1904. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 1759

By Mr. PAGE: Petitions of M. L. :Mathews, M. D., and 187 By Mr. WEEMS: Papers to accompany bill H. R. 8421, for the others, of East Bend, N.C., and B. Cole and 50 others, of Sanford relief of Russell A. McKinley-to the Committee on Military Af­ Township, N. C., in favor of the Hepburn-Dolliver bill-to the fairs. Committee on the Judiciary. · Also, papers to accompany bill H. R. 9289, granting a pension By Mr. ROBINSON of Indiana: Papers to accompany bill H. R. to Theodore T. Bruce-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. 11182, granting an increase of pension to William J. Murray-to By Mr. WILLIAMS of illinois: Resolutions of Carmi Post, No. the Committee on Invalid Pen.,ions. 296, and Winfield Ingraham Post, No. 238, Grand Army of the By Mr. ROBERTS: Resolution of U.S. Grant Post, No.4, of Republic, Department of illinois, in favor of a service-pension Melrose, Mass., and Theodore Winthrop Post, No. 35, of Chelsea, bill-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Mass. Grand Army of the Republic, in favor of a service-pension By Mr. WRIGHT: Resolutions of Post No. 33; Watkins Post, bill-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. No. 68, and Stevens Post, No. 69, Grand Army of the Republic, By Mr. RUPPERT: Resolution of New York Chamber of Com­ Department of Pennsylvania, in favor of a service-pension bill­ merce, relative to the harbor of refuge at Point Judith, Rhode to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Island-to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. Alsv, resolution of the Merchants' Association of New York, relative to the repeal of the desert-land act-to the Committee on SENATE. the Public Lands. Also. memorial of the National Grange, Patrons of Husbandry, TUESDAY, February 9, 190.ft-. relative to good-roads bill, etc.-to the Committee on Agriculture. Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. EDWARD EvERETT H.A.LE: Also, petition of the New Y 01·k Board of Trade and Transpor­ The Secretary proceeded to read the Journal of yesterday's pro­ tation, relative to the Quarles-Cooper bill-to the Committee on ceedings, when, on the request of Mr. KE.AN, and by unanimous Interstate and Foreign Commerce. consent. the further reading was dispensed with. Also, resolution of the National Board of Trade, approving The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Journal will stand ap­ the extension of the navigation laws-to the Committee on Inter­ proved. state and Foreign Commerce. OFFICE OF THE TREASURER OF THE UNITED STATES. Also, resolution of the New York State senate, relative to the The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate a com­ promotion of the efficiency of the Life-Saving Service-to the munication from the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting a Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. letter from the Treasurer of the United States requesting the Also. resolution of the New York State senate, in favor of the adoption of an amendment to the legielative, executive, and ju­ Brownlow good-roads bill-to the Committee on Agriculture. dicial appropr;ation bill relating to the force of his office, so as to Also, resolution of the New York Board of Trade and Trans­ provide for nine expert counters in lieu of nine clerks, at $700 portation, relative to the harbor of refuge at Point Judith, R. I.­ each; which, with the accompanying paper, was referred to the to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. Committee on Appropriations, and ordered to be printed. By Mr. SHERMAN: Papers to accompany_bill H. R. 11423, ACCEPTANCE OF DECORATIONS. granting a pension to Evelyn S. Beardslee-to the Committee on Pensions. The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate a com­ By Mr. WM. ALDEN SMITH: Resolution of the American As­ munication from the Secretary of State, requesting that certain sociation of Masters and Pilots of Steam Vessels, Detroit Harbor, United States officials be permitted to re~eive decorations of the No. 47, relative to a breakwater at Rogers City, Mich.-to the order of the Legion of Honor conferred upon them by the French Committee on Rivers and Harbors. Government; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Also, resolution of the Shipmasters' Association. Detroit, Mich., Relations, and ordered to be printed. relative to a harbor of refuge at Rogers City, Mich.-to the Com­ MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE. mittee on Rivers and Harbors. A message from the House of Representatives. by Mr. C. R. Also, resolution of Michigan Woman's Temperance Union, in McKENNEY, its enrolling clerk, announced that the House had favor of the Hepburn-Dolliver bill-to the Committee on the passed a bill (H. R. 8160) to authorize the construction of bridges Judiciary. across a portion of the Minnesota River in the State of Minne­ By Mr. STEENERSON: Petition of St. Paul Yacht Club, rela­ sota; in which it requested the concurrence of the Senate. tive to bill extending navigation laws-to the Committee on Inter­ PETITIONS .AND MEMORIALS. state and Foreign Commerce. The PRESIDENT pro tempore presented memorials of Con­ By Mr. SULLIVAN of New York: Memorial of the board of cordia Lodge, No. 5, of Cleveland; of Aurora Lodge, No. 259, of supervisors of San Francisco, in relation to Tuolumne River and Cleveland; of Standhaft Union, No.5, of Cleveland; of Schiller Lake Eleanor reservoir rights of way-to the Committee on Rivers Lodge, of Massillon; of the Liederkranz of Cincinnati; of the and Harbors. West Cincinnati Turn Verein, of Cincinnati: of the Unterstiitz­ Also, resolution of New York Board of Trade and Transporta­ ungs Verein of Cincinnati; of the German Teachers' Relief As­ tion, in relation to the Quarles-Cooper bill-to the Committee on sociation, of Cineinn a ti, and of the German Veterans' Association, Interstate and Foreign Commerce. of Springfield, all in the State of Ohio; of the F. J. Russ Hunting By Mr. SULZER: Resolution of the Chamber of Commerce, and Fishing Club, of Pittsburg; of the Germania Liederkranz, of relative to the harbor of refuge at Point Judith, R. I.-to the Pittsbm·g; of the Southwart Arbeiter, of Philadelphia, and of the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. St. Peter's RittEr Verein, of Philadelphia, all in the State of Also, petition of Union ex-prisoners of war, urging the passage Pennsylvania; of tlie Swiss National Society Helvetia, of Denver, of bill H. R. 9313, relative to p;msion-to the Committee on Inva­ Colo.; of the Vater John Lodge, No. 301, of New Britain, Conn.; lid Pensions. of the Plattdeutsche Gilde, No. 16, of Michigan Cjty, and of the Also, resolution of United Commercial Travelers of America Young Men's German Organization of Richmond, all in the State New York Council, No. 114, relative to an amendment to the of Indiana; of the Maennerchor of Davenport, and of the Ger­ bankruptcy act-to the Committee on the Judiciary. man Mechanics' Aid Society, of Muscatine, all in the State of By ~Ir. TATE: Paper to accompany bill granting an increase Iowa; of the Liederkranz of Loui ville, Ky.; of Germania Lodge of pension to Frances J. Childers; also, paper to accompany bill of the Order of Columbian Knights, of Elgin, and of the Platt­ granting an increase of pension to Mary E. Baird-to the Commit­ deutsche Gilde Teutonia, No. 61, of Chlcago, all in the State of tee on Invalid Pensions. Illinois; of the Turn Verein of ; of the German By Mr. THAYER: Resolution of Massachusetts Agricultural Mutual Ben-efit Association, of Binghamton; of the Kreis Pinna­ College Alumni Club, in favor of increasing appropriations for berger Verein, of New York City; of the Ostener Club, of New Stat3 experiment stations-to the Committee on Agriculture. York City; of the Allemania Association, of New York City, and Also, resolutions of George H. Thomas Post, No. 131, of Leices­ of the Kreis Zevener Pleasure Club, of New York City, all in the ter, Mass., and George A. Custer Post, No. 70, of Millbury, Mass., State of New York; of Schiller Grove, No.1, of Tacoma; of Steu­ Grand Army of the Republic. in favor of a service-pension bill­ ben Lodge, No. 65, of Tacoma, and of the Liederkranz of Seattle, to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. all in the State of Washington; of the Barden Maennerchor, of By Mr. THOMAS of Iowa: PaperstoaccompanybillH.R.1900, Milwaukee, and of Lodge No. 54, of Milwaukee, in the State of granting an increase of pension to Samuel Visnow-to the Com­ Wisconsin; of the Rutersville Lodge, of Rutersville, Tex.; of the mittee on Invalid Pensions. General Genn~m Aid Society, of Portland, Oreg.; of the Hessen­ Also, protest of citizens of the Eleventh Congressional district Darmstaedter Verein, of Baltimore; and of the Badenser Verein, of Iowa, against the passage of the parcels-post bill-to the Com­ of Baltimore, all in the State of Maryland; of the German Work­ mittee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads. ingmen's Society, of Petoskey, Mich.; of Germania Lodge, No. By Mr. VREELAND: Petitions of 35 citizens of Portville, 14, of Easthampton, and of the Turn Verein of Boston, in the State N.Y., favoring the passage of the Hepburn-Dolliver bill-to the of Massachusetts; of the German Society of New Orleans, La.; of Committee on the Judiciary. the Sociale Saengerchor, of St. Louis; of the Plattdeutscher Ve- 1760 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRUARY 9, rein of St. Joseph; of Concordia Turn Verein, of St. Louis; of the c:il, of Roselle Park, N.J., praying for the adoption of certain Sachsen and Thueringer Verein, of Kansas City; of Beethoven amendments to the immigration law; which was referred to the Lodge, No. 337, of Kansas City, and of Concordia Maennerchor, Committee on Immigration. of St. Louis, all in the State of Uissouri, remonstrating against He also presented a petition of sundry soldiers and sailors of the enactment of legislation to regulate the interstate transporta­ the civil war of Camden, N.J. praying for the passage of the tion of intoxicating liquors; which were referred to the Commit­ so-called prisoner-of-war bill; which was referred to the Com­ tee on the Judiciary. mittee on Pensions. Mr. GALLINGER presented a petition of the congregation of He also presented a petition of the congregation of the :Meth­ the Baptist Chmch of New London, N.H., praying for the enact­ odist Episcopal Church of Summit~ N.J., and a petition of the ment of legislation to prevent the nullification of State laws rela­ congregation of the Presbyterian Church of Summit, N.J. pray· tive to the sale of intoxicating liquors; which was referred to the ing for an investigation of the charges made and filed against Committee on Interstate Commerce. Hon. REED SMOOT, a Senator from the State of Utah; which were He also presented the petition of Charles W. Hayes, of Dover, referred to the Committee on Privileges and Elections. N. H., and a petition of the board of sinking-fund commissioners, He also presented a petition of General A. E. Shiras Post, No. of Port mouth, N.H., praying for the enactment of legislation 26 Department of New Jersey, Grand Army of the Republic, of providing for the construction of good roads throughout the Mount Holly, N.J., and a petition of U.S. Grant Post, No. 117, country; which were referred to the Committee· on Agriculture Department of New Jersey, Grand Army of the Republic; of New and Forestry. Jersey, praying for the enactment of a service-pension law; which Mr. SCOTT presented a petition of sundry citizens of Monroe were referred to the Committee on Pensions. and Greenbrier counties, W.Va., praying for the enactment of :Mr. DUBOIS presented a petition of the Tscemimcenn Club, of legislation providing for the construction of roads throughout the Lewiston, Idaho, praying for an investigation of the charge made country, and also for the passage of the so-called pure-food bill; and filed against Hon. REED SMOOT, a Senator from the State of which was referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. Utah: which was referred to the Committee on Privileges and He also presented a petition of sundry citizens of Wheeling, Elections. W.Va., praying for the enactment of legislation providing for 1\fr. McENERY presented an affidavit to accompany the bill the construction of roads throughout the country; which was re­ (S. 3817) for the relief of the estates of W. R. Brown and Urs. ferred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. Elmyra Brown, deceased; which was refen·ed to the Committee He also presented a petition of Capt. Philip G. Bien Post, No. on Claims. 17. Department of West Virginia, Grand Army of the Republic, He also presented a paper to accompany the bill (S. 3 15) for of West Virginia, praying for the enactment of a service-pension the relief of the estate of Jacob , deceased; which was re­ law; which was referred to the Committee on Pensions. ferred to the Committee on Claims. He also presented a petition of the West Virginia Conference He also presented sundry papers to accompany the bill (S. 4028) Seminary, Buckhannon, W.Va., praying for the enactment of for the relief of the estate of J. M. C. Knight; which were referred iegislation to regulate the interstate transportation ofintoxicating to the Committee on Claims. liquors; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. Mr. HOAR presented petitions of James H. Sargent Post, No. Mr. GAMBLE presented the petition of C. J. Anderson and 11 130, of West Medway; of Dahlgren Post, No.2, of South Boston; other citizens of Plankinton, S.Dak., veterans of the civil war, of Paul Revere Post, No. 88, of Quincy; of Justin Dimick Post. pra)ing for the enactment of a service-pension law; which was No. 124, of East Bridgewater; of E. S. Clai·k Post, No. 115, of referred to the Committee on Pensions. Massachusetts; of Edwin Humphrey Post. No. 104, of Hingham, Mr. KEAN. I pre ent a concurrent resolution of the legisla­ and of John Rogers Post. No. 170, of Mansfield; all of the Depart­ ture of New Jersey, in favor of an appropriation for the construc­ ment of Massachusetts, Grand Army of the Republic, in the State tion of a new harbor of safety adjacent to the city of Cape May, of Massachusetts, praying for the enactment of a service-pension in that State. I ask that the concurrent resolution be printed in law; which were referred to the Committe3 on Pensions. the RECORD and referred to the Committee on Commerce. He also presented a petition of sundry citizens of the United There being no objection, the concurrent resolution was·refeiTed States, representing 2,000,000 members of the Baptist churches, to the Committee on Commerce, and ordered to be printed in the 700,000 members of the African Methodist Church, and 550,000 RECORD, as follows: members of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Chm·ch pray­ STATE OF NEW JERSEY. ing for the enactment of legislation providing for the construc­ Concurrent resolution by the senate and general assembly. tion of a memorial home for aged and infirm colored people; Whereas the physical formation of the New Jersey coast, with its danger­ which was refen·ed to the Committee on Military Affairs. ous shoals, shallow harbors, and tortuous inlets, offer no refuge to vessels of He also presented petitions of DiamondLollge, No.183, of Cam­ modern draft, the depth of which are increasing year by year; and bria; of Butternut Lodge, No. 295, of Butternut; and of Lodge Whereas the merchant marine proceeding south oftentimes encounter un­ expected gales after leaving Sandy Hook, while the entire coast of the State No. 242, of Buena Vista, all of the Independent Order of Goocl offers no harbor of safety; and Templars, in the State of Wisconsin, praying for the enactment Whereas deeply laden vessels proceeding north or east from Delaware of legislation to regulate the interstate transportation of intoxi­ Breakwater frequently encounter storms that prevent their return, making a new harbor of refuge absolutely necessary; and c.:es, all of which on a scale sufficient to trade between the United States and the Philippines to vessels of meet the demands of commerce for the coming century; and American registry; which was refen-ed to the Committee on the Wher~ the Congress of the United States, through its River and Harbor Committee, have under consideration the needs of all rivers and harbors of Philippines. the Atlantic coast, and have before them many propositions in aid of mari­ 1\Ir. BURROWS presented a petition of sundry ministers of time commerce, including p2nding legislation from the Senate, looking to a Gaylord, Mich., and a petition of sundry citizens of Imlay City, cooperation on the part of the National Government in the creation of the harbor of safety, and under Federal authority deepen the approaches and Mich., praying for an investigation of the charges made and filed maintain the channel from the high SP.as, known as" Cold Spring Inlet," to against Hon. REED SMOOT, a Senator from the State of lJtah; the mouth of the newharbor,in order to make it accessible for vessels of con­ which were referred to the Committee on Privileges and Elections. siderable draft: Therefore, Resolved (the senate concurring), That the Senators and Representatives :Mr. BATE presented the affidavit of Mary J. Roberts, of Ham­ in Congr~s from the State of New JerEey be requested to arrange with the ilton County, Tenn., in support of the bill (S. 1339) for the relief CongTessional Committee on Rivers and Harbors to give early consideration of Mary J. Roberts and her children, wit, John J o3eph Stansi­ to the pending legisla-tion, haling in view an appropriation commensurate to with the >ast undertaking to create a new harbor of safety adjacent to the fer, Eva May Deakins, Octavia Baker, Annie M. Gledhill, Ida city of Cape :May; and be it further Belle Sbnsifer, and Charles L. Stansifer; which was referred to Resolt:ed, That a copy hereof be forthwith mailed to each of our Senatorial the Committee on Claims. and Congressional representatives at Washington. I hereby certify to the adoJltion of tho foregoing resolution by the house He also presented a petition of the congregation of the Second of assembly of the State of New JerEey, on Monday the 18th day of January, Presbyterian Church of Knoxville, Tenn., praying for an im·esti­ A. D. 1904, the senate concurring therein on Monday the 25th day of January, gation of the charges made and filed against Hon. REED S)IOOT, a A. D.l004. JAMES P .A.RKER, Senator from the State of Utah; which was referred to the Com­ Clerk oj.tlr.e House of Assem.bly. mittee on Privileges and Elections. Mr. KEAN presented a petition of the board of agriculture of Mr. PROCTOR presented a petition of Ethan Allen Pot. No. New Jersey, praying for the passage of the so-called pure-food 3, Department of Vermont, Grand Army of the Republic, of Ver­ bill; which was referred to the Committee on Manufactures. gennes, Vt., and a petition of J. H. Bosworth Post, No. 53, De­ He also presented a petition of sundry citizens of Jersey City partment of Vermont, Grand Army of the Republic, of Fair and Ridgefield Park, in the State of New Jersey, praying for the Haven, Vt., praying for the enactment of a service-pension law; passage of the so-called eight-hour bill; which was 1·eferred to which was referred to the Committee on Pensions. the Committea on Education and Labor. Mr. PENROSE presented a petition of the Board of Trade of He also presented a petition of the Union County Trades Coun- Philadelphia, Pa., praying for the enactment of legislation con- 1904. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 1761

fining the b·ade between the United States and the Philippines which were severally read twice by their titles1 and refen-ed to exclusively to vessels of American registry; which was referred the Committee on Pensions: to the Co~ee on the Philippines. A bill (S. 424-1) granting an increase of pension to Robert Carney; He also presented a petition of the Ministerinm of Altoona, Pa., .A. bill (S. 4242) granting an increase of pension to .Andrew praying for the enactment of legislation providing for the closing Fisher; and on Sunday of the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition; which A bill (S. 424.3) granting an increase of pension to John Burns. was ordered to lie on the table. Mr. GALLINGER introduced a bill (S. 4244) to incorporate He also presented a petition of the Board of Trade of Philadel- the Washington Sanitary Housing Company; which was read phia, Pa., praying for the ratification of the Panama Canal treaty; twice by its title, and, with the accompanying paper, referred to which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. the Committee on the District of Colnmbia. Mr. HEYBURN presented a petition of 63 citizens of Kootenai He also (by request) introduced a bill (S. 4245) to fix fees and County, Idaho, praying for an investigation of the charges made costs in the probate court of the Disb'ict of Columbia and to and filed against Hon. REED SMOOT. a. Senator from the State of provide for the collection and payment of the same, and for other Utah; which was refen-ed to the Committee on Privileges and purposes; which was read twice by its title, and, with the accom­ Elections. panying paper, referred to the Committee on the District of Mr. McCOMAS presented the petition of Calder Little and Colnmbia. 21 other citizens of Hereford, Md., praying for the enactment of Mr. LATThiER introduced a. bill (S. 4246) granting an increase legislation to regulate the interstate transportation of intoxicating of pension to Louis Groverman; which was read twice by its title, liquors: which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. and. with the accompanying papers, refen-ed to the Committee Mr. PATTERSON presented a petitionof the Nonpartisan Dis- on Pensions. trict Convention of Alaska, praying for the adoption of a Territo- Mr. BLACKBURN introduced a bill (S. 4247) granting an in· rial form of government for that District; which was referred to crease of pension to John B. Graves; which was read twice by its the Committee on Territories. title. and referred to the Committee on Pensions. He also presented a petition of Local Union No. 4, Carpenters 111r. HEYBURN introduced a bill (S. 4248) to establish a fish- and Joiners, of Columbus, Ohio, and a petition of the Woman's hatching and fish station in the State of Idaho; which was read Auxiliary No.2, of Victor, Colo., praying for the enactment of twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Fisheries. legislation to investigate the labor conditions in Colorado; which He also introduced a bill (S. 4249) granting an increase of pen· were referr2d to the Committee on the Judiciarv. sion to Mary Gilroy; which was read twice by its title, and re· 1\Ir. GORMAN presented memorials of sundryproperty holders ferred to the Committee on Pensions. and residents of },1 street NW., of Washington, D. C., remon- Mr. HOAR introduced a bill (S. 4250) to appropriate the snm strating against the enactment of legislation permitting residen- of $4:(),000 to the Cape Cod Pilgrims Memorial Association~ to be tial streets in that city to be surrendered to the nse of raihoads; used in erecting at Provincetown, Mass., a suitable memorial of which were referred to the Committee on the District of Columbia. the landing of the Pilgrims; which was read twice by its title, He also presented a petition of the congregation of the Alnntt and refen-ed to the Committee on the Library. 1\Iemorial :Methodist Protestant Ohnrch, of Baltimore, :Md., and Mr. PENROSE introduced a bill (S. 4251) to establish a board a petition of the congregation of the Lafayette Square Presby- entitled" The Naval Academy Advisory Board;" which was read terian Church, of Baltimore, Md., praying for the enactment of twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on Naval Affairs. legislation providing for the closing on Snnday of the Lewis and He also introduced the following bills~ which were severally read Clark Centennial Exposition; which wei·e ordered to lie on the twice by their titles, and referred to the Committee on Pensions: table. A bill (S. 4252) granting an increase of pension to Eli Shockey; He also presented petitions of sundry citizens of Middletown, A bill (S. 4253) granting a pension to 1\Iicheal Duffy (with an Kennedyville, and Baltimore; of the congregation of the West- accompanying paper); and minster Presbyterian Church, of Georgetown; of the congrega- A bill (S. 4254) granting an increase of pension to William H. tion of the Grace Presbyterian Chnrch, of Kennedyville; of the Collingwood (with accompanying papers). congregation of the Worton Presbyterian Chm;ch,ofWorton, and Mr. BATE introduced a bill (S. 4255) for the relief of the heirs of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Kennedyville, of Jacob Towson, deceased; which was read twice by its title, and all in the State of Maryland, praying for an investigation of the referred to the Committee on Claims. charges made and filed against Hon. REED S)100T1 a Senator from Mr. McCOMAS introduced a bill (S. 4256) amending the stat­ the State of Utah; which were referred to the Committee on utes relating to patents, relieving medical and dental practition- Privileges and Elections. ers from unjnst burdens imposed by patentees holding patents REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. covering methods and devices for treating hnman dise~ro. ail- Mr. FOSTER of Washington, from the Committee on Com- fu~: t~t1:~=~ ~~i~~;;!