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A Comparative Study of Adult and Nonformal Education in Selected Countries of the Southeast Asian Region

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A Comparative Study of Adult and Nonformal Education in Selected Countries of the Southeast Asian Region University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1978 A comparative study of adult and nonformal education in selected countries of the Southeast Asian region John Brown-Parker The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Brown-Parker, John, "A comparative study of adult and nonformal education in selected countries of the Southeast Asian region" (1978). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 7664. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/7664 This Professional Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ADULT AND NONFORMAL EDUCATION IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION By John Brown-Parker B.A., University of Papua New Guinea, 1976 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education in Administration UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1978 Approved by: irman, Boatd of Examiners Dean, Graduate Schooc (if., f V. f '1 7 Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP38465 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI* UMI EP38465 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest* ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To Dr. Robert L. Anderson my committe chairman. Dr. James J. Lewis and Dr. Robert E. Eagle, committee co-chair­ men, and my advisor Dr. Lyle Berg, sincere appreciation is expressed for their counsel and encouragement in preparing this professional paper. The author is also appreciative for having had the opportunity to study the American educ­ ation system under their professional guidance. A special thanks goes to my wife, Judi, a profession­ al educator in her own right, who shared the excitment, as well as the frustrations and hardships throughout the course of my investigation in the Southeast Asian Region. JBP Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... Ü LIST OF TABLES .................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES ............................................... xi Chapter I THE SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ............ 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................... 1 THE STATEMENT OF THE PURPOSE ................. 6 Obj actives THE IMPORTANCE OF THE S T U D Y ................. 7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ...................... 9 DELIMITATIONS OF THE S TUDY .................... 10 DESCRIPTION AND DEFINITION OF TERMINOLOGY AND CONCEPTS ................................... H II BACKGROUND .......................................... 18 INTRODUCTION ..................................... 18 OVERVIEW: CULTURAL AND REGIONAL BACKGROUND . 19 Geography Demography Economy History 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Page Religion Culture Politics III REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..............................4 0 REGIONAL OVERVIEW ............................. 40 SINGAPORE ........................ ...... 43 MALAYSIA ............................................ 44 THAILAND .................................. 45 HONG K O N G ..........................................46 THE PHILIPPINES .................................. 47 IV METHODOLOGY .......................................... 53 DESIGN OF THE S T U D Y ..............................55 SELECTION OF COUNTRIES ........................ 56 SELECTION OF INFORMANTS WITHIN COUNTRIES . 58 PROCEDURE OF INQUIRY .......................... 59 Stage 1 - Planning Stage 2 - Indonesia Stage 3 - Singapore Stage 4 - Malaysia Stage 5 - Thailand Stage 6 - Hong Kong Stage 7 - Philippines THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE COMPARATIVE STUDY ............................................... 68 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Page V ADULT AND NONFORMAL EDUCATION IN SINGAPORE . 70 OVERVIEW: CULTURAL AND NATIONAL BACKGROUND . 70 Geography Demography History Culture Economy Politics THE TOTAL EDUCATIONAL ENTERPRISE ............ 79 Purpose, philosophy and goals of education Elementary education Secondary education Tertiary education The overall educational system Major problems confronting the educational enterprise ADULT EDUCATION AND THE INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED ....................................... 86 Official roles, philosophies and policies The scope and nature of adult and non- formal programs Professionalization and organization of the field Evolving and developing patterns MAJOR INNOVATIONS OR CASE S T U D I E S .......... 90 VI ADULT AND NONFORMAL EDUCATION IN MALAYSIA . 96 OVERVIEW: CULTURAL AND NATIONAL BACKGROUND . 96 V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Page Geography Demography History Culture Economy Politics THE TOTAL EDUCATIONAL ENTERPRISE ............ 108 Purpose, philosophy and goals of education Elementary education Secondary education Tertiary education The overall educational system Major problems confronting the educational enterprise ADULT EDUCATION AND THE INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED .......................................... 113 Official roles, philosophies and policies The scope and nature of adult and non- formal programs Professionalization and organization of the field Evolving and developing patterns MAJOR INNOVATIONS OR CASE S T U D I E S .............132 VII ADULT AND NONFORMAL EDUCATION IN THAILAND . OVERVIEW: CULTUEL AND NATIONAL BACKGROUND . 141 Geography Demography vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Page History Culture Economy Politics THE TOTAL EDUCATIONAL ENTERPRISE ............ 148 Purpose, philosophy and goals of education Elementary education Secondary education Tertiary education The overall educational system Major problems confronting the educational enterprise ADULT EDUCATION AND THE INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED .......................................... 154 Official roles, philosophies and policies The scope and nature of adult and non- formal programs Professionalization and organization of the field Evolving and developing patterns MAJOR INNOVATIONS OR CASE S T U D I E S .............166 VIII ADULT AND NONFORMAL EDUCATION IN HONG KONG . 175 OVERVIEW: CULTURAL AND NATIONAL BACKGROUND . 17 5 Geography Demography History VI1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Page Culture Economy Politics THE TOTAL EDUCATIONAL ENTERPRISE ............ Purpose, philosophy and goals of education Elementary education Secondary education Tertiary education The overall educational system Major problems confronting the educational enterprise ADULT EDUCATION AND THE INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED ....................................... 18 5 Official roles, philosophies and policies The scope and nature of adult and non- formal programs Professionalization and organization of the field Evolving and developing patterns MAJOR INNOVATIONS OR CASE ST U D I E S ............ 19 5 IX ADULT AND NONFORMAL EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES ....................................... 201 OVERVIEW: CULTURAL AND NATIONAL BACKGROUND . 201 Geography Demography History Culture viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Page Economy Politics THE TOTAL EDUCATIONAL ENTERPRISE ............ 208 Purpose, philosophy and goals of education Elementary education Secondary education Tertiary education The overall educational system Major problems confronting the educational enterprise ADULT EDUCATION AND THE INSTITUTIONS INVOLVED ....................................... 215 Official roles, philosophies and policies The scope and nature of adult and non- formal programs Professionalization and organization of the field Evolving and developing patterns MAJOR INNOVATIONS OR CASE S T U D I E S ......... 223 X CONCLUSION ........................................... 233 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................... 243 IX Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Southeast Asian Countries: Land Areas, Popula­ tions and Capital C i t i e s ...................... 21 2 Per Capita National Income ...................... 23 3 Enrolments by Grade and Sex, and Repeaters, Singapore Primary Schools
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