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Une Diplomatie Réaliste Dans Le Cadre De La Guerre Froide – Nouvelle Recherche Sur L’Histoire Des Relations Sino-Françaises (1949-1969) Jiayi Gao

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Une Diplomatie Réaliste Dans Le Cadre De La Guerre Froide – Nouvelle Recherche Sur L’Histoire Des Relations Sino-Françaises (1949-1969) Jiayi Gao Une diplomatie réaliste dans le cadre de la Guerre froide – nouvelle recherche sur l’histoire des relations sino-françaises (1949-1969) Jiayi Gao To cite this version: Jiayi Gao. Une diplomatie réaliste dans le cadre de la Guerre froide – nouvelle recherche sur l’histoire des relations sino-françaises (1949-1969). Histoire. École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2015. Français. NNT : 2015DENS0017. tel-01315174 HAL Id: tel-01315174 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01315174 Submitted on 17 May 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ENSC- 2015-N°576 THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE DE CACHAN Présentée par Madame GAO Jiayi pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’ECOLE NORMALE SUPERIEURE DE CACHAN Domaine : SCIENCES SOCIALES/PHILOSOPHIE/ART Sujet de la thèse : Une diplomatie réaliste dans le cadre de la Guerre froide – nouvelle recherche sur l’histoire des relations sino-françaises (1949-1969) Thèse présentée et soutenue à Shanghai le 04 juin 2015 devant le jury composé de : Pan Guang professeur Président, rapporteur Philippe Buton professeur Rapporteur Pan Xingming professeur Examinateur Yu Weimin professeur Examinateur Dai Chaowu professeur Examinateur Olivier Wieviorka professeur Directeur de thèse Shen Zhihua professeur Directeur de thèse Nom du Laboratoire ……ISP………… ENS CACHAN/CNRS/UMR ……….. 61, avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 CACHAN CEDEX (France) 1 Résumé de la thèse en Français Cette thèse envisage les efforts réalistes de la Chine et de la France pour la reconstruction des relations sino-françaises dans le cadre de la guerre froide et souligne que leurs efforts diplomatiques sont influencés par les idéologies et les décisions américaines et soviétiques durablement. De plus, cette thèse discute les relations intérieures des deux blocs et les particularités des échanges entre le peuple français et le peuple chinois pendant les années 1949-1969. Une analyse chronologique divisée en quatre parties : La première partie traite de la période d'opposition (1949-1953), marquée par le conflit après la fondation de la nouvelle Chine en raison de la première guerre d'Indochine et de la guerre de Corée. A ce stade, les échanges politiques entre les deux pays ont été rompus et les relations économiques pâtissent de l'embargo envers la Chine. Cependant, les échanges ne sont pas complètement coupés. Le Parti communiste français devient le pont principal dans les relations bilatérales. S‟appuyant sur la conférence économique de Moscou, les entreprises et les sociétés de commerce extérieur contrôlées par le PCF ont signé un contrat de troc avec les maisons d‟exportation et d‟importation chinoise, l‟Association des Amitiés franco-chinoises fondée par le parti communiste français entretient les échanges culturels non-gouvernementaux entre les deux pays. La thèse entend ici comparer les politiques et les conceptions des deux gouvernements durant la première guerre d'Indochine pour comprendre la relation unissant la politique étrangère et l'idéologie ainsi que les facteurs de dépendance agissant dans les deux blocs. Le deuxième axe est d'analyser comment le gouvernement français et chinois considèrent le rôle principal du parti communiste français dans les relations sino-françaises. La deuxième partie se penche sur la période d‟atténuation (1954-1958), marquée par le désir de rétablir la paix en Indochine. Les délégations de la Chine et de la France négocient au cours de la Conférence de Genève, essayant de profiter des contradictions dans l'autre bloc pour atteindre leurs objectifs. Grâce aux contacts noués à la réunion de Genève, les relations bilatérales s‟améliorent et certains canaux de communication sont créés. Mais l'amélioration des relations bilatérales est limitée en raison de la politique américaine et de la question de Taiwan. Le gouvernement français hésite : d‟une part, il espère procéder à des échanges avec la Chine pour débloquer les problèmes politiques et servir ses intérêts économiques et culturels ; de l‟autre, il ne souhaite pas s‟opposer ouvertement à la politique américaine à l‟égard de 2 la Chine. Cette partie abordera une question centrale : comment le gouvernement français traite-t-il et arbitre-t-il entre ses propres intérêts et ceux du bloc ? En outre, avec l‟amélioration du statut du Parti communiste chinois dans les mouvements communistes internationaux et l'expansion de son influence, les relations inter-partis du parti communiste français et chinois ont fait de grands progrès. Comment la relation entre ces deux partis influence-t-elle la relation entre les deux pays, et comment la Chine aborde-t-elle la relation entre le PCF et le gouvernement français? La troisième partie (1959-1964) marque l'établissement des relations diplomatiques. Après la prise de fonction de De Gaulle, les deux pays n‟établissent pas immédiatement des relations diplomatiques. Au contraire, en raison de la guerre d‟Algérie, du parti communiste français et de la perplexité à l‟égard de la nature du pouvoir gaulliste, le gouvernement chinois adopte une attitude indifférente envers les nouvelles autorités françaises. Mais en 1961-1962, son attitude évolue. Les autorités chinoises tentent de contacter le gouvernement français pour discuter de la question du Laos. Après cela, les deux gouvernements envisagent en 1963, sans le formuler explicitement, la question de l'établissement de relations diplomatiques. Quelle est la raison de ce changement? Quel est l'impact des facteurs idéologiques sur les politiques des deux pays? Ces points seront ici discutés. Après des négociations secrètes, la Chine et la France ont établi des relations diplomatiques, ce qui a suscité un choc tant sur le plan international que sur le plan de la politique intérieure française. L‟opinion publique française est-elle alors favorable à l‟établissement des relations diplomatiques? Change-t-elle d‟attitude envers la Chine? Cet aspect souvent négligé dans les études sera ici traité. La quatrième partie est la période de rodage (1964-1969). Après l‟établissement des relations diplomatiques, les gouvernements des deux pays s‟efforcent de développer les relations bilatérales et de promouvoir échanges et coopération dans les domaines politique, économique, culturel etc. Si quelques réalisations sont à noter, les difficultés restent considérables. Par la suite, la Révolution culturelle et Mai 68 exercent un impact négatif sur les relations sino-françaises. Face à cette crise, comment les gouvernements chinois et français ont-ils maintenu leurs relations ? Comment les gouvernements ont-ils réagi face aux pénétrations idéologiques de l‟autre partie ? Ces points seront étudiés dans cette partie. Après cette période de rodage, les relations entre la Chine et la France ont été rétablis en 1969 ; les successeurs ont poursuivi l‟œuvre de leurs devanciers et ouvert de nouvelles 3 perspectives de développement. On peut dire que l‟établissement des relations diplomatiques sino-françaises ne produit pas de grands effets tout de suite, mais leur importance et influence sont à long terme, dessinant la base d‟une coopération amicale entre les deux pays depuis le gouvernement de Pompidou. A la fin, la conclusion va discuter trois questions. Le premier problème est le thème de cette thèse, c‟est-à-dire les influences du cadre de la guerre froide (un monde bipolaire américano-soviétique) sur les relations sino-françaises. Les effets réalistes pour la reconstruction des relations sino-françaises sont restreints par les ambitions idéalistes et les politiques des puissances les plus grandes. Comment un pays arrange ses buts réalistes et ses ambitions idéalistes dans les affaires étrangères ? Il est une question importante. Le deuxième aspect est la comparaison des relations intérieures de deux blocs de la guerre froide. Quels sont leurs situations similaires et différentes ? Le troisième point est une discussion sur les rôles importants et les caractères des échanges entre les deux peuples (la diplomatie du peuple) dans les relations sino-françaises pendant la guerre froide. Mot clef : relations sino-françaises ; relations internationales de la Guerre Froide ; une diplomatie réaliste ; idéologies de la Guerre Froide. 4 Résumé de la thèse en Anglais For a long time, the study of Sino-French relations during the cold war usually focused on the issue of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and France in 1964. However, lack of the research about the long period of Sino-French relations, it‟s difficult to understand the development process, which leads to generally overestimate the significance of Sino-French realistic diplomacy. The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to discuss, in the international pattern of the Cold war, China and France Ŕ the inferior powers in the different camps Ŕ their realistic efforts to restore bilateral relations have been influenced by the ideology, the interests of the group and the policies of the United States and the Soviet Union. Based on the study of the archives of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the French Communist Party, the French National Assembly, and the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, this dissertation chronologically elaborates the development of the Sino-French relationship in the four parts: The first part is the period of the confrontation (1949-1953), which introduces that New China and France were in the opposite positions because of the first Indochinese War and the Korean War. At this stage, the political relations between China and France were interrupted, and the economic relations were reduced greatly due to the embargo policy. However, the Sino-French exchanges were not completely cut off, because the French Communist Party became the main link of the bilateral relations.
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