~~ead twice by its title, andre­ merce, to whom was referred the bill (S. 3720) to authorize the He also introduced the following bills; which were severally St. Joseph and Grand Island Railway Company, in the recon- read twice by their titles, and referred to the Committee on Pen· struction of the bridge across the Missouri River at or near St. sions: Joseph, Mo., to lower said bridge and to shorten the draw spans A bill (S. 4257) granting an increase of pension to Jessie S. thereof, reported it without amendment, and submitted a. report Habersham; thereon. A bill (S. 4258) granting an inm·ease of pension toSnsan N. Kin· He also, from the same committee, to whom was referred the kead (with an accompanying paper); and bill (H. R. 8 89) to amend an act entitled "An act to authorize A bill (8. 4259) granting an increase of pension to John Phorr. the construction of a bridge across the Monongahela River in the Mr. SCOTT introduced a bill (S. 4260) for the relief of Thomas State of Pennsylvania by the Eastern Railroad Company, 're- C. Sweeney; which was read twice by its title, and referred to ported it without amendment. the Committee on Claims. He also, from the same committee, to whom was referred the Mr. BACON introduced a bill (S. 4261) for the relief of Mary • bill (H. R. 3578) to authorize the Mercantile Bridge Company to E. Forrester and Alexander B. Duncan; which was read twice by construct a bridge over the Monongahela. River, Pennsylvania, its title, and, with the accompanying papers, referred to the Com· from a point in the borough of North Charleroi, Washington mittee on Claims. County, to a point inRostraverTownship, WestmorelandCon:nty, Mr. GORMAN introduced a bill (S. 426.2) for the relief of the reported it without amendment. legalrepresentativesof HenryW. Freedley; which was read twice He also, from the same committee, to whom was referred the by its title, and referred to the Committee on Claims. bill (H. R. 9319) providing for the construction of a bridge across He also introduced a bill (S. 4263) granting an increase of pen· the Red Rive1· of the North at Fargo, N.Dak., reported it with sion to Antonette Stewart: which was read twic-e by its title, and, anMameWndAmReRntE.N fr th C 'tt Cl . t h with the accompanying paper, refened to the Committee on Pen· r. . , om,., e omm1 ee on rums, o w om ~as sions. referred the b~ (~. 411 1 ) to pa~ the members of the plumbmg Mr. FRYE introduced a bill (8. 4Z64) referring to the Court of board of the DIStn?t of ~olnmbia f~om Ap~ 27, 1~93,.to. July 1. Claims a certain claim ~or demurrage and for damages to a 1898,.a ked to be dischaic.ed fr?m Its furth_! c~n Ideiation a!ld I schooner by acts of certain United States naval officers; which tha~ It be referred to the Comnnttee on the District of Coiumbm; was read twice by its title and refeiTed to the Committee on which was agreed to. Claims. ' BILLS IXTRODUCED. ~-n~ TO APPROPRllTIO:Y BILLS. 1\Ir. FULTON introduced a bill (S. 4240) granting a pension to Thomas R. Smith; which was read twice by its title. and, with Mr. HOAR submitted an amendment proposing to appropriate the accompan -ing papers, referr-ed to the Committee on Pensions. $'>00,000 of arrears of pay and bounty which are due the estates of Mr. NELSON (for Mr. CLA.PP) introduced the following bills; deceased colored soldiers. who served in the late civil war, as XXXVITI-111 1762 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SEN ATE. FEBRUARY 9, found due by the accounting officers of the Treasury and repaid The amendment was agreed to. . into the Treasm·y by the Commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, The next amendment was, under the subhead "Salaries of am­ to build in the District of Columbia a memorial national home for bassadors and ministers," on page 3, line 16, to increase the appro­ aged and infirm colored people and to maintain the inmate8'0f the priation of charges d'affaires ad interim and diplomatic officers same, intended to be proposed by him to the army appropriation abroad from $30,000 to $35,000. bill; which was ordered to be printed, and, with the accompany­ The amendment was agreed to. ing papers, referred to the Committee on Military Affairs. The next amendment was, on page 3, line 17, to increase the Mr. QUARLES submitted an amendment proposing to increas~ total appropnation for salaries of ambassadors and ministers from the appropriation for agricultm·al experiment stations from $409,500 to $415,500. $810,000 to $1,055,000, and providing that from such sum 20,000 The amendment was agreed to. shall be paid to each State and Territory entitled to such benefits The next amendment was, under the subhead " Salaries of sec­ under the act approved March 2, 1887, and acts supplementary retaries of embassies and legations," on page 5, line 6, after the thereto, intended to be proposed by him to the agricultural appro­ word" ," to insert" , Portugal;" and in line 9, priation bill; which was referred to the Committee on Agricul­ before the word " dollars," to strike out " nine thousand " and ture and Forestry, and ordered to be printed. insert "twelve thousand six hundred; " so as to make the clause HOUSE BILL REFERRED. read: The bill (H. R. 8160) to authorize the construction of bridges Secretaries of legations to Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the across a portion of the Minnesota River in the State of ltfinnesota and Luxemburg, Turkey, Spain, and Brazil, at 1,800 each, $12,600. was read twice by its title, and referred to the Committee on The amendment was agreed to. Commerce. The next amendment was, on page 6, line 11, to increase the DIPLOMATIC .AND CONSULAR APPROPRIATION BILL. total appropriation for salaries of secretaries of embassies and le­ gations, from $84,525 to 888,125. Mr. HALE. I ask that the diplomatic and consular appropria­ The amendment was agreed to. tion bill be laid before the Senate. The next amendment was, on page 9, after line 5, to insert: There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, proceeded to consider the bill (H. R. 11287) making ap­ LEGATION BUILDINGS AT SEOUL, KOREA. propriations for the diplomatic and consu1: OTHER COMMERCIAL REPORTS. upon as they are reached. For the cost of cablegrams in instructing consular officers to report upon The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Maine asks matters of immediate importance to commerce and industry, and of cable­ that the formal reading be dispensed with, that the bill be read grams of consuls on such subject ; also to defray the extra expense imposed upon consular officers in collecting certain data by direction of the Deparli­ for amendment, and that the amendments of the committee shall ment of State, $2,000. first receive consideration. Is there objection? The Chair hears none, and that order is made. The amendment was agreed to. The Secretary proceeded to read the bill. The next· amendment was, in Schedule B, under the subhead "Consuls-General," on page 14, line 25, after the word "Ham­ FORT SHERMAN ABANDONED MILIT.A.RY RESERVE. burg/' to insert" Lourenc;o :Marquez;" on page 15, line 1, before Mr. DUBOIS. I ask what became of the joint resolution I in­ the word" and," to insert" Tientsin;" and in line 2, before the troduced yesterday, and which went over until to-day? word "thousand," to strike out "seventeen" and insert" twenty­ The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The joint resolution is on the four; " so as to make the clause read: table subject, of course, to the call of the Senator. Antwerp, Halifax, Hamburg, LourenQO Marquez, Singapore, Tientsin, and Mr. DUBOIS. If the Senator from Maine will indulge me just Vienna, at SB,500 each, $24,500. a moment, I will dispose of it. The amendment was agreed to. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the Senator from Maine Ti," next amendment was, on page 15, line 3, after the words yield to the Senator from Idaho? "Euenc Ayi·es," to insert "Chefoo;" in line 4, after the word Mr. HALE. An appropriation bill is now being considered. "Frankfort," to iru:ert "Fuchau;" in the same line, after the I can only yield for morning business, and I wish Senators in word "Guayaquil," to insert" Hankow;" and in line 6, before that respect would wait. the word "thousand," to strike out ''thirty-six" and insert Mr. DUBOIS. I will say to the Senator from Maine that yes­ "forty-five;" so as to make the clause read: terday I introduced a joint resolution and asked that it might lie 't ks 't I Apia and Nukualofa, Barcelona Buenos Ayres, Chefoo, Coburg, Dresden, over until to-day, w h en I would sub m1 some ramar upon 1 · Frankfort, Fuchau, Guayaquil, Hankow, Monte1·ey, Rome, Rotterdam. St. do not care to submit any remarks and will dispose of it in a mo- Gall, and Marseilles, at $3,000 each, S45,1.JUv. ment, if the Senator will just allow it to be presented to the Senate. The amendment was agreed to. Mr. HALE. There is so much debate going on upon this side The next amendment was on page 15, line 15, to increase the of the Chamber-- . total appropriation for salaries of consuls-general from $155,000 The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senate will please be in to $171 000. order. The amendment was agreed to. Mr. P ALE. That I can not hear the Senator from Idaho. Thenextamendmentwas, under the subhead" Consuls,"inclass Mr. DUBOIS. I will state to the Senator from Maine that on 2, on page 16, after line 4, to strike out: yesterday I introduced a joint resolution and asked that it might lie on the table and that to-d.ay I would submit some remarks on Tientsin, China. it. I do not cai·e to submit any remarks, but to dispose of the The amendment was agreed. to. . joint resolution quickly. It is imp?rtan~ to me. It will tak.e but · Th~ next; ~mendment was, rn class 3, on page 16, after lrne 15, a moment, if the Senator from Marne Wlll allow me to call1t up. to strike ou~. Mr. HALE. Very well. I Chefoo, China. The joint resolution (S. R . 46) to dispose of the Fort Sherman The amendment was agt·eed to. . . ~ba~doned military reserve in Idaho was read the second time by The ne~ am~ndment was, on page 16, after lme 16 to rnsert: 1ts title. Chungking, China. · :Mr. DUBOIS. I move that the joint resolution be indefinitely 1 The amendment was agreed to. postponed. The next amendment was, on page 16, after line 19, to strike out: The motion was agreed to. Fuchau, China. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR APPROPRIATION BILL. The amendment wa agreed to. The Senate as in Committee of the Whole, re umed the con- The next amendment was, on page 16, after line 22, to strikeout: sideration of the bill (H. R. 11287) making appropriations for the Haillrau, China. diplomatic and consular service for the fiscal year ending June The amendment was agreed to. 30, 1905. The next amendment was, on page 16, after line 23, to insert: The Secretary continued the reading of the bill. The first Hangchow, China. amendment of the Committee on Appropriations was, on page 2, The amendment was agreed to. line 24, before the word "thousand," to strike out "six" and The next amendment was, on page 17, after line 9, to insert: insert' seven;" so as to make the clause read:· Odessa, Russia. Envoy extraordinary and minister pleniJ?Otentiary to Roumania, Servia, The amendment was aD'l·eed to, a.nd Greece, and diplomatic agent in Bulgar1a, $7,500. e~ 1904:. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 1763

The next amendment was, in class 4, on page 18, after line 6, to clerical services at a number of the principal consulates where most needed, insert: $36,000. The amendment was agreed to. Ciudad Porfl.rio Diaz, Mexico. The reading of the bill was concluded. The amendment was agreed to. The bill was reported to the Senate as amended, and the amend­ The next amendment was, on page 18, after line 12, to strike out: ments were concurred in. LourenQo Marquez, Africa. The amendments were ordered to be engrossed, and the bill to The amendment was agreed to. . be read a third time. The next amendment was, on page 18, after line14, to strikeout: Mr. BACON. Has the Secretary read the entire bill? Odessa, RllSSia. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The entire bill. The amendment was agreed to. The bill was read the third time, and passed. The next amendment was, in Class V, on page 19, after line 15, RELATIONS WITH COLOMBIA.. to insert: Budapest, Austria-!!: ungary. Mr. OVERMAN. I ask unanimous consent that the Chair may The amendment was agreed to. lay before the Senate the Bacon resolution, in order that I may The next amendment was, on page19, afterline20, to strikeout: submit a few remarks. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from North Car­ Ciudad Porfirio Diaz, Mexico. olina asks unanimous consent that the resolution known as the The amendment was agreed to. "Bacon resolution" shall now be laid before the Senate. The next amendment was, in Class VI, on page 22, after line 20, Mr. BACON. I understand that the resolution called up by to strike out: the Senator from North Carolina is the unfinished business. Budapest, Austria-Hungary. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. It is the unfinished business, The amendment was agreed to. but it would not have come up until2 o~clock unless the Senator The next amendment was, on page 23, after line 23, to insert: had asked unanimous consent that it might be taken up now. Moncton, New Brunswick. 1\Ir. BACON. I had not noticed the hour. The amendment was agreed to. There being no objection, the Senate resumed the consideration The next amendment was, on page 24: after line 5, to insert: of the resolution submitted by Mr. BACON on the 12th ultimo, as Port au Prince, HaitL modified by him yesterday, as follows: · The amendment was agreed to. Resolved, That the President be respectfully informed that the Senate favor and advise the negotiation, with a view to its ratification, of a treaty The next amendment was, on page 24, after line 12, to insert: with the Republic of Colombia, to the end that there may be peacefully and Rouen, France. satisfactorily determined and adjusted all differences between the United States and the Republic of Colombia, with the intent of removing any cause The amendment was agreed to. of irritation or conflict, and of restoring the cordial relations heretofore ex­ The next amendment was, on page 25, after line 4, to insert: isting between the United States and Colombia, and also of securing the Turks Island, West India. hearty cooperation of the Colombian people in the construction of the canal at Panama. The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, in Schedule C Class Vll, on page 25, 1\lr. OVERMAN. Mr. President, this long debate upon the after line 18, to strike out: pending resolutions in regard to the treaty with Panama is about Rouen, France. to close. Being a new Senator, I have preferred to adhere to the traditions of the Senate and remain silent for a while at least. I The amendment was agreed to. do not now rise for the purpose of making a speech, but to make The next amendment was, on page 25 ,line 23 , to reduce the total a plain statement of my position. appropriation for salaries of consuls from $482,500 to $480,500. I have preferred to vote with my colleague, who at the very The amendment was agreed to. outset announced his purpose to vote for the treaty, and I have 'Ihe next amendment was, under the subhead "Allowances for hoped, having always been a strong advocate of a carial, and clerk hire at United States consulates," on page 27, after line 2, knowing that a very large number if not a majority of my people to insert: and probably the people of the country desire the treaty ratified, Monterey, $1,400. that I could get the consent of my conscience to support it. I The amendment was agreed to. have heard the debate, have for myself investigated every phase The next amendment was, on page 27, line 15, after the word of the contl"Oversy, have familiarized myself with all the facts "Messina", to st rike out "Monterey;" and in line 18, before the and circumstances sunounding the revolution in Panama, and word "dollars," to strike out" eight hundred;" so as to make the its recognition by this Government as an independent Republic, clause read: with a view, if possible, to vote for the treaty, and at the same Beirut\ Buenos Ayres, Cape Town1 Colon, Dawson City, Dresden, Dundee, time not violate my duty as a Senator, representing not only the Guayaquil, Kingston (Jamaica), Leipsic, Maracaibo, Melbourne, Messina, Naples, Palermo, Panama, Port au Prince, Singapore, Smyrna, Tangier, great State of North Carolina, but representing my COJID.try as Toronto, Tunstall, Vancouver, Vera Cruz, and Victoria, at $800 each, $ro,OOO. w~. - The amendment was agreed to. But, :Mr. President, there has been all the time standing before The next amendment was, on page 27, line 24, to increase the ap­ me an insurmountable barrier which has prevented my eoming propriation for clerk hil'e at United States con!rn.lates at Aix-la­ to this conclusion. Chapelle, Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Porfirio Diaz, Halifax, and Here is a solemn treaty-the treaty of 1846-entered into be­ Lucerne, at $640 each, from $2,600 to $3,200. tween this country and New Granada-now Colombia-a solemn The amendment was agreed to. covenant, sealed, signed, and delivered, ratified, interchanged, and The next amendment was, on page 28, line 1, before the word filed in the archives of each Government for its future conduct, "Cairo," to insert" Bahia;" and in line 5, before the word "dol­ the one to the other, for all time unless modified or repealed. It lars," to strike out " eight thousand four hundred" and insert is called a treaty of ' peace, amity, navigation and commerce." " nine thousand; " so as to make the clause l'ead: For the purpose of my statement I will read only a summary of Bahia, Cairo, Colo&'Ile ConstantinoiJle, Huddersfteld, , Munich, New­ the thirty-fifth article, which is as follows: oastle.o~-Tyne, Nottingham, Odessa, Para, Pernambuco, Solingen, Tampico, The Government of New Granada guaranteed to the Government of the and Zunch, at $600 each, $9,000. United States that the right of way or tranc;it across the Isthmus of Panama, upon any mode of communication then existing or thereafter constructed, The amendment was agreed to. should be open and free to the Government and citizens of the United States, The next amendment was, on page 28, line 11 to increase the and for the transportation of any articles of produce, manufactures, or mer­ chandise of lawful commerce belonging to the citizens of the United States. total appropriation for clerk hire at United States consulates from * * * And the Government of the United States, in order to secure to $95,500 to $96,700. themselves the tranquil and constant enjoyment of the advantages men­ The amendment was agreed to. tioned, and as an especial compensation for said advantages and other favors acquired by the treaty, guaranteed, positively and efficaciously, by that The next amendment was, on page 28, line 17, before the word stipulation, the perfect neutrality of the Isthmus of Panama with the view "thousand," to strike out "forty" and insert "twenty-five;" so that free transit from one to the other sea should not be interrupted or em­ as to make the clause read: barrassed in any future time while the treaty should exist; and, in conse­ quence, the Uruted States also guaranteed in the same manner-to wit, Allowance for clerks at consulates, to be expended under the direction of positively and efficaciously-the right of sovereignty and property which New the Secretary of State at consulates not herein provided for in respect to clerk Granada then had and possessed over the said territory, to wit, the entire hire, no greater portion of this sum than $500 to be allowed to any one con­ Isthmus of Panama. sulate in any one fiscal year, $25,000: Provided, That the total sum expended in one year shall not exceed the amount appropriated. .Therefore, Mr. President, we not only guaranteed the perfect The amendment was agreed to. neutrality of the Isthmus of Panama, but the United States in The next amendment was, on page 28, after line 19, to insert: the most positive terms guaranteed the rigcts of sovereignty and For thirty clerks, who shall be American citizens and shau receive not more property which Colombia had and possessed in the said territory, than $1,200 a year in any one case, to enable the Secretary of State to provide the entire Isthmus of Panama. .1764 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE . FEBRUARY 9, ·

It is contended that the guaranty of sovereignty means only sovereignty over the Isthmus, because the President in his mes-: the guaranty of overeignty as against foreign nations, and not sage says: as against secession and dismemberment from Colombia. The following instructions were sent to the war ve...c:sels, the Boston, the The friends and high contracting parties could have had no such Dixie,and the Nashville: ''Maintain free and uninterrupted transit. If inter­ ruption is threatened by armed force, occupy the line of railroad. Pre\ent intention. Why, 1\fr. President, I ask, why guarantee the sov­ landing of any armed force with hostile intent, either Government or insur­ ereignty against foreign nations only when that was already guar­ gent, at any point within 50 miles of Panama." anteed by the Monroe doctrine to Colombia, as well as all other Why prevent their landing within 50 miles of Panama? If the South American republics, to the extent that no foreign nation President wished to protect the transit across the Isthums, as was should ever acquire any of their territory? his duty, why not prevent the landing of troops within 5 miles, Besides, preceding this clause of sovereignty, as I have read, or within 10 miles, or even 25 miles of Panama? Either of these there is a clause of neutrality which has always been held and distances would have been ample for that purpose. If Colombia construed to mean an obligation on the part of the United States could not land within 50 miles, she could not land her troops at for the presen·ation of the Isthmus against warlike acts of foreign all, and making that the distance amounted to an absolute pro­ nations. Mr. Seward, Lincoln's great Secretary of State, said: hibition against Colombia's landing her troops anywhere upon Neither the text nor the spirit of the stipulation in that article by which the Isthmus. Of course it was a bloodless revolution. Colombia the United Sta.too evgages to preserve the neutrality of the Isthmus of Pan- was tied hand and foot and could not move. She was helpless. ama impoaes an obligation on this Government to comply with the requisi- Whether intended or not, I am not here to say; but it had the tion of the President of the United States of Colombi.."l. for a force to protect the Isthmus of Panama from a body of insurgents of thn.t country. The pur- effect to stay Colombia's hands, and, weak as she is, she could ~ose of the stipulation was to guarantee the Isthmus against seizure or inva- not even make the attempt of asserting her rights or of regaining s10n by a foreign power only. and maintaining her sovereignty. Again, Secretary Seward m·ote to our minister at Bogota on . It is.. very true th~t the independence of. Pana~a has been recog- April30 1866 as follows· mzed by other nations; but no country, m my Judgment would ' ' · 1 have taken this step without the example and the consent of the The United States desire n<_>thing else, nothing better, a~d nothing more in United States. The Republic of Panama is indeed an assured regard to the State of Colombia. than the enJoyment on their part of complete f t· b t th' d t th 7\T. h ·zz d th th 1 and absolute sovereignty and independence. If those great interests shall ac ' u IS or er: o e .nas m e an .e o er war. vesse s ever be a'5Sa.iled by any power, at home or abroad, the United States will be was sent before her mdependence was recogmzed. Yes, srr; eyen ready. cooperating with the Government and their ally, to maintain and de- before there was a revolution. The order is dated on November fend them. 2, and the revolution did not occur until the night of November 3. Again, during }.fr. Cleveland's .Administration, Mr. Bayard, This in itself was clearly an act of war. It is very certain that his Secretary of State, slid: if such action were taken against a nation of equal dignity as ours it would mean war. On several occasions the Government of the United States, at the instance and always with the assent of Colombia, has, in times of c~vil ~nlt, sent The President in his message says, on page 6, that Secretary its n.rmed forces to the Isthmus of Panama. to preserve Amencan Citizens and Hay warned Colombia time and again that grave consequences property alan~ the transit from injuries whic~ the qt>vernment of Co!ombia would follow her rejection of the Hay-Herran treaty. Colombia mio-ht at the time be unable to _prevent. But m taking such steps this Gov­ erxfment has always recognized the sovereignty and superior right of Colom­ having the right to make the treaty, she certainly had the right bia in the premises. to reject it. I voted, }.lr. President, for the Hay-Herran