crystalline quartz matrix that makes it of these is a blade that, like the previous one, seems to have highly suitable for knapping, especially to obtain elongated been used to smooth clay, while the other implement is a blanks. perforator apparently used to pierce dry pottery (Fig. 4, a), the last group consists of rocks that proceed from possibly while repairing and/or decorating a vessel. Future outside the region. A fragment of “honey lint” has been experimentation might serve to conirm this hypothesis. recorded at La Puyascada. this suggests the existence of clay working activities has been recognized also exchange networks through which this piece could be ac- on two cockle shells (Cerastoderma edule) (Fig. 2, c). on quired (Weller, Figuls and Grandia 2007). In addition to both instruments we recognized the presence of an abrasive this, the presence of two Cerastoderma edule fragments at polish on the lip of the shell and in the area of the umbo, La Puyascada, seem to suggest that such networks are re- smoothed and striated: it may have been used to smooth the lated with Mediterranean coastal areas. clay surface when it was quite dry. use-wear produced by hard materials working ac- the lithic remains include blade cores, hammer- tivities has been recognized only on one tools. It is a re- stones, resharpening tablets and a relatively high per- touched blade, previously used along both edges to cut centage of pieces with cortex. this clearly indicates that vegetal matter and successively reshaped though the reali- the allochthonous raw materials were worked at the site. zation of a small notch. thus, the retouched notch was em- Blades were the more recurrent blanks and all of them tend ployed to work hard animal matter, probably bone (Fig. 4, to exhibit very intense uses, prolonged in time, including b). As in other neolithic deposits, resharpening it is a very resharpening, transport and re-use. those tools were used common practice at La Puyascada (Gibaja 2002; clemente in various productive processes mainly connected with the and García 2008). Moreover, considering the abundant exploitation of animal resources and the gathering of her- bone assemblage recovered, consisting mainly of spatulas baceous plants. However lithic implements have been used and punches, it is reasonable to assume that this implement also in other activities, as working hard animal substances Preistoria Alpina, 47 (2013): 57-67 63

Fig. 3 - 1) Blade used for cutting herbaceous plant. a- macro traces from cutting plants; b- smooth plant polish. 2-3) Blades used for cutting herbaceous plants showing contact with soil; a- macro traces; b- abrasive plant polish. Fig. 3 - 1) Lama con macrotracce (a) e polish (b) di taglio di piante non legnose. 2-3) Lame con macrotracce (a) e polish (b) di taglio di piante non legnose con contatto con il suolo. 64 Mazzucco et al. the management of lithic resources

Fig. 4 - 1) Instrument used to perforate a mineral substance, probably chert. a- pronounced edge-rounding on the point; b- strias from mineral material. 2) Blade used for cutting herbaceous plant, and successively, for scraping bone/antler. a- macro-traces from plant cutting; b- abrasive plant polish; c- retouched notch; d- bone polish. Fig. 4 - 1) Strumento usato per perforare sostanza minerale, probabilmente chert. a- forte arrotondamento del margine distale della pun- ta; b- strie causate da materiale minerale. 2) Lama usata per tagliare piante non legnose e successivamente per raschiare materia dura animale. a- macrotracce di taglio di piante; b- polish; c- incavo ritoccato; d- polish di osso. Preistoria Alpina, 47 (2013): 57-67 65

Fig. 5 - 1) Blade used for cutting animal substance (hide). a- pronounced edge rounding; b- polish from hide working; 2)Large blade used for cut- ting plants and after reemployed for working mineral substance, probably ceramic. a- pronounced rounding on the retouched edge; b-c- abrasive, striated polish; d- smooth plant polish; e- striation partially covered by use-polish, maybe produced by human transportation of the instrument. Fig. 5 - 1) Lama con tracce di taglio di material animale (pelle). a- forte arrotondamento del margine; b- polish di lavorazione della pelle. 2) lama larga con tracce di taglio di piante e riutilizzo su sostanze minerali, probabilmente ceramica. a- arrotondamento del margine ritoccato; b-c- polish con strie; d- polish di piante; e- strie parzialmente coperte dalla polish probabilmente prodotte dal trasporto del manufatto da parte dell’uomo. 66 Mazzucco et al. the management of lithic resources and production/decoration and/or repair of pottery. Baldellou Martínez V., 1987 - Avance al estudio de la Espluga de Previous papers on la Espluga de la Puyascada had la Puyascada. Bolskan, 4: 3-41. regarded the lithic remains as “poor and not characteris- Baldellou Martínez V., 1988 - Algunas consideraciones sobre el tic”, in contrast with the very abundant and varied faunal origen de la agricultura en el Alto Aragón”. Bolskan 4: 57-66 remains and the rich and interesting bone industry (Baldel- Baldellou Martínez V., 1994 - Algunos comentarios sobre el ne- lou 1981, 1987, 1988, 1994; castaños 1987). However, this olítico en Aragón. Bolskan, 11: 33-51. more detailed analysis of the lithic assemblage has ena- Baldellou Martínez V. & castán A., 1985 - Excavaciones en la bled a more profound understanding of the site. Even if La cueva de chaves de Bastaras (casbas-Huesca). Bolskan, 1: Puyascada is undoubtedly interpreted as a mountain site, 9-39. closely linked with pastoralism, the study of the lithic as- Baldellou Martínez V. & utrilla P., 1995 - La cueva del Moro de semblage, despite it being a partial sample, has succeeded olvena (Huesca). Bolskan, 12/1: 193-214. in proving the existence of a complex series of activities, Binder D. 1998 - Silex blond et complexité des assemblages lith- related to food production and space conditioning. iques dans le Néolithique liguro-provençal. In: d’Anna A. & Even if the cave appears to have been inhabited Binder d. (eds.), Production et identité culturelle. Actualité mainly on a seasonal scale, the human occupation of the de la recherche. Éditions APdcA, Antibes: 111-128. site seem to display certain stability. Activities such as pre- Bronk ramsey c., 2009 - Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. paring inner living spaces, manufacturing lithic and bone radiocarbon, 51/1: 337-360. tools, production and/or repairing of ceramic materials, castaños ugarte P. M., 1987 - Estudio de los restos óseos de la the transportation of raw materials from relatively distant cueva de Espulga de la Puyascada. Bolskan, 4: 43-56 sources, suggest that the cave may have been occupied with clemente conte I., 1997 - Los Instrumentos líticos de Túnel certain continuity by the prehistoric groups. It do not seem VII: una aproximación etnoarqueológica, treballs to have been simply used as shelter by pastoral groups dur- d’Etnoarqueologia, 2, Madrid, UAB-CSIC. 186 pp. ing their migration toward summer pastures. the study Clemente Conte I. & Gibaja Bao J. F., 1998 - Working processes of other contemporary sites in the Vall de Boí, in areas of on cereals: an approach though microwear analysis. Journal higher altitude (Gassiot et al. 2010, 2012), has shown that of Archaeological Science, 25: 457- 468. the rock-shelters used by small pastoral groups during their clemente conte I. & García díaz V., 2008 - Yacimientos arque- migrations are characterised by much smaller occupations ológicos de la costa atlántica de la bahía de cádiz: aplicación in which domestic activities would have been much more del análisis funcional a los instrumentos de trabajo líticos del sporadic, if not non-existent, which is also relected in an embarcadero del río Palmones, La Mesa y la Esparragosa. In: expedient use of mineral resources. Ramos J. 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