treaty, and I, with everybody else, felt indignant that Colombia had re­ Then, Mr. President, the Monroe doctrine and the neutrality jected it in view of the reasonable terms proposed; but! deny that clause were sufficient to guarantee sovereignty as against foreign the fact that she did reject it is a justification of our subsequent nations as to transit across the Isthmus. There is then added in action. this treaty, in addition to the neutrality clause, the guaranty of I want to say here that the President is my President, and I the sovereignty of Colombia over the entire Isthmus. It means have for him the profoundest respect. When right I defend him; something more than that we would guarantee her sovereignty when m·ong, if wrong, I see no reason why he should not be as agai.Ii.st foreign nations, not that we would aid her in suppress­ criticised in a spirit of fairness. I do not subscribe to the doc­ ing rebellion, except at her request and for the purpose of pro­ trine, 'The king can do no m·ong:" ''the President, always right; tecting the transit across the Isthmus; but, in my judgment, it right or wrong, the President.'' Just criticism of public servants does mean and clearly means that this country will not intervene is always wholesome in a free republic. May the daynevercome to prevent Colombia herself from suppressing a rebellion or pre­ in this country, Mr. President, when our public servants can not vent her attempting to maintain or to regain her sovereignty over be criticised by anyone wishing to do so. The .Administration the Isthmus in case of secession. Guaranteeing sovereignty means was evidently very much irritated when the treaty was rejected, much more than simple acquiescence in sovereignty. To guaran­ and very justly so, but extreme strenuousness overcame better tee means ''to engage, assure, or secure as a thing that may be judgment. depended on." The Constitution guarantees to each State a re~ The President admits his irritation in his message when he says publican form of government. and guaranteeing a republican form (p. 6): of government means that the United States intends that each My intention was to consult the Congress as to whether under the circum­ State shall enjoy it if it requires the whole .Army and Navy of the stances it would not be proper to announce that the canal was to be dug forth­ country to accomplish it, if requested by the State. with; that we would give the terms we had offered and no others; and that Not only the right of sovereignty, 1\lr. President, but the right if such terms were not agreed to we would enter into an arrangement with Panama direct or take wl.l.at other steps were needful in order to begin the of property is guaranteed-the right of ownership that a sover­ enterprise. eign has or ought to have over the Isthmus; that is, supreme gov­ ernment control. On November 3, the day after the order was given to our war What is sovereignty, Mr. President? The law books tell us that ships to prevent the landing of troops within 50 miles of Panama, it is a comtination of all power, the power to do anything and the following telegrams were sent: D:EPA.RTIIEXT OF STATE, everything in a State without accountability, the right of ana­ Washington Novembe1· S, 1903. tion to govern itself independent of any foreign power, which in­ Uprising on Isthmus reported- Keep Department promptly and fully in­ cludes the right to suppress revolution and to prevent dismem­ formed. Looms. berment of its territory. Then, if this definition be correct, we Mr. Ehrman to Mr. Hay. ha\e solemnly and positively and efficaciously guaranteed to Co­ P A.NA.li.A, Norember S, 1903. lombia all governmental control over the Isthmus, with the right (Received 8.15 p. m.) to suppress her revolutions, secessions, and any attempts at dis­ No uprising yet. Reported will be in the night. Situation is critical. memberment of her territory, without fear of interference on the ETIR.YAY. part of this Government. On the night of November 3, with our war vessels in sight, a If France or any other power had stepped in to prevent Colom­ few men get together and secede, form a junta a pronunciamento bia from asserting her rights and suppressing rebellion, out duty is made, signed by three men; this Government is informed, and then would have been plain to stay the hand of such interference, on November 6th, within seventy-two hours, the new-born Re­ even without any such express obligation. public is recognized as a free and independent state. Never Colombia to-day, poor, weak, and helpless, a cripple and dis­ in the history of the world was ever such haste displayed in mantled, is prevented from as erting her sovereignty over the recognizing a new state under such circumstances-a state with­ Isthmus of Panama, was prevented from suppressing a rebellion, out arms, organization, or the ability to defend itself or maintain prevented from regaining her lost territory by this gre::tt and its independence. The President himself says: powerful country with whom she had entered into such friendly I have not denied, nor do I wish to denyt either the validity or the propri­ relation and solemn compact. No one, I take it, will deny that -ety of the general rule that a new state snonld not be recognized as inde­ but for the presence of our war vessels and our hasty recognition pendent till it has shown its ability to maintain its independence. of the new Republic the revolution would have been suppressed But he says also that this rule is subject to exceptions and a by Colombia in a few days. She is to-day forbidden to land her departure in the present case was justifiable. The rule he cites, troops for the purpose of asserting her control and regaining her Mr. President, is a good one; to make the exception is authorized .

1904. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 1765 by no precedent that I have ever seen or heard of. We recognize upon him, he would proceed at once to the constn1ction of the a republic without a constitution, without laws, without a navy, canal by the Nicaragua route. He could only escape doing so by without an army, without anything but a junta composed of withdrawing his intermeddling hand from Panama, permitting three men-a newborn republic set up and recognized in the that State to adjust its troubles with the mother country, and spn.ce of three days. How different, Mr. President, was the action then negotiating a new treaty with Colombia. In either event it of Andrew Jackson when Texas had seceded. Texas had a gov­ would save the canal and the nation's honor. He knows but lit­ ernment and an army and was knocking for admission into the tle of the gentleman in the White House who supposes that he Union. Hear what Jackson says: would dare to face a Presidential campaign with a record of hav­ Prudence, therefore, seems to dictate that we sh­ Alabama [Mr. MORGAN]. I agree with him that, by whatever ernment, a policy which has secured to us respect and infiuence abroad and route this canal shall be conti-ucted, the Senator from Alabama inspired confidence at home. • will be known to history as the father of that great enterprise. It It is, Mr. President, to the best interest of '{ collectiv·e civiliza­ seems a little strange to me that he and those who follow his tion:' to build the canal and that speedily, but it is not to the leadership should be expected to answer the charge of trying to interest of "collective civilization" to violate a solemn treaty defeat or obst1-uct the great work to which he has given the most obligation nor to violate a plain rule which obtains among the brilliant efforts of his mind and the most fruitful years of his life. nations of the world. Rather is it to the interest of " collecti\e I imagine there are few people who will believe that the Senator civilization'' that the same good faith, the same respect. the same from Alabama is bending all the energies of his great mind toward sacredness which individuals should have for their contracts and making a shameful ending of his great career. agTeements, the same moral principles which they hold for the It has been charged that we are trying to force the Admin'~a­ government of their conduct, shall obtain among nations. I fear tion to a route where a canal is impossible of consti-uction. This our action, Mr. President, will not be justified in the eyes of "col­ opinion is largely due to an amazing statement from Mr. Loomis, lective civilization," in the eyes of the world. I fear the great of the State Department, that the great engineers of this country influence .and friendship we have always enjoyed with the South had decided that the Nicaragua route was impracticable. Many American states will be somewhat impaired. people who had not given study to the matter did not believe But it is not with me a question of canal only. The canal would that a man in Mr. Loomis's position would make a statement so haTe been dug either at Panama or at Nicaragua no matter what impudently false and unfounded as I assert this to be. Let me our actions had been toward Colombia. The stronge~t advocates say that I was never an extreme partisan of a particular route. I of the canal, Senators who for years have fought and labored for was once prep~""Bessed in favor of Panama out of respect for the n canal, who have made it almost their life work, have spoken great French engineer who selected that route. for it, have pleaded for it, ha\e molded public sentiment for it, I did not then know that De Lesseps himself preferred the Nica­ are now most strongly opposed to this treaty. With me, as it is rat,'11a 1·oute and had sought in vain to obtain a concession there with every Senator here, it is a question which rises far above before going to Panama. While my later preference for Nicara­ politics and partisanship, far above dollars and cents, far above gua has grown and strength~ned by such investigation as I have local and sectional consideratjons or popular clamor-it is a ques­ made, I have been willing always to take any practicable route tion of principle. Believing, as I do, that to ratify this treaty is tbatmight be obtained, withoutmeasuringtoocriticallytheirrela­ to violat3 a solemn contract, to violate a well-known principle of tive advantages. I should not now have anything to say on this international law, to violate that great moral principle "Might matter if the immense superiority of the Panama route had not does not make right;" and believing, Mr. President, that I am been asserted to justify the President's course and to discredit the best serving my country in so doing, I shall vote against the motives of those who oppose him. treaty. - I beg to call attention to the fact that the ablest and most ef­ An .accomplished fact it is, but, assuming to myself no superior fective champions of an Isthmian canal haT"e all along been in virtue or wisdom, accomplished, in my judgment, in wrong, I can favor of the Nicaragua route, while the other was championed not condone it. very early by some men, at least, who were not suspected of any Mr. CARMACK. 1Ir. President, I have received seT"eral neti­ too great zeal for a canal anywhere. tions from commercial bodies in my State asking me to vote for the Different commissions, composed of the greatest engineers in ratification of the pending treaty with Panama. Many of these this country or in the world, have reported again and again in petitioners are my personal and political friends, and for them and favor of the Nicaragua route. The Senator from Colorado [Mr. the organizations they represent I have the highest respect; yet I TELLER] has called attention to the fact that at a meeting of the do not believe they could have the respect for me that I have for world's great engineers, held in London, all these engineers ex­ them if, with my understanding of the situation, I should cast a cept those of France were decidedly in favor of Nicaragua. Our Tote in accordance with their views and against my own con­ last Commission recommended that route, and changed its recom­ science. It is because of my very high regard for them, and by menda?on only after the canal company had enormously reduced way of reply to their requests, that I now undertake to restate, in the pnce of its property. The Senator from Wisconsin, while as brief and comprehensive form as I may, the reasons which con­ admitting the practicability of the Nicaragua route, asserts that trol my action. it was no trifling preference which the Commission gaye to the I can sympathize with the feelings of men who in their zeal for other. Fortunately, the Commission itself gives us a pretty exact n. canal have taken what I believe to be a hasty and imperfect view measure of the extent of its preference. It advised this Govern­ of this question. These gentlemen have been led to believe tllio~ges betw.eeiJ. terminal ports. Oompared on this assure mv anxious friends that there are limits to the lawlessness b:J.SIS, the Nicaragua route I.S the more ad>auta.geous for II transist.hm.l&n of this AdministTation. Defeat this treaty and there remains in coiilirierce ex.cept that originating or ending on the west coast of South full force and effect the provision of the Spooner law which America. For the commerc~ in which the United States i"l most intere ted, that ~etwe~:~n our Paqifie ports and Atlantic wrts, European and .America.n, requires the President, upon failing to obtain the canal at Pan­ the Nle<:.ra.gu& route lB shorter by about one day. The s:une a.d vantage e:tists ama, to go to Nicaragua. I have ne\er regarded seriously the between our .Atlantic ports and the Orient. For our Gulf ports the adnmtage threat that the President would continue, out of pure perversity, of the Nicaragua. route is nearly two days. to disobey that law. The Commission also shows that tne eana1 can be more quickly _ :Much as he loves to have his own way, he loves much more to consti-ucted by at least two years by the Nicaragua than by the be President of the United States. With a mandatory law before Panama route. him, and the responsibility for the failure or success of the canal It shows furthermore that sailing vessels will be at a great '1766 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRUARY 9, disad"Vantage by the Panama rou-!:0. and, while the effort is made sider it of the greatest importance that some memorable and to minimize this by the statement that sailing vessels are being effective protest be made against the President's conduct. I trust displaced by steamships, I believe the fact to be the other way. there is no need to contemplate the probability of the present Ex­ I believe the statistics show that sailing vessels are largely in­ ecutive being elected to the office he happens to hold; but that creasing in number and will play a g1·eater part in the transpor­ event would have a much graver significance if he should enter tation of products in the future than they have in the past. Men upon another term feeling that his lawless acts were approved, who have been to Panama and Colon have expressed to me their and his lawless tendencies encouraged by a vote of this Senate and surprise at the vast number of sailing vessels they saw in those of the American people. ports. Because of the dead calms that prevail in the regions of Mr. President, others honestly take a different view, but I can the Panama route these sailing vessels must continue to go round not 1'id myself of the belief that in voting to ratify or rejer:t the the Horn or be towed th1·ough the canal and out to sea at heavy pending treaty I vote to approve or condemn the President's expense. course. The issue, then, as it seems to me, is simply as to the The report further shows that health conditions are far more rightfulness and the lawfulness of his conduct. favorable at Nicaragua than at Panama, because of the cool and A great deal of irrelevant matter has been poured into this de­ steady breezes along the former route and the dead and deadly bate. We have had much talk of': mandates of civilization" and calms along the latter. This is an element of the greatest impor­ of " international eminent domain." I am not altogether dis­ tance in computing the cost and the difficulties of construction. pleased with the use of such expressions. The euphemi ms of It cost a man for every cross-tie to build the Panama Railroad tyranny testify a respect for freedom, just as the mask of the bur­ and De Lesseps's laborers perished by the thousand. Contractors glar testifies a respect for law. Bnt these expressions, sir while who built a railroad through the swamps of Nicaragua declare they reveal the spirit of the Administmtion, have no meaning or that the deaths from disease were not greater than would have relevancy in this debate. The state of facts which the Adminis­ been likely to occur in any other country. These unhealthful tration itself assumes as necessary to justify these new rules of conditions will add immensely to the cost and the difficulties of national conduct are nowhere to be found in the transaction. constructing the Panama canal and will greatly retard the com­ There is no such law as that of'' international eminent domain," pletion of the work. and if there were there are no facts in this case to which it could Certain persons have imagined, or have pretended to believe, be applied. that my course in this matter has been inspired by partisan preju­ The real question lies within a narrow compass. The acts of dice or antagonism to this Administration. Mr. President, my the Administration are known. Many of the main facts have antagonism to this Administration had its origin and owes its been officiallycommunicated,and the law under which tbe Presi­ continuance to just such acts as I have condemned in this busi­ dent was acting is so plainly written that no man can misunder­ ness. I have been consistent in my opposition to everything that stand it. I have charged and undertake to prove that the Presi­ savors of imperialism or tyranny, and my views have never been dent's conduct was in violation- colored by my feelings toward the Administration in power. First. Of a fundamental principle of international law. The Hawaiian infamy had several things in common with this Second. Of the Constitution of the United States. Panama coup. An American minister engaged in a conspiracy Third. Of the obligations of a solemn treaty. to overthrow the very government to which he was accredited Fourth. Of the very statute under which he was acting and and with which we professed to be at peace, and American rna­ from which he derived his authority to act. lines were landed on a false pretext to aid that conspiracy. No I assert, first, that in the recognition of Panama he violated a man was more bitterly opposed to the general course and policy fundamental p1'inciple of international law. of Mr. Cleveland's Administration than I was, and yet when he Let me say here that international law is not to be treated as rai'!ed his hand against this infamy I publicly approved and ap­ lightly as some people are di posed to do. It is recognized in our plaudP.d his act, because it was directed against a deed of perfidy Constitution, and the Supreme Court has again and again de­ and shame and in behalf of the nation's honor. clared that international law is a part of the law of the land. Mr. President, the experience of my own people in other days Our greatest statesmen have again and again asserted the princi­ has impressed upon me the danger of permitting abuses of exec­ ple which applie" to this case as being of the utmost importance utive power. We may say that those days have past, and yet we to both the honor and security of this nation. President McKin­ know that because of conditions peculiar to the South we are ley simply restated the rule followed by all his predecessors when subject to a more or less hostile feeling in other parts of the coun­ he said that " Recognition of independent statehood is not due to try. We have seen this very President abolish a Southern post­ a revolted dependency until all danger of its being subjected by office in violation of the law, as his own Postmaster-General had the parent State has entirely passed away." Such is the law. construed it, thus depriving all the people of an important com­ President Roosevelt recognized as the government of a sovereign munity of post-office facilities because of the alleged acts of a few. state, as large as the state of Indiana~ a baker's dozen of conspir­ We know that this act of the President was vociferously ap­ ators, whose so-called insurrection was not only not supported by p}auded by a large proportion of the press and people of the the people, but was unknown to the people. The proof of this I Northern States; and we know that such an act would have been have heretofore given. These alleged insurgents had not fought a impossible, and that no man would have approved it, if the Presi­ single battle against the parent country; they had neither army, dent had been dealing with a Northern instead of a Southern nor navy, nor constitution, nor courts, nor legislature, nor laws, community. nor any treasury except the money they had stolen, nor any form We have seen the fugitive murderer of a prominent Southern or system of government. De;mocrat received with honor, and given refuge and protection Unles the President can brfug this act within some recognized by the governor of aNorthern State! and the President holds that exception to the rule, he has violated one of the .most fundamental governor up to the world as a model champion and defender of principles of international law. the law. Indeed, it was published at the time in the newspapers, This he attempts to do. He admits the "validity of the and, so far as I know, never denied, that the President himself, general rule that a new state should not be recognized as inde­ while governor of New York, offered a safe asylum to this fugi­ pendent until it has shown its ability to maintain its independ tive criminal. ence." ' This rule" he tells us, " is derived from the princip~e We know that such a thing would have been impossible if the of nonintervention * * * but like the principle from which it murdered man had been any other than a southern Democrat. is deduced, the rule is subject to exceptions; and there a1·e, in my With such startling lessons before us, we of the South can not opinion. clear and important reasons why a depa1·ture from it was afford to say that we will oppose Executive lawlessness only when justified, e'"en required, in the present instance." He admits, we are immediately concerned. People of other parts of the coun­ therefore, that his act was a" departure" from the law. try, constituting a vast majority, may as reasonably say, as many of The President makes a very clear statement of the grounds them have said, and do say, that they will not oppose it when it upon which he acted. The duty to refrain from premature recog­ only touches us and does not affect them. Whatever others may nition is properly deduced from the general rule of noninterven­ do or say, the people of the South must cling to the Constitution tion, and the exceptional right of recognition in such a ca e is and the law as their only refuge and hope of protection. properly deduced from the exceptional right of intervention. This The present occupant of the White House, more than any man is a correct statement of the doctrine, because recognition, where that ever sat there, needs to be restrained within the strict Jimits the intention and effect is to give moral support to an insurrection, of the Constitution. He needs to be taught that he iB not the is itself an unfriendly act and a species of intervention. In this Government and that his will is not the law. case there was not only constructive, but actual, intervention. A man who has not hesitated publicly to proclaim in the bitter­ The right of intervention exists only in extreme and exceptional est and most contemptuous language his scorn for the Congress cases. It is. in plain words, simply the right of self defense. The of the United States when its acts have not accorded with his views authorities lay down the principle that no nation can interfere iB not likely to withhold his hand out of respect for the constitu­ with another in the exercise of its sovereign powers "unless such tional rights of the people, or their chosen representatives.* I con- interference is authorized by some special compact or by such 1904. OONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. 1767 a clear case of necessity as immediately affects its own independ­ Grenada (now Colombia) guarantees to the Government of the ence, freedom, and security." United States that the right of way, etc., shall be open and free There is no compact in this case. The President does make a to the Government and citizens of the United States." weak claim, unsupported by argument, of a right under the This language speaks for itself, and on the very face of it im­ treaty of 1846, but neither he nor any of his champions have in­ ports an engagement by Colombia to itself protect the freedom dicated a single line of that treaty from which such an extraor­ of the transit. This treaty has been construed again and again dinary right can be derived. by our Presidents and Secretaries of State, and has been twice offi­ Grants made by a sovereign power must be strictly construed cially interpreted by other treaties. in favor of the grantor, and none of its sovereign rights or pow­ In 1873 Secretary Fish said: ers can be surrendered by implication. The President's friends This engagement, however, has never been acknowledged to embrace the in this Chamber have frankly abandoned that claim. The right duty of protecting the road across it from the violence of local factions. Al­ of intervention,.then, rests solely upon the plea of a clear case of though such protection was of late efficiently given by the force under the command of Admiral Almy it appears to have been granted with the con­ "necessity" affecting the "independence, freedom, and security" sent and at the instance of the local authorities. It is, however, regarded as of this country. The President himself places it upon this the undoubted du~ of the Colombian Government to protect the road against ground! or, as he phrases it, upon the ground of '' our national attacks from local Insurgents. The discharge of this duty will be insisted interests and safety." upon. Upon the truth of this claim his act must be tried. Let us Secretary Bayard stated our interpretation of the treaty as assume that a canal across the Isthmus is absolutely necessary to follows: "our national interests and safety." But that does not mean a On several occasions the Government of the United States, at the instance canal at Panama any more than it means a canal at Nicaragua. and always with the assent of Colombia, bas, in times o~civil tumult, sent its armed forces to the Isthmus of Panama. to preserve American citizens and The law under which the President was acting declared that our propertyalon~ the transit from injuries which the Government of Colombia '' national interests and safety '' would be amply safeguarded by might at the time be unable to prevent. But, in taking such steps, this Gov­ ernment has always 1·ecognized the sovereignty and obligation of Colon~bia in a canal on either route. So long as there was a way-an easy and the premises, and has neue1· acknowledged, but, on the contrary, has expressly honorable way-to obtain a canal without violating this great disclaimed, the duty ofprotecting the transit against domestic disturbance. principle of international law there was no" necessity" that could justify the President's "departure." President Cleveland spoke of our having sent troops there at a In this case the very law under which the President was acting time of local disturbance, but said that it was" in aid of the sov­ provided such a way by directing him to go to Nicaragua upon ereignty of Colombia '' and that the act was '' highly appreciated'' his failure at Panama. There was no "necessity," and, there­ by that Government. fore, no excuse, for a violation of this principle of international law. Thus it plainly appears that where we have undertaken to pro­ I have charged that the President violated the Constitution of tect the transit it has been with the consent of Colombia and nn the United States. The Constitution gives Congress the exclusive her behalf and always with the recognition of Colombia's right right to declare war. The President is not authorized to levy and duty to herself protect the transit, and a disclaimer of any war upon a country with which we are at peace without the obligation upon our part to do so . . authority of Congress. I cha1·ge that the President violated the In the treaty of 1857, which was for the adjustreent of claims Constitution in that he committed acts of war against the friendly for loss suiiered by American citizens through the failm·e of the Republic of Colombia. Colombian authorities to properly protect the transit, the follow­ He sent warships to Panama, then a part of Colombia, in expec­ ing language is used: tation of an insurrectionary movement which had not then oc­ Allclaimsof • * * citizensoftheUnitedStatesupontheQQvernmentof curred and he ordered them resist with force the landing of NewGrenada, • * * andespeciallythosefordama~eswhichwerecausedby to the riot at Panama on the 15th of April, 1856, for which the said Government Colombian troops sent there to prevent this expected insurrection. of New Grenada acknowledges its liability arising out of its privilege ana An order to commit an act of war is itself a declaration of war. obligation to prese1·ue peace and order along the transit route. After the insurrectionary movement began Colombian troops, Colombia has the "privilege and obligation to preserve peace sent there to subdue it, were kept from landing by the superior and order along the transit route." We compelled her in the military forces of the United States. The Senator from Ohio treaty of 1857 to expressly acknowledge it and to pay damages. [Mr. FORAKER] says that our action was intended to" prevent Did the President recognize any such ''privilege '' on the part of war." Secretary Hay says that Colombian troops were excluded Colombia" to preserve peace and order along the transit" when from the Isthmus "to prevent civil war." he refused to allow Colombian troops to be landed on the very This was not to prevent a state of war, for that existed from ground that there might be a disturbance of peace and order along the moment the standard of insurrection was raised; it was simply the transit route? to prevent the Republic of Colombia from using her forces against I now desire to call special attention to a clause in the Panama the insurgents. The Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. LODGE] Canal treaty which was ratified by this Senate. the very treaty frankly confesses that the insurrection owed its success to this whose 1·ejection by Colombia was the cause of all this trouble. action of the President of the United States. Thus we have the admission from the Administration and its spokesmen that the ARTICLE XXITI. dllimemberinent of Colombia was not brought about through the If it should become necessary at any time to employ armed forces for the safety or protection of the canal, or of the ships that make use of the same, act of its own insurgent citizens, but through the armed inter­ or the railways and other works, the Republic of Colombia agrees to provide ference of this Government. the forces necessary for such furposeJ according to the circumstances of the Every nation has an inherent right to defend its own sover­ case, but if the Government o Colomoia. can not effectively comply with this oblig-ation, then, with the consent of or at the reque t of Colombill;\ or of her eignty over its own territory, and when one nation by force resists miru.sterat Washington, or ofthelocalauthorities, civil or military, tne United the exercise of that sovereignty it is a belligerent act-an act of States sh&ll employ such force as may be necessary for that sole purpose; and war. To deny that it is such is to speak the language of folly and assoonasthenecessityshallhaveceased will withdrawtheforcessoemployed. Under exceptional circumstances, however, on account of unforeseen or to deny the plain meaning of words. The fact that the nation imminent danger to said canal, railways, and other works, or to the lives and thus treated submits, out of sheer helplessness, to the wrong does property of the persons employed upon the canal, railways, and other works, not in the least change the character of the act. the Government of the United States is authorized to act in the interest of their protection, without the nece....c::sity of obtaining the consent beforehand Unless the President can find some express authority for resist­ of the Government of Colombia; and it shall give immediate advice of the ing by military force the exercise of Colombia's sovereignty over measures adopted for the purpose stated; and as soon as sufficient Colombian her own territory, he has committed an act of war without au­ forces shall arrive to attend to the indicated purpose, those of the United thority from Congress and has violated the Constitution. States shall retire. The only pretense of justification is that this Government had I shall not refer to the debates that occurred in secret session a right, under the treaty of 1846, to protect the freedom of the when that treaty was considered, but every man here knows the transit across the Isthmus, and that by virtue of that right the history of the clause I have just read. The protection of the canal President might exercise any power he thought proper, even to was more important a thousand times than the protection of the the exclusion of the most ordinary and necessary acts of sover­ Panama Railroad. The effect of any injury that might be done eignty on the part of Colombia. to it and the opportunities alld temptations, to inflict such injury Even if that treaty did give this country the right to protect would be vastly greater. We expect that canal to be freighted the freedom of transit, it would be stretching it very far to use with the commerce of the world. It is to be the means also of that power to the extent of supporting an insurrection. But if quickly transferring our war ships and military forces from one it shall appear that not only did this country not possess any such coast to the other, instead of having them go tu the tedious jour­ exclusive right to protect the transit, but that by the very terms ney around the Horn, as the Oregon did. Yet this Government of the treaty the right to defend the transit belonged to Colombia was expressly denied the right to employ its military forces for and not to us, then the President's armed resistance to the exer­ the protection of that canal except with the consent of Colombia, cise of that right was not only a violation of the Constitution, but because the exercise of such a power would be in derogation of a violation of the treaty itself. · Colombia's sovereign rights and would be a power which she The language of the treaty is that "the government of New could not grant under her constitution. 1768 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~ENA'l'E. FEBRUARY 9,

Many of us~ as Senators know, feltthatthisarticledidnot give us nexation of Cuba. This manifesto was fiercely denounced by the · sufficient power for the protection of the canal. We felt that we Republican party and was once described by the present tiecretary ought to have a right to land our forces there for its safety and of State as the sum of all villainies. It is at least a little sn·ange protection and to keep them there as long as we thought proper to find this gentleman now drawing his rnles of conduct from such without asking the consent of Colombia. How were we answered.? a source and acting in the very spirit of that once hated doctrine. The ::mswer was that this would be a grant of sovereignty which But C21'!s's language will bear no such meaninO' as that which Colombia, under her constitution, had no right to make. The the President would put upon it. Cass was speakmg of existing utmost we could possibly ask was a treaty right to act without the n;todes of transit with r~eet to which we had definite tTeaty consent of Colombia in case of a sudden emergency! but with the 11ghts. In a subsequent dispatch, he expressly referred to and in­ express stipnlation that our forces should be withdrawn as soon terpr~ted the 1:ery dispatch quoted in the Presidmt's me.<:sage, as the Colombian forces should arrive. In this h~ says: HNor do they (the United States) claim' to in­ This, I say, was the very utmost that we felt we had a right terfere w1th the local governments in the determination of the to ask, because it was the very utmost that Colombia had a questions connected with the opening of the routes;" and then right to grant. In this case, when Colombian forces did arrive he proceeds to set forth what we do claim, and that is in sub­ they were orde1·ed not to la!ld upon her own territory. How can stance, that we ~ill not :per-mit .these countries to want~nly vio­ Sen a tors who then claimed tha. t Article XXIII contained all that we late,th.e tt:e~ty nghts of tJle Umted States or the contract rights could rightfully ask, and all that Colombia could lawfully give, of therr Cltizens. There IS no comfort here for this new doctline now claim that we already possessed the treaty right to invade of "international eminent domain." Colombia with our armed foTces and deny to be1· the right to em­ But e-ven supposing tha.t Cass meant to assert the rio-ht of this ploy her troo:ps n-rron her own soil to protect her own sovereignty? Government to force its way by military power acros~ the terri­ These provisions of Article XXIII were not intended to surrender tory of another country, he did not mean that the President him­ any rights which this Government already possessed nor were they self could commit such an act of war without authority from intended to enlarge the rights and powers of Colombia. If any­ <;~:mgress. P;r€sident ~uchanan h~d ?ccasion again and again to thing that article would ha\e given us lru·ger powers than we had mscuss questions Telating to tr8JlS1.t nghts across both Nicaragua under the treaty of 1846. It was, at most, a recognition of the and Panama. We ha-d a treaty with Nicaragua which gave us overeign rights which Colombia already possessed by the mere larger powers in the matter of protecting the transit than any fact or her sovereignty and under existing treaties with the that can b3 found in the Panama treaty of 1846. In his second United States. annual message :f.Ir. Buchanan said that " the executive govern Mr. President, this Administration has itself authoritatively in­ ment of this country * .,. .;:· can not legitimately resort to terpreted the treaty of 1846 in a dispatch sent by Secretary Hay force without the direct authority of Congress;" and that it has to Consul Ehrman after the recognition of the new state of 'no authority to enter the territory of Nicaragua even to pre­ Panama. I have once before read this dispatch, but I will read vent destruction of the transit ar:d protect the lives and property it again: of our own citizens on their- pasmgc.'' When you are satisfied that e. de facto government, republican. in form He could not enter the territory of that country with an armed and without substantial oppo3ition fxom its own people, has bee::1 established force without its consent or approval, because to do so would in the state of Pana..ma., you will enter into relations with it as the responsi­ have been an_ act of war. He appealed again and again to Con­ ble government of the te!'ritory and wo~to it for-aU due action, to p1·otect the persons and p1·operty of citizens of tlte United State1J and to keep open the gress to give him authority by law to protect the transit across isthmian transit in accordance ttith the obligations of exiding treaties gcn;ern· both the Panama and Nicaragua routes, claiming that Congress ing the 1·elation of th"0 united States to that territory. had a right ' to confer authority to rnake tear in order to meet In other words,. Panama inherited the rights and obligations of fut-ure cases under circnmstances strictly specified.'' '' To make Colombia unde1:' the treaty of 1846, and under that treaty was war." President Buchanan recognized ~1.tin asking Congress to herself required to defend the freedom of the transit. Pana.ma gi\e him authority to send the forces of the United States into could not inherit from Colombia any treaty right or obligation Colombia or Nicaragua, even to protect the transit,. he was asking which Colombia her elf did not possess. If there was likely to be for the right" to make war." a local disturbance which might interfere with the freedom of the Congress took the same view. It not only held that the Presi­ transit, did not Colombia have a right to bring her troops there dent had no rightto exercise such a power, but that Congress itself tmder the very terms of the treaty of 1846 as we oursehes have could not grant the power, for the reason " that Cong1·e by int.erpreted it, as this Administration itself has interpreted it? conferring it would violate the Constitutio~ that it would be a What marvelous, but what convenient, changes in the intei·pre­ transfer of the war-making, or, strictly speaking, the war-declar­ tation of the very plain language of this treaty! ing. power to the Executive." This is the language in which First, we say to Colombia "The ~p1ivilege and obligation' of P1"esident Bu-chanan himself states the objections of CongTess to defending the transit belongs to you, and you must pay us heavy giving him the authority he asked. Thus the very authority to damages for failing to do it." which the President appeals condemns his acts as unwarranted Next we say, '' The privilege and the obligation of defending the by any law or any treaty, and as a violation of the Constitution transit belongs to us. and you shall not land a single soldier on the of the United States. Isthmus, even though your own sovereignty over your own terri­ Thus, Mr. President, it appears beyond a shadow of a doubt tory is at stake." - from the an:thm'itative interpretations made by om: own Govern­ Then, when by this act we have setup an independBnt gO-vern­ ment, that Colombia possessed not only the general right of every. ment we say to this new government, · You have inherited all sovereign_ to quell domestic disorder, but that her ''privilege and the rights and duties of Colombia under the treaty of 1846, and obligation."~ tv employ her forces U1JOn the very line of the transit by that treaty the 'privUege and obligation' of defending the for its defense and protection is expressly recognized in e:xisting traru;it belongs to you." According to old-fashioned notions, treaties. The President in defending himself against the charge both these interpretations can not be right; but I suppose it is of violating the Comtitu.tion appe->Js ta the treaty of 1846. The answer enough to say that by thSc first interpretation we got only errect of this defense is to call attention to the fact that in money, by the next we got land, and by going back again to the nolating the Constitution he has aJso- violated the treaty. :fi.._-..gt we ha.Ye prepared the way to get more money and more land. I have charged that the President violated. the very statnte It will take but few such "interpretations" to wipe the proud which he was professing to execute. and imperious Republic of Panama from the map of the world. The act known as the Spooner IH.w charged the President with If there shall be as there will be, trouble in Panama, we have the duty oi negotiating a treaty with Colombia for a canal across our election between these- two inte11>retations according as it Panama. and in the event of failnre to do so within a reasonable may suit the mood o1· the interest of the moment. We may say time- to arrange for the- construction of a canal by the Nicaragua to Panama, ''It is your du:ty to prevent a disturbance of the peace route. If he f&iled to negotiate a treaty with Colombia and then 1 refused to proceed upon the alternative of the statute, he violated and you must pay us dama~es for not doing it. ' Or we may say, 'You have no right to fight on your o1rnterritory or to use your that law. It would be no excuse to say that he obtained an oppor­ troops for suppressing a rebellion." • Then we may quietly go in ttmity to secure the canal through Panama, if that opportunity with the insurgents and annei the country. I say that we· have was itself obtained by unlawful means. No man can found a our choice to do either of these things, and if we ha-ve four more right upon his own wrong. He can not by violating one law dis­ years of this strenuous Administration we shall probably do both. charge himself from the obligation to obey another. I ought not to forget that the President quotes from President The Pre..'4.d~ent claims that becaus3 he had -a chance to make a Buchanan and his Secretary of State, lli. Cass, some expressions tre::>.ty with the revolted province of Panama he was not bound which he t~.kEs to be an assertion of this country's rjght to seize to go to the Nicaragua route. It seems to me that there are orne by force and yiolence the te-rritm-y of othe:< countl'ies for the con­ serious difficultie in the way of this argument. The Pre3ident struction of a canal. It might be a p?oper retort to suggest that in h:is message professes to give" a statement of my action up tc the President is appealing for support to the author of the Ostend this time in executing" the Spooner 1'lw. The Spooner law had Manifesto which declared in favor of the forcihle seizure and an- no. mora to do: with the then unborn and unbegotten State of 1904 . . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. 1769

Panama than it had with the moon. The President may argue the ports and all the territory of Colombia. Panama was only a that Congress was just as willing for him to make anangements very small part of Colombia, and can not discharge the obliga ~ with this new State of his own creation as with the one expressly tions of the fourth, fifth, and sixth articles of that treaty, and named in the statute; but that is a conclusion of his own mind therefore can not claim the corresponding rights for which these and not a conclusion of law. articles were expressly named as an important part of the con­ The President may, indeed, recognize and negotiate a treaty sideration. We did not bargain to guarantee sovereignty over with this new country, which was never in the contemplation of the isthmus to any government that might be in control of it, Congress, but he does not do it in the execution of the law. That but only to the government that could execute the terms and law and every dollar of appropriation contained in it dies with obligations of this treaty, and especially the particular provisions the ratification of this treaty. He has "executed" the law indeed, named as the consideration of that guarantee. but it is in the hangman's sense of the word. Panama can not fulfill the obligation of the fourth, fifth, and There is another fatal fallacy in the argument that by recogniz­ sixth articles of the treaty, and she therefore can not claim the ing the State of Panama and making a treaty with its Government corresponding obligation of protecting her sovereignty over the the President has absolved himself from any obligations to regard Isthmus. She can not claim that obligation unless she can fully section 4 of the Spooner act. That fallacy relates to the principle discharge the corresponding obligation. I have before stated that no man can found a right upon his own As this Government had no treaty obligation to interfere be­ wrong. tween Colombia and Panama, it had no right to interfere. Even How did the President get to Panama and avoid going toNica­ though by the President's act of recogni.tion he had given Panama ragua? He admits that he made a '' departure·" from a great a nominal and legal, though not an actual, status of Btatehood, principle of law in order to get to Panama, and he bases this de­ that did not give this Government any right to interfere between parture upon the ground of necessity-it was the only way to carry it and the parent government any more than it had a right to out the will of Congress and secure the canal. But as I have be­ interfere as between any other two independent nations. fore shown it was absolutely necessary to expunge and 6bliterate But, Mr. President, there is another fault in Secretary Hay's ar­ section 4 of the Spooner .Act before any such necessity could be gument-he assumes that the President of the United States is the assumed to exist. So long as that provision remained in the law Government. In the passage which I have quoted he is answer­ there was no necessity to justify such ''departure." The President ing General Reyes's protest against the President's action in resist­ had to treat that provision as a dead letter in the law and to walk ing Colombia's efforts to recover her sovereignty over the Isth­ over its dead body in order to get to Panama. He disregards this mus. Secretary Hay's letter was a defense of the President's ac­ provision of the law in order to get there, and then excuses him­ tion. Let us suppose that this Government is bound by treaty to self for disregarding it by the fact that he is there. make war in behalf of the sovereignty of Panama. Who can ex­ He claims that he has placed himself in a pcsition where he is ercise that right? To declare war, or to begin war, is the exclu­ no longer required to execute a mandate of the statute, but he sive right of Congress under the Constitution. Can the President only reached that position by violating a fundamental principle "by and with the advice and consent of the Senate" abrogate of international law, by violating the Constitution, by violating that provision of the Constitution? the stipulations of a solemn treaty, and by kicking out of his way Can you, by treaty, transfer the war making or the war declar­ the very law in question. ing power from Congress to the President? Could the President But, Mr. President, the Secretary of• State has made quite an enter into an offensive and defensive alliance with England ingenious plea in behalf of the President's course in this matter. against Russia and by virtue of such a treaty plunge this country In his correspondence with General Reyes, Mr. Hay says: into a foreign war without the consent of Congress? I do not believe it. In the time of President Buchanan it was held that In recognizing the independence of the Republic of Panama. the United both Houses of Congress; with the approval of the President, States necessarily assumed toward that Republic the obli~Pltions of the treaty of 1846. Intended, as the treaty was, to assure the protection of the sovereign could not authorize him to commit acts of war upon the happen~ oftheisthm.us, whether the government of that sovereign ruled fi·om Bogota, ing of a futm·e contingency. or from Panama, the Republic of Panama as the successor in sovereignty of No matter what may be the terms of any treaty which the Colombia, became entitled to the right.s and subject to the obligations of the treaty. Prt:sident and Senate may make, he can not commit an act of war against either the g1·eatest or the smallest nation without the con~ In other words, by the treaty of 1846 we were bound to guar­ sent of Congress. antee Colombia's sovereignty over the Isthmus as against any But, Mr. President, the obligation to execute section 4 of the foreign country; but the President, by the mere act of arbitrary Spooner Act was upon the President long before there was any recognition, having made Panama independent and Colombia a insurrection in Panama. In his eagerness to defend himself from foreign country with respect ·to it, we are now bound, on the prin­ suspicion of complicity in that business he tells us that he had ciple of a" covenant running with the land," to guarantee the prepared a message to Congress at a time when no such insurrec­ S)vereignty of Panama as againEt Colombia. tion was anticipated, and in that message he officially recognized The Administration can oveiTide constitutional, statute, treaty, the hopelessness of any treaty with Colombia, and yet refused to and international law with its "mandates of civilization," but proceed upon the alternative of the statute. IndMd, he tells us how extremely nice and technical it can be when occasion requires! in his message that he had long anticipated Colombia's rejection Whenwe guaranteed the sovereignty of Colombia over the Isthmus of the treaty and had planned his course of action with reference I wonder if it entered into the mind of any statesman, in either to that event, utterly ignoring that provision in the law. country, to conceive that the President of this country might I am compelled in dealing with the official information sent to '' recognize" a dozen political desperadoes, in a single town, as an us to speak only of such parts as we are allowed publicly to dis­ independent government of a revolted province; might then for­ cuss. Other important documents we can only speak of in execu­ bid Colombia to assert her sovereignty over it, and base his action tive session because it is "incompatible with the public interests" upon the very clan e of the treaty by which we bound ourselves to discuss them otherwise; by which is meant that their publica­ to uphold and defend that sovereignty! I make no pretensions as tion will be "incompatible" with the interests of this .A.dminis- · a lawyer, but I do claim to have a plain man's understanding of tration and "incompatible" with the statement of facts by which the obligations of a contTact. it hls attempted to justify its course. I will simply say, and that I know that I can not enter into a contract with A under which is all I can say, that before there was any insurrection in Panama for a certain consideration I agt·ee to perform certain services, the hope of securing a treaty with Colombia had been abandoned, and then discharge the obligations of that contract by performing the expiration of "a reasonable time" had been officially recoO'­ the services forB while receiving the consideration from .A.. The nized, and yet the Administration deliterately refused to execute Secretary of State says that the treaty was intended only ''to the law. assure the protection of the sovereign of the Isthmus," no matter Such is the record as it stands upon the law and upon the fa{)ts who that sovereign might be. This is one of the numerous pro­ officially known; but there are other facts which give a deeper visions of that treaty which this administration has written be­ blackness to this tran..Q3.ction. By the treaty of 1846 this Govern­ tween the lines with the point of a bayonet. Our obligation was ment was bound to guarantee Colombia's sovereignty over the to defend the sovereignty of Colombia over the isthmus and Isthmus. I will admit that this has no reference to domestic was based upon certain considerations plainly named in the treaty. broils; but on the other hand the pledge is not confined to atta~ks Some of these concerned the transit, but othe1·s did not. Among by nations. The junior Senator from Wisconsin (1\Ir. QuARLES] other things, the consideration of our guarantee was" as a special in his very able speech correctly said that we were bound by it to compensation for the favors acquired by the fourth, fifth, and resist '' forEign aggression.'' sixth articles of this treaty." The senior Senator from Wisconsin correctly said that this would The fourth. fifth. and sixth articles of the treaty had nothing include a mere filibustering expedition by private persons. even whatever to do with the ti·ansit and no particular relation what­ though no government or sovereign power were joined in the at­ ever to the territory of Panama. They gave certain rights and tack. Any scheme or conspiracy, originating in a foreign country, pri. vile3es to American merchants and American vessels in all and especially in Em·opean countries, to seize upon the territory of 1770 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRU.ABY 9,

Colombia would be such an attack as we were bound under the and integrity of this Government, continues to be persona gTata treaty of 1846 to resi t. There may have been several independ- with this Administration. ent movements, which finally coalesced, against Colombia, but It is vain to heap denunciations upon American Senators for there is strong reason to believe that the insurrection was promoted calling attention to facts and asking for explanations so long as by a French corporation and a syndicate of French stock gamblers; this base intriguer and defamer of the Government's honor is re­ that it was supported by their money and their intrigues. ceived as a diplomat and a gentleman in the city of Washington. By our ~treaty with Colombia, to say nothing of the Monroe The President declares that his Administl:ation had no complicity doctrine, we were bound to resist such foreign aggression. In- in the Panama insurrection. Bunan-Varilla assumed the right stead of that, the Navy of the United States was joined wita to declare the plans and pn:¥poses of the Administration, and he French money and French intrigue to promote the interests of a represented it as playing the leading part in that conspiracy. I am French corporation by disrupting an American republic, and the ready to take the President's word, but to do so I must believe chief of these foreign conspirators, a citizen of France, an agent that Bunan-Varilla is one of the basest slanderers that ever lived of this French corporation, receives the office of highest dignity or died. I am quite willing to believe that, but I want to know and greatest influence in the government of a Eo-called American why he is still permitted to hold a diplomatic position here and Republic which he helped to create for the purposes of his cor- why when he calls at the White Honse the President of the United poration. States is" delighted" to see him. Bunan-Varilla, now minister from the State of Panama, but a Mr. President, there are some facts which, for the time being, citizen of France, was one of the earliest and most active sup- may be more or less obscm·ed by party passion, but which will porters of this conspiracy against the integrity of Colombia. not read well in history. One of these facts is that the treaty This much we know. This man was connected with the old Pan- which we have under consideration was not made between the ama Canal Company, and the official records of his own country, United States and the Government of Panama, but between the including the report of the minister of justice, show that he was United States and the French Panama Canal Company. The one of the worst of the crew whose thieving operations bankrupted regularly appointed treaty commissioners from the Government that concern, brought the gray hairs of De Lesseps in shame and of Panama were on their way and within an hour's ride of the sorrow to the grave, and covered the French Government itself city of Washington when Mr. Hay and Bunan-Varilla hastily with odium and disgrace. I shall not cumber the record with concluded and signed that treaty. While Bunau-Varilla was act­ quotations from official French 1·ecord.s, but they are as I have ing as minister of the new Government of Panama, as a reward said. for his alleged influence with this Administration, his sole object These extracts have already been published in the newspapers, was to serve the interests of his French corporation. and their authenticity, so far as I know, is undenied. ·I presume Mr. Hay seemed anxious that no citizen or resident of Panama that no man here will deny their authenticity. This man is also should have any lot or part in framing that treaty, and so he and connected with the new company, a penniless concern, organized the agent of a French corporation, between them, proceeded to simply to sell the wreckage and debris of the old company to the fix it up without any regard whatever for the people or the Gov­ United ·states for as many millions as it could get and, incident- ernment of Panama. When the treaty went back, the junta, ally, to gamble in its own stocks. This company was to get which represented the only thing in the way of a government in $40,000,000 by the ratification of the treaty with Colombia, and the new State, were in a most distressing plight. not a dollar if that treaty should fail. As the time fixed by law If they declined to ratify the treaty, the President and Bnnau for the ratification of the. treaty began to approach, with every Varilla, whom they considered all-powerful with the Administra­ prospect of its being defeated, the stocks of this company rapidly tion at Washington, might withdraw their support from the new declined. Then it was that Bunau-Varilla left France and came Government, and as a result, the Government of Colombia would to the United States. · have quietly resumed its sovereignty over the Isthmus and would He at once entered into relations with certain disaffected per- have hanged every man of them within forty-eight hours. To sons in Panama to bring about an insun-ection in that province. save their necks they ratified the treaty-the t1:eaty between the The charge is made in a reputable newspaper that Bunan-Varilla Administration and the French Panama.Canal Company. Some agreed to furnish money, and did furnish money, through his amendments to that treaty, as we know, were intended by the stock jobbing French syndicate to promote this insunection by Administration here, but they have been abandoned, because it the bribery of Colombian officers and soldiers. The very amounts is not thought desirable that the newly constituted Government of money sent by him to the conspirators in Panama are given, of Panama should have it under consideration. The treaty is not the very dates on which it was sent and received, and the names very satisfactory to the people of Panama; but it was never in­ of the banking firms and corporations through which it was paid. tended to be satisfactory to anybody except the Administration And this is not all nor the worst. Bunan-Varilla engaged with and the French Panama Canal Company, between whom its terms the e conspirators to bring the Government M the United States were arranged. to the support of their conspiracy. This statement is not based :Mr. President, this Senate will ratify that treaty and the Presi­

npon rumors nor the anonymous reports of a yellow newspaper. dent will no doubt rejoice in his triumph over justice, honor 2 and It is based upon the admissions of the conspirators themselves and the law. But I do not know the temper of the American people upon the authority of a gentleman of the highest character and if the sober second thought, of which the Senator from Wiscon­ standing, l\Ir. Merrill A. Teague, a staff correspondent of leading sin spoke the other day, does notcondemn his action from first to Republican newspapers. His statements have been published last. When that time comes the fruits of his victory will turn broadcast, in the very organs of this Administration, and no man to ashes upon his lips. The people of the United States will come has denied them. to sea, if they do not now, that a nation's strength is in its honor A committee of this Senate can have the witnesses before it and and that only righteousness exalteth a nation, while sin is a re­ it can have the very originals of the telegraphic communications proach to any people. History will contrast the action of Presi­ in which Bunau-Varilla assm·ed his confederates in Panama that dent Roosevelt in this matter with that of his illustrious prede­ they could proceed with their insurrection in perfect confidence cessor. that he would redeem his promise to have the war ships of the Mr. President, a few days ago, upon an occasion that will be United States on hand to support them. ever fragrant in my memory, at the home of my distinguished Mr. President, I am willing to treat it as simply an unfortunate friend the Senator from New Jersey [Mr. DRYDEN], I had the coincidence that every statement made by Bunan-V arilla as to pleasure of listening to a very strong and lucid speech on the Pan­ the future action of this Government, the movements of its war ama Canal by the Senator fl'om Indiana [Mr. FAIRBANKSl. I vessels and the part which they would play in an insurrectionary heard him tell of the laboxions efforts made by President Mckin­ movement if one should occur was verified by the event, that ley to remove the obstacle of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty with every promise made by this French adventurer in behalf of the Great Britain. That treaty for fifty years had barred the path­ United States was fulfilled to the very letter. way of commerce and civilization across the Isthmus. Leading But there are some facts which I can not ignore. I can not Republican statesmen, like Secretaries Blaine, Frelinghuysen, ignore the fact that this man is still an acceptable representative and others, had declared that that treaty was obsolete, and that of a foreign country to this Administration. We know how Great Britain herself had violated it again and again. quickly De Lome was compelled to get out of this country for an Yet the Senator from Indiana told us of how long and patiently insulting reference to President McKinley. We know how the President McKinley had labored to secure the peaceful abroga­ British ambassador was sent packing by :Mr. Cleveland for tion of that treaty, in order that no suspicion of dishonor might merely expressing a private opinion as to the merits of a Presi- attach to the construction of the canal. Let me say, 1\Ir. Presi­ dential contest. This man Bunau-Varilla holds his position here dent, we shall get small honor for our punctiliousness in dealing as a reward for his own claim that he had seduced this Adminis- with a mighty power when it is so swiftly followed by an act of tration into a foul and secret conspiracy against a Government brutal aggression, of violation of international law and treaty with which it was then conducting friendly negotiations. I have rights in dealing with a puny nation. Great Britain for fifty a 1·ight to ask why it is that this characterless adventurer, whose years barred the pathway across the entire Isthmus with a dead representations, if false, are the foulest slander upon the honor I and violated treaty-a treaty she herself had violated and de- 1904. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 1771 stroyed. Colombia acted strictly within her rights when she APPENDIX. rejected our treaty and left us free to construct a canal as we [Baltimore American, December 10, 1900.] ourselves had provided in our own law. IN PANAMA, THE NEW REPUBLic-.A.MERIOAN'S STAFF CORRESPONDENT ON Who will believe us if we say that we endured British insolence THE ISTHMUS-MR. TEAGUE'S FffiST LETTER-BEGINNING OF .A GR.APHIO STORY OF THE REVOLUTION TH.AT BROUGHT .ABOUT SECESSION FROM CO­ from a keen sense of national honor, where the canal itself was LOliBI.A .AND G.AVE THE UNITED ST.ATYS THE RIGHT TO BUILD .A CA.N.A.L at stake, and trampled upon the plain rights of Columbia from a .ACROSS THE ISTHMU8-MONEY W.AS THE MOTIVE OF THE REVOLUTION­ sense of justice where only the arbitrary will of one man was ISTS, .AND THEIR FAITH IN THIS GOVER1'.~IENT MADE THEM CONFIDENT concerned? When history comes to judge of our action in this OF SUCCESS-ALL W.ANT THE CA.NAL BUILT. matter it will not discriminate between McKinley and Roosevelt, [By Merrill A. Teague, staff correspondent of the American.] but judge us as a nation. - P .AN A.M.A., R. P., December 7. The Republic of Panama stands to-day with one foot upon the wreck of We a:re frequently told, Mr. President, that the act has been Colombian maladministration, oppression, and perfidy, and the other upon done, that it can not be undone, and that it is vain to protest the ruins of French efforts to cut a commercial waterway through the nar­ against it. We have beard this argument before. I believe there row isthmian strii>_,_ while both of its arms are extended m hope and suppli- cation toward the United States. · are not now half a dozen Senators on either side of the Chamber In this strange and strained attitude the Republic is not more to be envied who do not in their hearts regret that this country took upon than it is to be pitied. Born of a revolution effected without bloodshed, it itself our Philippine possessions, which haye cost so many hun­ faces prospects more roseate than were ever before held out to any other na­ tion within twenty-three days of its birth. In fact few governments, even dred million dollars, and which are not and never will be worth among those whose maturity is of the ages, are more fortunately situated one single cent to the United States. I believe there are few if than is this, the baby among nations. Straight ahead of Panama, with reali­ any Eenators here who do not agree with the opinion once ex­ zation of them all guaranteed by the protectorate which the United States has assumed, lies the certainty of a plethoric treasury, freedom from debt, pressed by the Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. SPOO:NER] that our nominaL taxes, absolute security in independence, a prevailing peace and the Philippine possessions would prove a source of military weakness unlimited enrichment of her citizens through the early and inevitable devel­ and danger to the United States; that they would be of no com­ opment of the countr-y's natural resources. These are advantages very few mercial advantage, but a vast burden upon the industrial resources nations have ever enJoyed, but over against them must be placed the cata­ l~~ue of disadvantages and deterrents-a. cata.logue~which excites the keenest of the country. plty. Yet we were told that the act had been done and that it could Panama is to-day a land of indecision, hesitation, and chaos. In all the not be undone. And so vie continued to squander money by Republic's domain, comprising an area about equal to that of the State of Inaian.a, there is not one man, native Panamai'l.n~ who has ever demonstrated the hU1ldred millions and to destroy human lives by the hundred the posssssion of abilities of that order requirea of one who would success­ thousand and to make the land a desert of death and famine. We fully lead a people to the accomplishment of a great purpose. Of able busi­ are met now with the same argument, which seems to me most ness men, astute politicians, adventurers, and schemers m general there are more than any country requires; but of statesmen, diplomats, and other real singularly contradictory in its very terms. We must do this leaders there are practically none at all. The very men who brought the thing because it has been already done. Republic into existence-and we are syeak:ing now of the native or quasi­ Such an argument in its consequences can not be confined to any native element among them-are nov1ces in everything pertaining to the science of government. These men are now in charge of the Government, particular case. It means that every violation of the Constitution, and, while there is no snspicion of their integrity or of the sincerity of their the law, and the nation's honor that may be perpetrated in the purpose, they are woefully lacking in ability to do the work they have un­ futu.re must be permitted to stand simply because it has been dertaken in the way it should be done according to the situation which con­ fronts them. The result is that upon every hand the inquiring visitor done. encounters ignorance, doubt, and uncertainty where there should be, if the I believe that the greatest thing that could be done for the na­ independent movement is to be carried to its full fruition, intelligence, de­ tional honor, for the rights of the people, and for lawful govern­ termination, and fixed ability. Careful investigation shows that there is more or less reason for this con­ ment would be to defeat the whole of this nefarious business and dition,, which ~nil? first in the pity.-exci ti~~ catalogue. This new Republic compel the President to respect and obey the law. came mto bemg w1thout any defirute politiCal purpose. It was conceived . There are people who say that while the President's act was solely of a determination to have the can11.l connecting the Atlantic and the Pac;_fic constructed across the lsthmns, and at no other place. Had Colombia unlawful the means were justified by the end. I trust that no ratified the Hay-Herran treaty the revolution of the 3d of November would Christian Protestant who asserts this doctrine of doing evil that never have taken place. That is frooly admitted by everybody in any way good may come will ever refer to it hereafter as " Jesuitical." concerned in bringing about the independence of Panama. The inevitable conclusion is that the Panamaians were not sufficiently displeased with Co­ What were the means, and what was the end? The means were lombian sovereignty and administration to have revolted because of any a violation of international, constitutional, statute, and treaty law, desire for real independence. That, too, is conceded by the leaders in the joining with French adventurers to disrupt an American repub­ revolutionary movement. It is true that a strong indictment is drawn by these men against Colombia for her sins of omission and commission; but lic, and sowing the seeds of fear and hatred among all the coun­ that indictment is more of an afterthought, framed for purposes of political tries to the south of us. justification, than it is a statement of independence-provoking grievances. These were the means. What was the end? Not to secure a MONEY W.AS THEm MOTIVE. canal, but to secure a particular route favored by the Republican The motive underlying the creation of the Republic was, consequently, party and by the President for reasons of their own; to secure a more selfish than patriotic; more sordid than sentimental. The people of route most favored by the continental railToads and least advan­ Panama, knowing better than do any other people the enormous value to them of a ship canal across the Isthmus, played for that advantage instead tageous to the people, and to put $4:0,000,000 into the hands of a of for any real improvement in the condition of their Government. The criminal French corporation, and I know not how many million riches they will realize from the construction and operation of the canal were dollars into the campaign fund of the Republican party. more weighty considerations with them than was thought of political lib­ ert-y; and fortunately for their purpose they found the United States ready Mr. President, I have not argued this question from a partisan to JOin hands with them. The effect of bringing a Republic into existence point of view. In so far as I have considered the relations of the under such circumstances is daily becoming more and more apparent. The Democratic party to this question, it has been only with a desire instiga.tors of the movement for indel?endence, having no such thing as Pan­ amaian patriotism to appeal to, were forced, in order to carry out then· proj­ that it should maintain its historic position as the party of con­ ect, to wield an influence as sordid as were their own motives. These men, stitutional government. It is necessary to the country, it is nec­ who figure now as the responsible heads of the republican government, will essary to the Democratic party, that it do so. Those who despise very frankly admit that they proceeded with the scheme for independence not by addressing themselves to the desire of the Isthmians to be free from law and righteousness in government are too well satisfied with Colombia, but by secretly corrupting those who were in position to hinder the Republican party to leave it for a party which can never fi·ee execution of their purpose. itself entirely from the restraints of conservative traditions and So freely are admissions of this nature made that last evening one of the members of the governing junta, frankly and without hesitation, and in re­ which, in spite of itself, must still_keep some remnants of a turn for the simple asking, gave to your correspondent a list of the men who political conscience. were bribed to support the revolutionary movement, and the amount paid to A party which has the auc1acity of its wickedness will always each one. These bribes are termed bonuses here, and the payment of them is freely talked about in the streets a:n~ hotels; nor does any Pal!illDaian seem prevail over a party which has not even the courage of its con­ to thmk that the men who sold thror influence for stated sums m Colombian victions. The Democratic party can not succeed-it can not even cun-ency have in an-y manner compromised themselves. To such an extent live-by imitating the vices of its adversary. It has no future, it was the plan of winnmg by corruption carried out that every dollar of public money in the former Department of Panamawa.sattached bvtherevolution­ has no hope, except as the unfailing champion of those great ists, and has since been paid out to those men who accepted bonuses from the principles that gave it life. instigators of the movement for independence. Nor was this sum sufficient So long as men love truth and justice and the doctrines upon to in ~ ure the success of the plan. It was used as far as it would go, and when it was exhausted the revolutionists resorted to promises, which have since which our forefathers founded this Republic there will be a been redeemed by the payment of sums taken from the loan of $300,000 made necessity for a party through which they can speak and act; and about the middle of the month to the new Republic by J.P. Morgan 8;, Co., if love of righteousness and respect for law are to perish, God for­ of New York. bid that the Democratic party should survive! FAITH IN THE UNITED STATES. I ask permission to print as an appendix to my remarks some The promoters of the revolution are, therefore, compelled by experience to distrust a large proportion of those men upon whom they are now forced letters of :Mr. Merrill A. Teague, to which I referred in the course to r ely. They know that the army and the police force was purchased to of my speech. support the revolution, and, knowing that these factors are susceptible to The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Tennessee corruption, they do not know to-day whether the military and police officials asks that certain letters to which he referred in his speech may are true or untrue to the Republic. The Panamaian naval establishment stands in exactly the same pos1tion as does the army and the police force, and be printed as an appendix. Is there objection? The Chair hears since it. is upon these agencies that the new Government must depend in none, and that order is made. greater or less degree for its security, there is fear and suspicion discover- 1772 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. F EBRUARY 9,

able upon every hand. The weakness of the present Government, its lack of ~y other peoJ?le wonld, n.nde.r such cU:cnmstances, bring themselves very purpose and indecision, are, therefore, excusable in a measure. q'!llckly to the ~nJoyment of an ~eterm1nate season of prosperity and dig­ The real revolutionists know that they have to deal with a good-sized com­ ruty. Cuba,,mth fe~er sub~tantial advanta~es thaJ?-Panama enjoys, is doing pany of Colombian Benedict Arnolds, and they deal cautiously and suspi­ th~t very thing, while here ill ~a:r;tama ~ere IS nothing more inspiring or ad~ ciously. All they hope for is that they can keep things going as they now mrrable than an alleged repnb1Ic ill which the leaders have no more p3tl'iotic are until after the canal treaty is signed by the members of the junta. That sentiment than a wish to avoi~ responsibility and a hope that the United act of ratification accom:plished, the re>olutionists will have little interest States m~y d? for ptem that which other people, from the beginning of time, left in the Republic; and JUSt here there enters into this consideration an ele­ have gloried m domg for themselves-secll'e and preserve their political in­ ment which must, P.erforce, be little understood in the States. That element dependence. is the bland and childlike faith of the re>olntionists in the Government of the great American Republic. It matters not wha.t statements may be made at Washington or what [Baltimore American, December 21, 1003.] stories may be current in the States, all Panama believes that the revolution ME~ WHO MADE .A NEW REPUBLIC-TRUE STORY OF THE REVOLUTIO~ OY was made possible by Washington':!! foreknowledge of what was proposed THE ISTHMUS-RAILROAD HAD .A H.AND IN IT-IT W .AS ~LOODLE.3 , DUT and an expressed determination by the Government at Washington to give NOYE THE LESS EFFECTIVE-NOT .A CHILD Oi' PATRIOTISM, BlJT OF moral and physical support to the revolutionists. There is reason for this GREED-P.ARTS" PLAYED BY DOCTOR .AM.A.DOR~ SE..."ORS ARANGO, A:sD belief, for it was not actually decided to attempt the coup which resulted in TOMAS .A.RI.AS, THE THRBE INSTIGATORS OF THE REVOLT-.AliADOR'S the creation of the Republic until advlces were received from the States to TRIP TO THE UN1TED STATES A._'q}) IDS VISIT TO WASHINGTON-VARIL­ the effect that if it should be attempted the United States would back it up. LA'S PART IN THE SUCCESSFUL GA.ME-THE MAKER OF THE FIB.ST FL.AG. These advices were not official, so far as the Adm±nistration was concerned, [By Merrill A . Teague, staff correspondent of the American.] but they were of such a character1 as will be shown in subsequent letters, as to convince the revolu.tionist.s tha.ti nil they had to do was to take the initia­ P .A.Y.A.M.A, R. P., December 10. 1!103. tive a.nd then rel"f upon the United States to insure the success of the proj­ As has already be,en stated in thiscon.·espondence, the Republic of Panama ect. This they did., and their earlier ronfidence in the support to be afforded owes its existence to nothing which bears any resemblance to Panamai..erturning a government and setting up their own independence without ation of a republican government. Upon sueh a conting-ency as an election firing a shot or spilling a drop of blood. That success was made possible be­ the revolutionists dare not wait. The treaty will therefore be ratified by cause of the certainty of support by the United States does not lessen the the junta, which has no existence in faet so far as the Republic of Panama is magnitude of the .P:mama.ian achievement. concerned, and the Panamaian ratification will rune been deposited at Wash­ Early in the CID'rent year Mutis Durand was governor of the Department ington by the time this letter isJlUblished. Why such haste?- Simply bee a use of Panama. He had been sent to preside over the Department from one of the re>ohrtionists look forward to only one thing beyond what they have al­ the other Departments in the Colombian federation0nd was essentially an ready. accomplished, and that one thing is to get the United States so bound anti-Pana.maian. It happened, therefore, when the .t1.a.y-Herran treaty had by contract that it will be compelled through self-interest to protect theRe­ been rntified at Washington, and when tho question of ratification was public against invasion from without and against interior disturbances. about to come before the Colombian Congress, that he-who had the power So keen is this desire tha.t it is not stret?hin~ fact in the slightest to say ofappointmentoftherepresentativesofPanama-sawtoftthatthereshould that once the treaty is ratified and eontracmra1 relations with the United go to Bogota a delegation which would not oppose any scheme Colombia States assumed the revolutionists will practically lose intere-t in the fate of might e'olve. Panama, enthusiastic for the canal, recognized at once that Panama. They will, as a m.a.tter of course, be compelled to proceed with the Durand had named men who were inimical to the paramount interest of the erection of a regular ~vernment, but that duty will be one in which they Dapartment, and at that moment the scheme for Panamaian independence will have little enthusiasm. The treaty will insure the canal. The canal is began to assume shape. an that Panama wants, and with it assured.~ the Panamaians would be con­ A RAILROAD'S HA.ND IN IT. · tent to drift along for an indefinita perioa without proceeding further to­ This was in May last. Common report and formal statements made by ward realizing the fruits of independence. Proof of this lackadaisical inter­ those who were in the movement at the time of its inception gave to Dr. est in the Republic itself is nowhera concealed. Everybody in Panama, Manuel Amador Guerrero, who is now in the States in company with Fred­ including the members of the junta s.nd the cabinet, will declare, if interro­ erica Boyd and Constantine .Arosemena, as a member of the coilllilis ion ga.ted upon the point, that Panama wants nothing except the canal; thn.t the aupainted to negotiate a canal treaty, credit for having launched the inde­ United States can have anything it wishesifitwillonlyconstructth.at water­ p(Jndent movement. But while Doctor Amador is deemed the father of Pana­ way. So free are admissions of this n&tnre that I have had it from those nmian independence, it is doubtful if so much credit acmally belongs to high up in the Government that had the United States demanded sovereignty him. Ra.ther is-it logical to assume that the officials of thePa.nruna Railroad, o.-.er the entil'e Republic it would have been ceded without question. As a neaTly Avery one of whom is an American, are the more responsible parties. matter of fact, the Pan::unaians would very gladly have relinquished the duty The railroad corporation, which owns a splendid piece of property and which of organizing a government and attempting its administration, It is to this sentiment that the certainty of immediate ratification of the treaty is due. is doing a thrinng bnsine , has for about fourteen ye~s been devoting the whole of its net earnin~ to defraying the expenses of the worknec ry to .AFRAID OF TOO MUCH MOREY. keep the canal concessiOn held by the New Panama Company alive. r.l'he The Panamaians wish to be relie.-ed of responsihility for the integrity and stockholde1·s have realized nothing from their investment in that period, and security of the Republic they have created, and although the treaty is more as the United States has agreed to pnrohase the property for $7.000,000 e>ery­ liberal in its conees.sions to the United States than was ever anticipated it body connected with the railroad as. stockholders and managers have been would be, the junta has not for a. moment considered such a thing as reject­ feverishly a.nrious for ac~ co~tion of the~anal p;-oject. Upon that ing it or caviling over its terms. "We would have been entirely willing to consummation depends thmr ability to unload tbell' holding on the United have signed ournamestoblankpa.per,"said amember of the junta last even­ States Government, and those who are really in the secret of Panamnian in­ ing, "and to h ..•t.>e left it to Secretary Hay to fill in over our signatures what- dependence give to the influence wielded by this road the actual credit for ver he wished to write, stipnlaiing only, upon our part, that the covenant what has been accomplished. should contain a pledge by the UnitedStatest.o build the canal." Thatsta.te­ Every Liberal in Panama. knew when Durand appointed y Soto and Teran ment exactly exprese3 the state of affairs in Panama to-day, and in the hope as senators from PanamP. to the special session at the Colombian Congress, th?.t subsequent negotiations with the United States may result in that Gov­ convened on July 20 la...crt to consider the Hay-Herran treaty, that the canal ernment o.ssuming even more responsibility than it has assumed under the project was in jeopardy. These two men did not represent the sentiment on C3.Tial treaty, the Panama.ian revolutionists are proceeding with halting the Isthmus, n fact proved by their open fight against ratifica.tion of the s e-p toward theorganiz:1.tion of the Revnblic. treaty, as well as by the fact that they have not returned to Pan.'tma since '.rhey are afraid of themselves, of the people with whom they will have the adjournment of the Congress. At the time these two men were named to deal, and thoroughly sUHpieions of their own abilities. Sellor Espanoza, as Pa.n.1.maian sen."!. tors Jose Agustin Arango was a. sena-tor of the Colombian one of the membera of the junta, exposed the nature of this trepidation yes­ Congress, representing Panama. No sooner did DUI'and announce his a.p­ terday, when he sa.id to your correspondent that Panama has only one sub­ pointments than Arango announced that he would not go to Bogota to be stantial objection. to the canal treaty. outnumbered in the delegation by anti-Plmamaia.ns. Now, it happened that 'We are in a. dilemma," said Senor Espanoza. "because our revenues will Senor Arango was then, and is now, the 'special agent" of the Panama Rail­ b~ reduc:ed about three-fifths by that clause of the treaty which makes Colon road; in other words, the company'sconfidential a.genta.nd lobbyist. In this and Panama free ports, thereby cutting off the import taxes now collected, capacity Senor Arango has twice visited Bogota. in the interest of the canal but om chief objection to the treaty is that by its terms we are compelled to project). to keep the concession and promote rntification with the United accept the SlO.OOlf,COO canal payment in cash. We must, in some way or other, States uovernment. The evidence seems conclusive that when he refused to by subsequent negotiations relieveonrseh·es of that reguh·ement. It is too go to Bogota-a ref11...c:al uttered in May last-he at the same time advanced much money for us to undertake to handle; it is certain to be wasted and the idea of independence for the Dep5rtment in case the treaty sh<>uld fail. misspent if it is turned o>er in bulk to the Government, and in self-protection WORK OF DOCTOR AJ.r.ADOR. we must devise some scheme whereby not more than $2,000,000 in ca.sh comes Arango was not, howe\er, the man to openly or evenly secretly foster the into our hands for current use. The remainder must be so in\estecl and so scheme. That duty devolved upon Doctor Amador, who is ueemed the secm·ed and held ont of the country that it will stand as a revenue-p:roducing wealthiest man in the Department, and therefore who has more to gain from asset for the Government, no matter what changes llliLY take place or who American occupation and the completion of the ca.nal than h~ a.ny other in­ may be in eharge." di.-idua.I. That .Arango acted as the a~ent of the Pan..'l.ma Rn.ih·oad in pro­ T.HEIR ~SUAL POSITION. posing to Amador the idea of Pana.mruan independence is proved by subse­ The spectacle of an independent nation being afraid to assume responsi­ quent deve-lopments. Amador was readily disposed to advance the project, bility for the handlil1g of such a sum as $10,000,000 in cash is donbtlessunique even though it may not have originated with him, and the fo.ct stand that in the history of governments, bnt it affords an accurate key to the situation he took the formal initiative as long ago as May last. At that time a meet­ on the Isthmus of Panama. Starting with that sum in its treasury, having ing was held at Do..---tor Amador's residence, fronting the cathedral in this no funded debt and bnt S300,000 of a. flo5ting debt, with the taxes at a. nomi­ city. There were present Doctor Amador, Senor Arango, and Senor Tomas nal figure re>ennes sufficient for all requirements guaranteed by the canal Arias, three men who may be set down, without dr.nO'er of any contradiction, n·eaty, and the peace and integrity of its domain a.ssUI'ed by United States pro­ as the original instigators of the revolution of the Mof No.-ember. At that tection, Panama is aetnally helvless. Her helplessness is born of an absence meeting-and my informant is one who was in the scheme from the begm.­ of patriotism; knowledge among the more intelligent classes of the corrupt ning and whose statements ha\e been fully corroborated-it was decided by and unscrupulous character of themajorityof the people of all Latin-American Amador, Arango, aD.d Arias that if the Hay-Herran treaty should fail of countries, and of the th~roughlymercenary motives for her ?WU creatiop. into ratification at Bogota a blow should be s'-JU.ck for Pan.'tlllaian indepe:1dence. a republic. Envy and pity must therefore play equal parts m any conmdera­ This decision reached, the plan pr~r~ed rapidly. Needing assistance in. tion of the state of affairs on the Isthmus. Envy for the opportunitv which working out their plan, the original tirio of conspirators carefully lected stretches away befo:::-e a people whose indenendence has been so easlly won; fom· other gentlemen who might be taken into their confidence. These four P.ity for the moral physical, and personal conditions which combine to make Wel'e Constantine .Arosemena, a ~ivil engineer~ Ricardo Arias, brother of lt almostimpossib1e for this people to avail themselves of their opportunity. Tomas Arias; Frederica. Boyd, and N . .A. de Obanio, the last three named 1904. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. 1773 bein('r merchants in tlrls city and men of wealth and substance. The circle ted, but it was finally decided to adopt the combination of one red and one of conspirators included these seven men as long ago as the 1st of Jnly. blue square mth two white squares, one bearing a red star and the other a Tht>y met frequently, but in secret, holding their meatings in the private blue, red beiag the color of the Liberals and blue of the Conser>ati>e . The r&idenca of one or the other of their number, with an occasional gathering qesi~ being agreed upon, a. colored plat':l Ehowing the proportions of the fiag in the office of the electric-light company, which is p1·incipally owned by and its color scheme was prepared and intrusted to Doctor Amador, who ad­ Tomas Arias. All of the pla.ns of these conspirators were predicated u~n vised his niece, Senorita Maria Emilia Ossa, daughter of the Chilean coru ul­ the rejection of the canal treaty, an hypothesiSwhichhad resolved itself mto general in this city, that there might soon come a time when a new flag a certainty before the middle of August. Standing back of the conspirators, would be needed in Panama and that she shonld ha-ve the honor of making it. as advisers and counselors, were four Americans: Col. J. S. Shaler, superin­ THE...~ ALL W .A.S READY. tendent of the Panama Railroad; H. G. Prescott, assistant superintendent of the ru.ilroad, in charge of the Panama end; Capt. John R. Beers, superin­ There remained, then, only the army and navy and the police force to be tendent of the Panama Railroad terminals at La Boca, the Pacific terminus looked after. Isaac Brandon & Bro. and Henry Ehrmann had charge of the of the proposed canal, and Col. William M. Black, United States Army, the departmental money, and from them it was learned that there would ba engineer who represents the United States Goyernment in the work now in no trouble in getting hold of the $H5,000 on deposit be:onging to the Dep!!.rt­ progress at the great Cnlebra cut. ment the moment independence shonld be declared. T·rusted agents were then commissioned to '·fix" the military and nr.,-al est ablishment~ and the SOUNDIXG TmS GOVERN.liE:::O.'T. police force. General Huertas, who was in command of the Colo:nbia.n bat­ The.c;e four Americans were neyer present at a. meeting of the conspira­ talion, the garrison of the Isthmus, was approached, and was di5covered to tor , which meetings were held as often as two and three times a week, but be willing to join the movement for certain stilb~~ considerations, chief they were kept fully advised as to all that was done by Senor Arango, who among which was a bonus of S25,!XX) (silYer) for · elf. Gen. Rub:m Varon, reported in his capacity as special agent of the railroad company. They also who commanded the Colombian gunboat TwentiJ-first of .Korembe"l·, formerly advised, communicating through Senor Aranao, as to the different steps to the Padilla, which sunk the Lauten-o in the battle in which Goyerno;:- Alban be taken, and it was stated to me 1'l.St evening by one of the seven that not a lost his life, and which, since the revolution, has hQrt for SIO,OOO, and the othei-s Slght, it was arzreed by the conspirators and their counselors that to insure for smaller sums. None of this money was paid in cash; but promises were the success of the project it was necessary to sound the United States GoY­ made to pay it after the Republic was established, and it has since been paid. ernment and learn what attitude it would assume. In GeneraJHuertas'sbattalion were a number of officersand men whom he With that object in view, Doctor Amador sailed from Colon in September, distruste.dor's visit toW a.shin~on was for the pur­ ofPanamaian independence or not at this time is a matt~rof conjecture, a.~ they pose of conferring with Secretary Hay, but that official was in New Hamp­ have not yet returned from hunting the reYolntioni.sts, nor have they beeu shire on his annual vacation, and Doctor Amador left Washin~on without heard from. Other individuals and agencies were manipulated in m.anne!" acquainting the State Department of what the Ithmians (seYen m number at similar to that employed. in handling Huertas, Varon, and the others referred that time) proposed doing. About the same time J. Gabriel Duque, a native to, and so thoroughly was the work done that when the C:>lombian Congress of Cuba, but a naturalized American, now domiciled in this cityl editor of adjourned on October 31 without havin~ ratified the treaty the po>.der train the Star and Herald, of Panama, and principal owner of the Lotena de Pan­ for a Panamaian revolution had been laid and the match had actually been ama, the chartered lottery of the Isthmus, also visited Washington. Mr. lighted to ignite it. Duque saw Secretary Hay and discussed with him the idea of Panamaian in­ dependence, but it can be accepted as an indisputable fact that his visit was [Baltimore American, December 23, 1003.] wholly unofficial and made npon his own responsibility, as he was not at that time in the secret of what Amador, Arango, Arias, and the others proposed. V.ARTLLA PL.A.YED A. CLEVER GAME-HCRRTED P.AXA.llA. REVOLT BY .A. Y AGL'E CABLEGRAM-LOOKED OR A..YERICAN .AID-UPON HIS .ASSUR­ V .A.BILL.A. :c'l THE GAllE. ASCE PANA..MAI.AN PLOTTERS FOR Th"DEPENDENCE DECIDED TO T.A.KE Doctor Amador's visit to Washington having proved fruitless, and there THE LEAP FOR POLITICAL FREEDOM-FULL STORY OF THE REVOLUTION being no longer anynecessity for secrecy, he went toNew York and took apart­ OF ~oVEMBER 3--PL~ W.AS NEARLY UP~ET BY WAIU."T8G ~"T TO BO­ ments at the Waldorf-Astm·ia. There he fell in with M. Philippe Buna.u­ GOTA, BCT IN THE CRITICAL MOME..~T GE..'iER.A.L HUERTAS il"D IDS SOL­ Varilla, who had resided on the Isthmus as a canal engineer, and with whom DIERS STOOD TRUE TO THE SECESSIONISTs-THE PANA.M.A OF TO-DAY. he was acquainted. Varilla was then in the States in the interest of tho New [By Merrill A. Teague, staff correspondent of the American.] Panama Canal Company, and their sentimentl being more or less the same, Doctor Amador unfolded to Varilla the plans of the conspirators at Pan.'l.ma. PA...~AM.A., R. P., December 12. From this point the project progressed rapidly. Doctor Amador retnrned to President Roosevelt has assured the American Congress that his Adminis­ the Isthmus early in October, and at a meeting of the se>en conspirators, tration was not privy to the scheme to establish an independent republic on who gathered in the office of the electric-lighting company in Panama, he the Isthmus. There is absolutely no ovidence discoverable here to controvert related the result of his visit to the States. He had rec."CiYed no assurances that statement in the slightest degree, yet it is an indisputable fact that the from any official of support but communicated to his fellows the fact that conspirators for independence at Panama believed implicitly, before they Var.lla had assured him in the most positiYe terms that any stroke in faYor made a single o~n move fm· independence, that advance assurances of sup­ of independence, having as its primary object the grant to the Amm·ican Re­ port had been g1ven by the Government at Washington. This belief is so public of a canal concession. would be supported by the United States Gov­ fixed that those in the conspiracy do not hesitate to s.ay that the first mo-ve ernment. So elated was Doctor Amador over Varilla's assurances. and so would never haYe been made had it not been that Washington had given a great was his confidence in the Frt>nch engineer's ability to influence the Gov­ promise of support. For this le.'l.ding of the Panamaians into striking for in­ ernment at Washington, that he was not liable to see any further difficulties dependence credit could be given toM. Buna.u-Va.rilla, as it was because of a in the way of executing the project. Arango, Arias, Arosemena, and the cablegram from him promising most certainly American support that the others were slow to accept Doctor Amador's assurances, however. Varilla revolution was actually effected. had not talked with them, and realizing that death for each would be the A cable from Bogota was received at Panama early on the 31st of October penalty should the;v attempt and fail, and that their only hope of success lay announcing the adjournment, sine die, of the special session of the Colombian m support to be given them by the United States, they counseled caution Congress and the definite failure of the Hay-Herran treaty. This news -was and further delay. no sooner received than the conspirators, whose names have ah·eady been Their views prevailed to such an extent that it was decided to defer the gi,-en in this correspondence, gathered in the parlor of the residence of Doctor launching of the movement until after the Colombian Congress should have Amador. finally adjourned. Adjournment would, they argued, sound the death knell The crux of the situation had been reached, and it was the consensus of over the canal treaty and simultaneously give to the United States an incen­ opinion that if the blow for a transisthmian canal under American owner­ tiYe to SUP;\)Ort the independence of a republic on the Isthmus. The project ship, and, incidentally, for Panamaian independence. was to be dealt at all it was accordingly held in abeyance, although there was no cessation in themat­ should be dealt at once. The situation hanng been thoroughly gone over, all tro· of working out the details. Realizing that if it stlould become necessary accounts having been cast, and a b:tlance hn.ving been sh-uck by the conspira­ to deliver the blow, a commission would have to be sent to the States, the con­ tors to discover their exact status, Doctor Amador penned a telegram to spirators\ !.."'ota in October, took into their confidence Senor ManuelEspanoza, M. Bunau-Varilla, and it was immediately di.sp3.tched. with the tdea of substituting him for Federica Boyd as a member of the pro­ In this telegram it was stated that all the plans wro·e perfected, and that visional governing junta which wonld have to be created, and which it was if Varilla could giye any assurance of American support there would be no decided should be composed of Arango, who wielded all the influence of the further hesitation. As he finished writing this cablegram Doctor Amador Panama Railroad; Arias, who had been a departmental senator, federal rep­ remarked to his fellow-conspirators: resentative, and a general officeholder, and Boyd, who represented the heav­ "If this man (referring to Varilla) can move an American war ship so as ier Yested interests on the Isthmus. Doctor Amador was reserved to be the to place it at the Isthmus to help us, we need hesitate no longer." candidate for president of the new republic; Constantine Arosemena was se­ :From that moment the whole plan waited on the reply from Varilla. It lected to be tlieexpert member of the commission to the States to negotiate was received on the 1st of November, although dated the previous day. As a canal agreement; De Obarrio was slated for the ministry of war, which he to its contents, there are two versions, and since Doctor Amador, who has pos­ now holds, and Ricardo Arias was to be the active fiscal agent of the pro­ session of the original, is in the States, the dispute as to its contents can not posed new government. be settled. Enough is known, however, to justify the assertion that it was None of these details were neglected, the systematic manner in which the this cablegram from Va.rilla which actually precipitated the reyolution, and CODSJ?irators wentabouttheir work showing that they pos.sess unusual ability that because the message contained an assurance of American support. One in political scheming and that they were ably advised. Proceeding in the version of the message gi-ven to me by one of the original conspirators, who eame careful way, with a view to leaving no stone unturned to insure suc­ was present at the meeting on November 1 when its contents were made cess1 the conspirators reached, about October 27, that point at which they known, is that Varilla telegraphed, in substance, addressing the message to realized that they wonld need a declaration of independence. The pot was Doctor Amador: boiling then in earnest. All Panama was talking of a scheme for independ­ "Go ahead. There will be anAmerican warship on either side of the Isth­ ence, rumors of every sort being current, but nothing definite being known. mus within forty-eight hours." To have prepared a declaration of independence, ready for use the moment The other version, for which another of the original conspirators stands the Colombian Congress should adjourn., the conspirators took into their sponsor, is that the mes."'Bge was in terms about as follows: confidence three lawyers of Panama, all enthusiastic supporters of the canal "Go ahead. America will send ships at once to either side of the Isthmus proposition. These men were E. A. Morales, who was advised that if the to maintain the freedom and security of transit." scheme should• go through he would be made minister of go-vernment (do­ mestic affairs) in the provisional cabinet; C. A. Mendoza, who was slated for THE A.RB.IV.A.L OF A. W .AR SHIP. the m.inistry of justice, and J. Henriquez, whose official status has not yet Whether Varilla spoke with anything like authority or whether he was been defined. Morales, Mendoza, and Henriquez undertook the work of merely risking an assurance upon the known policy of the American Gov­ framing in s.ecret the declaration and to have it ready for immediate use. ernment in protecting the transit of the Isthmus is not discoverable here but his me~sage confirmed the conspirators in their determination to attempt CHOOSIXG A. FLAG. the coup, and it was at that meeting decided to take the leap toward inde­ Another thing was the flag for the new Republic. The conspirators con­ pt~ndence on the 4th of November. The plan was to turn out the garrison in sulted over this several times. It was desired to evolve an emblem which P~nama at 3.00 o:clock on the morning of that day and. send it marching, should signify the unification of the Liberals and Conservatives into a party With bands plafU!g, through the streets to paste up prmted copies of the st:mding for Panamaian independence. A number of designs were submit- declaration of mdependence. Orators were to accompany the soldiers to 1774 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. FEBRUARY 9, harangue the crowd which would gather, and it was expected that by day­ suspicious repaired to the barracks to be near the soldiers, upon whom they light Panama would be in a ferment of excitement, when it was planned to could certainly rely. They were received at the barracks with honors. hold a mass meeting in the tathedral plaza and, with the people thoroughly The battalion was paraded for their reception and General Huertas, of aroused, proclaim the independence. whom more hereafter, escorted them to his own rooms and charmed them Fate threa.tened, however, to upset all of the plans of the conspirators. with his conversation until about 5 o'clock in the afternoon. But all this Miss Ossa. having completed the fia~, there was no longer any occasion for palaver was lost on Tovar and Ama.ya. They had themselves been through secrecy about the plans, and the entrre Isthmus was alive with the rumors of revolutions and knew the signs that are carried by the air, and they de­ secession. Everybody at this time was aware that the plan was to be at­ manded the truth of Huertas. Was there on foot a revolutionary movement~ tempted, and at the meeting of the original band of co~rmtor , held on the Huertas answered that he had heard some talk of that kind. Was he impli­ evening of November 2, in the office of the electric lighting company in Pan­ cated? The valne of concealment was lost, and Huertas answered: "To tell ama. it was agreed that there should be no drawing back, and that there­ you the truth, Generals, I am." public should be launched the second morning following. Dismay took the "Then consider yourself under arrest," cried Tovar, to which Huertas place of confidence, however, on the morning of NovemberS, when the Colom­ replied: bian gunboat Cartagena steamed into Colon, having on board 450 Colombian "Very good, sir! I will step into the next room to get my sword that it soldiers. Back of the arrival of this ship there is a story the details of which may be surrendered to you." are not clear. Opening the door as he spoke, Huertas disclosed to the view of Tovar and COLOMBII:A W A.ITED TOO LONG. Amaya, now thoroughly amazed, half a company of soldiers fully armed. .AB It is stated that when the talk of" secession became open, some four or five he threw open the door, Huertas cried to his men: days before the revolution took place, Javiaer Janguito, the Catholic bishop "Arrest those two men!" and in an instant Tovar and Amaya found them­ stationed at Panama, wired information of the COI1$prmtors• plans to the selves prisoners of the Colombian battalion. Almo tat the sama moment Government at Bogota. This charge is denied by Bishop Janguito; but its Jo e Tovar, nephew of the general and commander of the Colombian gun­ accuracy is insisted upon by those who are in the secret of the details of the boat Bogota, stationed at Panama, and a man whom the secessionists had not secession. Whether the charge be true or false, it is certain that Bogota had dared to approacht.-.was arrested as he was passing through the plaza in front full and complete information in advance of the Panamaian proposition to of the cathedral. The die had been cast-sece ion wa a fact-and there was secede; but the spirit of manana, with which the whole of Central and South no drawing back. The seven original conspirators for independence imme­ America is afflicted, proved fatal to the interests of the Colombian Govern­ diately took charge of the situation. The flag Miss Ossa hnd made was sent ment. She struted to lock the door after the horse had been st.olen. Had the for in haste. The proclamation of independence was produced, but as the Cartagena arrived on the 2d of November the revolution would never have occurences were secret to the city of Panama, it was not until the next day that a public meeting was held in the plaza to declare the indep ~ nd ence of taken p1ace . .AB it was, it came very near an abortive attempt, for the con­ the Republic of Panama. The formalities of the occasion were discharged spirators, all except Amador, halted when the arrival of the Cartagena was by the city council of Panama, the eleven members of which wereadyised of tel~ graphed to the city. what was expected of them, and all of whom were willing and eager t.o join There was good reason for this indecision, for the garrieon at Panama the movement which meant the consil'uction of the canal. numbered only 200 men and would have been no match for the for~e delivered by the Cartagena at Colon. So accurately had Colombia discounted the plans of the conspirators that she was prepared to balk them at every turn, and AZ..'D ONLY ONE WAS KILLED. flpeedy death would have been the penalt-r. for ~he movers in the enterprise. Night was falling as this meeting was convened. The proclamation of in­ On board the Cartagena was Gen. Pompilio Guitterrez, who bore a decree dependence'was read, and each member of the city council signed his name appointing him governor of the Department of Panama, in the place of Jose to it. The citizens were then given an opportunity to append their si~­ DomingodeObaldia, whowasunjustlysuspectedatBogotaofbeingimplicated turesJ and a large number availed themselves of it. Immediately after Slgn­ in the plan for secession. Accompanying Guitterrez were forty-two officials, ing tne proclamation the members of the city council cro sed the street to clerks, and others, the plan being for the troops on the Cartagena to an-est the mumcipal building, and in their regular chamber went into formal ses­ Obaldia, install Guitterrez in the governor's palace, and then turn out of office sion. The proclamation had previously been engro ed in a lar~e r ecord every man connected with the former administration, substitutin~ in his book, and the councilmen signed it again, permanent preservatiOn being place a trusted Colombian, who could be relied upon to show no lemency in planned in that form. Sitting behind closed doors, the council _passed a de­ dealing with the Panamaia.ns. The soldiers sent on the gunboat were to do cree appointing Senors Arango, Arias, and Boyd a a provi»ional governing this work and were then to relieve the garrison at Panama, which is consid­ junta, and intrusting to them the direction of the affairs of the new Republic. ered the flower of the Colombian army. The majority of the men in the The moment, according to the reports of eyewitnesses, was not a particu­ Panama garrison were recruited in the southern Departments of the Repub­ larly inspiring one. The affair was conducted after the faFhion of any busi­ lic of Panama; ·but they have been stationed here so long as to have become ness proposition. The streets were filled with people, but t !:Jere was neither Panamaians in fact. They have married here. Nearly every one has some shooting, shouting, nor enthusiasm, the whole transaction being viewed by little business enterprise to swell his income. They ha>e been paid (when the populance most phlegmatically. The city cotmcil remained in se ion paid at all) in Colombian silver and are entirely satisfied with theu·lot, caring during the evening t6 deal with any situation that might arise; the saloons little for anytl:ring except an_.ppportunity to remain here. were ordered closed for the evening; the soldiers were turned out to do pa­ It was this desire to be kept in Panama that eased the way for the seces­ trol duty, but there was no violence or disorder, tbe Spanish population fail­ sionists to secure the army's support. For some weeks before the plan for ing entirely to live up to its reputation for excitability. The uccess of the independence a umed definite shapa it was intimated to General Huertas, movement, so far as the city of Panama was concerned, was easily assured. commander of the garrison, that his battalion was to be transfen-ed to Bar­ Gen. Ruban Varon, commander of tbe gunboat Twenty-first of November, ranquilla, on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. This meant that the men hoisted the flag of the new Republic over that ship as the meating in the were to be taken from their homes and sent to a part of the Republic where plaza was in progress. The Bogota bad not been" fixed," and w ben he learned their arrearages of pay and current wages could be satisfied with the worth­ what was in progress Paymaster Martinez, the only ofticer r emaining on le paper currency which is printed by the millions at Bogota and without board, took command of that vessel and steamed out of the harbor, return­ regard to stability of value. The men were accordingly ripe for revolt, and ing about 10 o'clock the same evening to throw six or eight shells into the their support was secured by the secessionists upon the promise to pay up the city, sacrificing the life of one Chinaman-the only bloodshed in the revolu­ anearage3 due them, to pay them steadily in the future under the Republic, tion-and doing an inconsiderable amount of damage to property. and to keep them in Panama. This promise has been kept, the amount alr~gy From that time down to the present Panama has hardly had an opportu­ distributed among the men of this garrison aggregating more than $100,000. nity to realize it is the capital of an independent Republic. The gonrning junta has been directing affairs, Obaldia having been relieved of hi governor­ COLONEL SHALER'S DIPLO:llACY. ship; but, aside from this change in the direction of the administration and But in laying this plan to insure the continuance of Panama as a Depart­ the plentitude of money, due to the payment of the b:muses agreed upon, ment of the Colombian Government Bogota counted without estimating the things are to-day in Panama exactly as they were before the secession from adroitness of the Americans on the Colon side of the Isthmus. The b·oops Colombia. landed from the Cartagena on the morning of November 3, and a demand was immediately made by General Tovar, who was in command, upon Col. [Baltimore American, December-, 1903.] J . R. Shaler, general superintendent of the Panama Raih·oad, for transporta­ tion for the entire body aero s the Isthmus. Colonel Shaler was most diplo­ RIDDING ISTHMUS OF COLOMBIANS-CLOSIXG CHAPTER OF STORY OF PAN­ matic in his handling of the situation. He could not move the troops unless AMAIAN REYOLUTION-BRIBE.RY AND PERSUASIO~-METHOD USED TO he bad an order from tbe ~overnor of the Department, upon which he could L~UCE TORRES TO SAU. AWAY WITH HIS MEN-TEMl'TATION IN THE claim compensation for his company for the service to be rendered; but his FOR.ll OF $8,000 IN GOLD-A DESPERATE SITUATION, IN WHICH 60 AMERI­ t elegraph wires were at the disposal of the two esteemed Colombian gen­ CANS WERE PITTED AGAINST i.'iO COLOYEIANS-OOLOJ)i"EL SHALER AHr erals Amaya being second in command, to communicate with Governor GUED WITH THE COMMA...~ING OFFICER OF THE CARTAGE..~A, AND THE Obaldia at Panama and procure the needed order. Would they be so kind SHIP DESERTED THE SOLDIERS IT HAD TRANSPORTED. as to avail themselves of the telegraphic facilities? The two Colombian gen­ erals needed no second urging, and the wires were soon carrying their de­ [By Men-ill A. Teague, staff correspondent of the American.] mand for an order for transportation to Governor Obaldia. But Obaldia. is PANAMA, R. P., December 14. a native Panamaian. and, most conveniently, he was unable to understand All the necessary formalities for the establishment of a Republic, when the why the Colombian Government should be sending 450 men t.o Panama with­ prime consideration was the securing of the commercial advantag-es to be de­ out first advising him of its intentions. Would t-he two generals kindly take rived from the ship canal, having been completed at Panama on Wednesday, the train, come to Panama, and confer with him? the scene of action was suddenly shifted to Colon, where the leading officials The dilemma was a serious one for the Colombian commanders, but with of the Panama Railroad were keeping a close watch upon events. On the Shaler suave but obdurate and Obaldia 47 miles away and equally obstinate morning of the 3d of November (Tuesday), when the gunboat Cm·tagena ap­ there was nothing for them to do but leave their troops and go in person to peared at Colon, these officials sent a mandatory order by telegraph to Capt. Panama for the necessary order for transportation. COlonel Shaler was more John R. Beers, the company's representative closest to the Pa.namaians, di­ than pleased to assist them in every way po sibl{\. The re~;tular morning train recting that under no circumstances should the scheme to win independence was justabout to leave for Panama. He would hold it until Tovar and Amaya be abandoned or allowed to miscarry because of the arrival of a force of could prepare for tbe journey. He would, and did, attach a special private Colombian soldiers. This order was obeyed, and Captain Beers and Superin­ car to ~ train for the convenience of the two distinquished travelers, and tendent Prescott wielded an influence in forcing the original clique of con­ so it was that the two commanders journeyed across the Isthmus in comfort. spirators to proceed with the execution of their project. Arriving at Panama, the:y were welcomed in a way becoming their dignity. Of what happened in Panama that day~ when Governor Obaldia and Gen- . The battalion garrison, w1th General Huertas in command, and with the band erals Tovar and Amaya were an-ested ana the independence of the Republic playing a lively air, was at the station to meet them and escort them to the proclaimed, Colon was ke:{lt in entire ignorance. All of these hap:penings governor's quarters. The governor himself was at the station with his pri­ were delayed in the execution until after the departure of the la t tram from vate carriage to greet the two Colombian soldiers, and it was a brilliant pro­ Panama to Colon on that day, so that persons arriving at Colon on Tuesday cession that passed through the streets of Panama. Then came the consulta­ evening had nothing of importance to report. The only other medium of tion with Governor Obaldia. He was obtuse and could not understand the communication across the Isthmus is by the telephone and telegraph lines motive in sending the·soldiers, but if the generals would excuse him he would controlled by the Panama Railroad. Tbe officials of this corporation exer­ go and write the order, as what the Government at Bogota ordered must, cised a close over all messages passing back and forth, and it is a perforce, be right and proper. fact which can not be disputed that while the independence of Panama was practically proclaimed on the evening of the 3d of November, tbe p"ople of GENERAL HUERTAS TAKES A HAND. Colon-only 4i miles away-were in total ignorance of what had taken place Governor Obaldia left Tovar and Amaya and walked into the arms of a until the arrival of the first train from Panama at 11 o'clock on the morning detachment of Colombian soldiers, who quietly arrested him and conveyed of the 4th of November. him to his rooms in a hotel, where he was kept a close prisoner for two days. When that train arrived, bringing passen~ers from Panama with more or Tovar and Amaya, having waited in vain for Obaldia's return, and becoming less exaggerated reports of the occurrences m the metropolis of the Isthmus 1904. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 1775 the day before, Colon prepared at once for ~e shock. she ~ad. reason 0 ~x­ always ready to help a f~llow-!Jeing out of a dilemma; but when the Colom­ pect, because of the presence of 450 Colombian soldiers ~t~n her ~ts. bian commander made h1S desires known, the Colonel happened. JUSt at the The train from Panama brought an order from the governmg Junta di:>m~­ moment, to remember that the Colombian Government was indebted to the in"' G&neral Cuadros from the office of governor of Colon and appomtmg railroad company to the amount of $'7,0XJ gold for coal, water, and other SeBor 1\Iollendes, a mulatto of some ability,~ to succeed him. 'rhis was in ac­ supplies furnished Colombian naval vessels from time to time. cordance with a scheme arranged on the 2d of the month, when Mollendes Knowing what had traDBpired at Panama, Colonel Shaler thought that it was called to Panama by telegraph to meet ~he conspirators, at 'Yhich n;teet­ would be wise to collect the debt and exact payment for the water needed ing it was arranged that he should be appomted governor of th1s provmce, by the Cartagena before assuming the role of a benefactor to t~e Colomp~an and he was directed to stand ready to assume the office the moment the order naval establishment. He remembered, too, that he had reee1ved positive for his appointment should be communicated to him. orders not to furnish further accommodatlon to Colombian naval forces, and LOOKED BLACK IN COLOMBIA. with much regret he explained his inability to aid the Colombian commander. Mollendes needed no great amount of encour!lgement, and wJ?.en the_ train ALL VERY NEATLY DONE. arrived from Panama at ll o'clock on the morrung of the 4th he rmmediately The latter opined at once that Governor Obaldia, at Panama, would under­ announced binlself governor of the province by appointment of the junta, and take to see to it that the delinquent bill was paid, and after some discussion took charge of the local government.. This had hardly been 4one w~en Colon upon that point asked permission to telegraph to Obaldia. Colonel Shaler was thrown into a state of great excitement by the general circulation of the was quite willina to facilitate the Colombian commander to attainment of news that Generals Tovar and .Amaya had been arrested and were even then his desires; but g'iancing out of his window he saw rolling into the railroad in prison in Panama. The 450 Colombian soldiers w~re quartered in the Colon yards the morning train from Panama. The time had come when censorship barracks, a large hnilding formerly used by the railr~ad as a_ passenger sta­ tion and these soldiers at once assumed a threatenmg attitude. Colonel over the telegraph and telephone was useless to prevent knowledge of the Tor~·es, who was left in command when Tovar and .Amaya went to Pan:l.ma secession from Colombia being communicated to the troops from that Repub­ 1 lic, so when the Ca1·tagena's captain was about to telegraph to Governor was most obdurate, insisting tha_t _what h~d. been done should be undone. ana Obaldia, Colonel Shaler remarked, almost casually: the m i!'.chief repair ed, and prollllsmg to VlSlt upon a~ concerned the dir_est " There is no governor of Panama." penalties. The situation looked black for the American and other fore!gn The Colombian captain was naturally dumfounded at this statement and element in Colon for the number of men who could be mustered to oppose asked for an explanation, which was readily g.iven him by Colonel Shaler, any att empt by the Colomb~ns to ~ork vengeance upon the. town wa~ so who maintained his placid demeanor and quality of gentle speech. Carefully small as to be almost insignificant ill the face of the Colombian battalion, and quietly he detailed the circumstances attendant upon the revolution of which was well armed and equipped. t.he day preceding, and clearll demonstrated to the Cartagena's commander The U. S. gunboat Nashville, with her jackies aboard, was swinginoo at that there was no governor o Panama, hence there was nobod-y on the Isth­ a.nchor in the harbor; but the one thing for which the secessionists and tteir mus who could guarantee the payment of the railroad's bill for $7,000. It .Amerit:an allies on the Isthmus were most desirous-actual .American inter~ was all nicely done and the Colombian was brought to appreciate just why ventio!l-had not been accomplished. Captain Hubba,rd, of the Kashville, it was that the railroad could not refill the Cartaaena's tanks. There was had it is true, issued on the evening of the 3d. an ~rder t? the. Panama Rail­ some further talk between the two men and the bolombian naval captain road forbidding it to transport armed men ill either direction across the then left Colonel Shaler, going directly to his ship, which sailed out of the Isthmus but no American force had been landed. It was at this juncture port a few minutes later, without having communicated with Colonel Torres, that Go.;ernor Mollendes executed a little coun of his own. to which Ameri­ and leaving the troops she had landed the day before to shift for themselves. can intervention is directly traceable. Molledies invited Colonel Torres, the With the Cm·tagena gone, and with the freight house in control of and Colombian commander, to meet him in co:llerence at the Hotel Washington, strongly barricaded by the .American force, Colonel Torres consented, late another isthmian institution which is controlled by the Pall3.ma Railroad. on the afternoon of the 4th of the month, to incline his ear to Mollendes's Employin~ all his persuasive a.b1lities, Mollendes urged Colonel Torres t ore~ embark his troops and sail away, leaving the Isthmus to pursue its own arguments. He too, was brought to see the futility of opposing the inevi­ course. This line of argun1ent only increased Torres's bitterness. He be­ table and already accomplished independence of Panama, and at last con­ came more defiant, even bombastic, and at llalf past 12 made a vehement sented to reembark his h·oops and sail away from Colon. in return for ',CXXl gold. The Royal Mail steamer Orinoco (English) was at her dock at the threat that if Generals Tovar and Amaya were not given their liberty by 2 time, and as the charge for returning-the Colombian battalion to Cartagena o'clock, he would turn his battalion loose and slaughter every American in was only about $3,500 gold, there was a good margin of profit in the bar­ ~00. . Nothing could have suited Mollendes and the other secessiomsts better gain Torres had driven; but to the discouragement of such pab·iots, it may than this threat. Mollendes waited not a minute after hearing Torres's be stated tha.t the Colombian Government, learning of the transaction avowal DesiJite his excessive avoirdupois, be 'broke from the conference through the wide publicity given to it, compelled Torres to disgorge when room in the Hotel Washington, and running all the way, covered the 300 he reached Cartagena. The deal having been made, the question was to raise the $1?,000 neces~ary to make it effective. That amount in gold is not to yards to the general offices of the Panama Railroad in remarkably fast time. be had on tJle Isthmus of Panama upon demand, and Mollendes was in some­ AN EXCUSE FOB. lli'TEB.VENTION. what of a quandary. There are, however, various ways out of a dilemma, and Mollendes bethought himself of Colonel Shaler. There he communicated to General Superintendent Shaler the natU1'e of It happened, very fortunately, that the Panama Railroad had $8,1XX) gold Torre3"s threat, and in a moment more a signal was going from the small on hand at the time, but that corporation is not engaged in the business of tower on top of the raih·oad's general office, by wigwag, to the Nashville to transporting Colombian soldiers at its own expense. The money was forth­ the effect that the life and property of all .Americans in the city were endan­ coming, however, and a very pretty story was then fixed up and sent to tho gered. The long-desired excuse for .American intervention had at last been press in the States about the generosity shown by the merchants of Colon discovered by the ~essionists,_and before Torres c_ould h;ave comm_uni~ted with his force, jackies were gomg over the Nashmlle's Sides, constituting a and the promptitude with which they raised $8,000 gold (equal to $20,000 in landin"" party, small in numbers, but matchless for grjt and ability to shoot. Colombian currenc~) to satisfy Colonel ToiTes. That story was pure fiction. There "'were forty men in this party, under command of Lieutenant Com­ The fact is tbat when Mollendes reported his demands to Colonel Shaler that mander Witzel, executive officer of the Nashville and they came up to the gentleman telegraphed to the fil-ms of Isaac Brandon & Bros. and Henry railroad wharf with the long swinging oar pull common among man-of-war's Ehrmann, banker , of Panama, who held on deposit all the public money on men. They landed with a rush and double quicked to the freight shed of the Isthmus. In this telegram Colone~ Shaler stated that the Isthmus could be cleared of Colombian soldiers by t~ e payment of 58,000 gold, and asked the Pan ~ma Railroad. if 1he bankers would reimburse the railroad. from the public funds if it ad­ This building-a heavy stone structure-was admirably fl tted for purposes vanced the sum needed. Brandon & Bros. and Ehrmann lost no time in of defense. It faces directly down the street, alon~ which the Colombian troops would have had to come to attack the .Amencans in Colon, and t he answering in the affirmati"'\e, and the 8,000 was delivered by the Panama only entrance to it is a large arch through which the trains pass. Into this Railroad to Governor Mollendes, who turned it over to Colonel Torres. arch was run a common flat car with bales of cotton laid acro3s the end. Other LOOKING AHEAD. bales of cotton were used to close the remainder of the opening, and the en~ tire f1·ont of the building was barricaded with the same material. This part This transaction completed, the Colombian troops marched from the bar­ of the work was superintended by Colonel Black, United States .Army, who racks to the Royal Mail dock to board the steamer for Cartagena. This dock happened to be in Colon from Culebra, and who cheerfully tendered to the runs at rightangles to the freight house of the Panama Raih·oad, distant only naval force the benefit of his engineering skill. The Nashville's landing p:1rty about lOll feet, and the Colombian troops had no sooner marched out onto had brought with them arms and ammunition those for civilians who might the dock than Lieutenant-Commander Witzel and Colonel Black swung the be disposed to assist in the work of defending .American interests, and about line of the .American barricade out so as to close and command the dock on twent v employees of the Panama. Railroad and other foreigners volunteered wb~ch the Colombians were massed. It was the morning of the 5th of No­ for tbls service. vember before all of these details ha.d been attended to, the opposing forces THE AMERICANS WERE COOL. having rested on their arms during the nightt of the 4th. After reaching the do::k and being just ready to go aboard the English steamer, the Colombian The situation is pronounced by Colonel Shaler, a civil-war veteran, who troops threatened to revolt because the captain of the Orinoco demanded tllat has been in more than one close place, to have been one of the most desperate they surrender all their arms into the ship's charge before coming aboard. he has ever known. .Against a force of 450 Colombian soldiers there was The delay was protracted, the American force standing guard behind its opposed not more than 60 American sailors, marines, and civilians. .A brave barricade while it lasted. da-sh, had it been attempted by the Colombians, might have put them in com­ The Colombians conceded the point in the end, however, and stacked arms mand of the situation, by enabling them to overwhelm the defending fo::-ce, on the dock, leaving it to the stevedores to take charge of and store them in but for some reason the dash was not attempted. .All of the afternoon of the the hold. Very soon thereafter the British steamer sailed away, and these­ 4th the anta.gonists waited. The Colombians were kept closely in their ~ar­ cessionists were left in absolute and unopposed possession of the entire Isth­ risons, while the .American force did not stir from the barricaded freight mu~ not a shot having been fu·ed by them in the achievement of their inde- house. The latter real] zed that if they should be assaulted victory would almost certainly rest with the superior numbers; but they were prepared to peSu~~c~ the story, in its various phases, as I have given it in this and the sell their lives dearly, and their deportment at this critical stage was such as preceding letters, of the recent revolution on the Isthmus. That it brought to deserve the admiration of the nation. The little company of 40 jackies into existence a new republic is a matter of secondary condition to the Isth­ was there to do the work necessary to keep transit on the Isthmus open, and mians, who connt only upon the fact that they have brought about a condi­ never for a moment did they falter in their determination. Colonel Black tion under which the ship canal is certain to be constructed. and Lieutenant-Commander Witzel were cool throughout the ordeal, direct­ For their political liberty they care nothing: for the canal they are willing in~ operations as calmly as thou~h they had an army back of them, and Cap­ to play in desperation, no matter how high the stakes may be fixed, and now tam Hubbard of the Nashville, did not hesitate for one instant. that they have accomplished their primary purpose and secured the estab­ While the American sailors and civilians were preparing to defend them­ lishment of an .American :protectorate over the Isthmus they are willing to selves and all American interests on the Colon side of the Isthmus, Governor abandon the Isthmus to 1ts fate, serenely confident that the United States Mollendes was continuing his negotiations with Colonel Torres. Earlier in will preserve its integrity and independence and regulatewhatevermay,per­ the morning Colonel Shaler had plaved his cards so adroitly as to have chance, happen to go wrong. cleared the situation of the menace offered by the presence of the Colombian .Among the isthmians themselves talk is already current of the coming of gunboat Cartagena. When that boat reached C~lon on Tuesday morning she that day when the United States will, from self-interest, be compelled to an­ was short of water. There was plenty of coal ill her bunkers; but of water nex this country and create it into an .American territory; and that prospect there was virtually none, and the entire available snP.ply of fresh water for stretches awaym the distance just as certainlyasdoestheconstructionof the stocking ships at that port is controlled by the railroad company, which canal by American enterprise, ingenuity, and capital. Measuring this pros­ maintains and operates its own waterworks. Wishing to refill his water pect against all that has been done in the last few months, culminating in the tanks, the Cartagena's commander called upon Colonel Shaler to negotiate revolution of the 3d of November one must set down the Republic of Panama for the needed supply. Colonel Shaler is a most kindly disposed gentleman, as a contradiction of the most stupendous character. 1776 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRUARY 9,

[Baltimore American, December 28, 1003.] DO?-."E BY A MWITCIPAL COID!X>ndent of the American.] across the street to the municip~l building and went into session behiud closed doors. Their first act then was to _pass the declaration, which had already PANA.ll.A, REPUBLIC OF PA...~AMA, December 16. been engrossed in a book of record, and to append their names to the en­ It is not necessary to go far afield when seeking justification of the judg­ grossed copy. This done, the city council appointed the three members of ment that the Republic of Panama stands as a contradiction among nations. the provisional governing junta, authorizing them to take charge of the af­ The American colonies revolted against England ana set up their indepen d­ fairs of the new Republic. The junta assembled at once and named the mem­ ence under the provocation of le er grievances than Panama. for years has bers of the provisional cabinet, and the new Republic became a fact. Ou the been charging up against Colombia; yet Panama never found canse for re-­ &'lome day Porfilio Mollendes had taken cllivge of affairs at Colon as provi­ bellion and s2cession in Colombian oppression. sional governor, appointed by the junt.1.; but outside of the citie of Panama That the new Republic was born without the incentive of patriotism and and Colon and along the line of the Pana.ma R.:'l.ih'oad the people of the new with no higher purpose in view than the purely commercial one of securing Republic were in entire ignorance of the fact that they were no longer sub­ the construction of a ship canal across the narrow ~thmian strip has already jects of Colombia. been shown in this correspondence. Lack of resentment toward Colombia be­ It seams almost incredible that the municipal council of a city of fewer than cause of her oppressive administration, lack of pa.triotiun., and lack of ana­ 251000 people sho~d take unto themselves ~e right to create a republic out of tional purpose political in character constitute three striking contrrulictions a ~erritory equal m area to the State of Indiana; but that was what was ac~ that re-t at the >ery foundation of this new Republic's eristence, and that ally done in this case. Instead of a. provincial cong1·ess, the city council of ser>es to isolate it n'om other nations that have won their independence. The Panama pa.s...ced the act of independence. Every legisla.ti>e formality incident entire absence of anything resBmbli~ self-reliance and th~ implicit confidence tQ the creation of this Republic was performed by these city councilm n, no shown in the United States, upon which the whole republican structure leans portion of the new Republic except the city of Panama having a >oice, by absolutely for support and maintenance, is a fomth in the list _of. strange con­ representation., in what was done. Nor ha.q any other portion of the new && tndictions discoverable here, There are others equally striking that may public had such a voice to this day. No Congress has been called to ratify be traced without in the smallest way compromising the fact of the Repub­ the secession, nor has any one of the seven provinces been requested to as­ lic's existence, an existence as actual as it is welcome to the people of the semble, in council or by mass meeting, to pass an act of ratification. There Isthmus. The~e contradictions form a vital chapter in any story which pur­ might be a parallel for this procedure if the municipal council of one of our ports to cover the situa. tionin Panama in its >arious phase~, and they must be own cities-Indianapolis, for instance, since the area of Indiana. is about the considered. sa.me as that of Panamllr--Should pass an ordinance declarin~ the State of In­ THE COLOMBIAN FEDERATIO:Y. diana a fre.a and independent nation; but the average Amencan imagination In order to get at and present them properly it may b'3 well to start with is impotent to summon such a spectacle as that into being. the general proposition, anomalous though it may se~, for the Repu.blic is But it was tha.t very thing which was done here when tlle municipal coun~ a fact, that, judging by accepted standards, tll:e Republic ~f Panama IS non­ cil of Panama legislated for the 300,000 inhabibl.nts of this territory in sev­ ex:ista.nt. The territory known to the Colomb1an Federation as the Depart­ ering all their obligations of fealty to Colombia, making them free and ment of Panama, and now embraced by the Republic, is along, narrow strip independent, and doin~ these things without con ulting any of tho e 3G{) 000 of land extending in a geJ?.erally e?-st.er~y and wes~rly. ~ction . It is about inhabitant<> save an insignificant minority, restricted in numbers practically 475 miles long, measured ill a str::ught line, an~ vanes m Width fro!J!. about.47 to the original band of secessionists. miles between Colon and Panama to something more than 100 m:iles at Its HOW IT WAS PROCLAIMED. eastern extremity and along !he ei~hty-fi!st pa~llel of ~ngitude. On !he west it is bounded by .Costa Rica, Wlth which natioJ?. there IS a long-stanq.ing It is not intended by the foregoing to impeach or compromise the exist­ boundary dispute, while on the ea.st the Gulf of Danen and the Atrato River ence of the new Repnblie. Such an attempt would be fatnous, for the new mark its sep:Jtration from ~e South Ame~can ma~and and the great body Republic is actual. The purpose is merely to show the incongruity of the of the Colombian Republic. The coa t line, conHderably more than 1.000 procedure, although no Panamaian can be brought to see that there is any­ miles in length, is rough and broken. The surface of the country is generally thing national, incongruoill', or contradictory in the fact that a Republic has mountainous, although immense swamps and str etches of treeless upland are been created by an ordinance passed by a city counciL This inability of the frequent. . . . . Panama:ians to realize what impresses Americans as little short of ludicrous Except along the coast, the country IS a~ost entirely uninhabited, all of is doubtless due to the fact that measures have been taken, though not by the towns and cities of any importance bern~ located next the sea or very Iegislntive steps, tQ bring the whole territory to accept the new form of gov­ near to it. In the interior are bands of Indians, two or three of the more ernment. Immediately after the creation of the Republic and the appoint­ important tribes of which have rarely been ~ommunicated with. Va~t ment of the junta by the city council of Panama the junta took steps t{) areas in the extreme eastern and western portions of the counh-y remam this end. wholly"'illexplored, and the knowledge of what the interior holds is most Emic;s.1.ries were sent into the different provinces to proclaim the establish­ limited. In this territory there are supposed to live, including Indians. mentoftbeRepublic. Theseemissarieswereeffectiveorators,asarenearlyall about iKXJ,OOO persons. No attempt has e.er been made to take a census of the people of tllese southern countries. They toured along both coasts, east the population, so the figure named can only be taken as.a more or less accu­ and west, stopping at the principal cities. 'l'heir coming was unannounced rate estimate. in these cities, which, untilthea.rrivalof the emissaries werewithout knowl­ edge of the fact that Panama had seceded from Colomb :a. David, Chiriqui, PEOPLE HAD NO VOICE IN IT. SantllJ"'O, and other cities and towns along and adjacent to the Pacific coast; This territory while it stood in the Colombian federation as the Depart­ Bocas del Toro, Nombre de Dios, Porto Bello, etc., on the Caribbean shores, ment of Pn.n.a..rrui and therefore at the time of the secession, was divided we!'e vi....c:ited in this way, and reports have been received from all of the emis­ into seven pro>inces, viz, Chiriqui, Los SantQs, Veraguas Panama, Colon, sar~ es, although some of them have not yet returned to Panama. Bocas del Toro and Cocia. Each of these provinces was go>erned by a go>­ In ea.ch of these cities the emissary would, upon his arrival, employ the ernor, subordinate to the depar~ental governor. Each had its <;ounc~ and local band of musicians. Takinl? a stand in the principal plaza, he would each was entitled to representation-by senators and representa.hves---m the draw his crowd by the band's efforts and when a number sufficient for his two branches of the Colombian Congress, which sa.t at Bogota. purpose had assembled he would read the declaration of independence. It will be seen from this explanatiO!J that no matter how corruJ!t, ineffi­ Following the reading would come his harangue, the burden of which was cient and oppressive the old order of things may have been. the fabr~c of the that the establishment of the Republic meant the construction of the ship Sta~ was complete in all ~ts details, t~e ~oyernmental s~ucture havillg been canal by the United States across the Isthmus, an d that the construction of carried down as perfectly m theory ~..s It ISm our own Umon. It follows from this canal meant that the United States wonld pay to the Republic a sum of this as a natural presumption that in the seces.sionist movement all of these money sufficient to make an of the people rich and prosperous. This was p1·onnces should bave.ha:d a voice. It happe~ how.ev~r, that, natural as that done in e>ery instance, and the orator's argument, being addressed to a peo­ presumption may be, 1t IS wholly oroundless ill this mstance. The natural ple among whom poverty in its most abject form prevails, ne>er failed to corollary of the last statement is that the Republic as it stands does not rep­ elicit enthusiastic r~ponses in approval of what had been done. The business resent the people of Panama-speaking now of th~ entire Department-an~ of the emissary was then to report to the junta that the people of that town such is actually the case. It may represent them m the ense that the senti­ accepted the Republic and aloried in its creation. This procedure has been ment of an thepeopleconcursin whathasbeendone, but it is an indisputable followed in treating with ali of the people of the Isthmus. In a more formal fact that outside of the city of Panama the people of the new Republic lli'l.d mauner some of the provinces have communicated with the junta through no voice whatever in the establishment of the Republic. their governors. WERE NOT IN THE SECRET. Support has been tendered in this way of men.o.n.d arms to support the In previous letters I ha>e sketched the stm-y of the secessioni:;t. movement. Republic's independence, and while it i<> not pretended that anything like It began with three men, and was executed under the supervuuon of thO£e all of the people of the Republic have been communicated with. the assur­ three and four others, the seven working under tM advice and co~ of ances, through the emissaries a.nd the governors, have been sufficient in num~ four Americans. Before the coup d'etat others were, perforce, taken mto ber to carry the conviction that the people of Panama generally approve the the secret· but so closely were the plans guarded that those who were really severance of their rala.tions with Colombia. If they lack patriotism of their in the se~et and knew definitely the details might be counted on the fingers own. they certainly have no love f~r Colombia, and are glad to escape her of the two hands. This brings us to the re>olution itself, and introduces tbe dominion; their Willingness e:x:t..end~ to ready acceptance, after the event, stmngest of all the contradictions disco>erable in connection with the birth of all that was done by the city council of Panama., which enjoys the uniqu.e of this national infant. The uprising took plaee on the 3d day of November, distinction of having by simple ordinance created a republic, so far as the being initia. •ed by the arrest of Genera~ 'l'o>ar ~nd Amaya and Gov~r~or formal structure of this Republic is concerned. From this it will appear­ Obaldia which occurrences took p-lace m the City of Panama. That city and such is the indisputable fact-that. ~e Republic of P~ma~ae:x:il:!ts to-day, knew of course what had occurred the moment the arrests were effected, in it governmental fea.tm·~ because It IS unoppooed. The Junta. IS govern­ but O>lon was k~pt in ignorance of the secession until the following day. It ing-without opposition, and while the allegiance of none of ~ peop.le, except was on the 4th of the month that the public meetin<>' was held in the Cathe­ the soldiers and sailors, ha been pledged to the new Republic, the Junta con­ dral plaza, Panama, the independence .of the. Republic procla~ed, and the stitutes a governing body de jure because there is no dispute as to its au­ declaration of independence-or manifestation, as they call It here-·was thority. signed. A REACTION IS CERT~. Bearing in mind the fact that seven men, aided by the soldiers and others Into the situation created undeFand by thesecontradictoryconditionsa.nd whose support for the movement had been pu:rcha.sed with dol1al'S, were methods there enter several elements of danger. The first and mo t impo!­ alone responsible for the sudden revolution in the political status of Panama, tant of these is delay in giving to the Government the form of more certain one mav wander away down a stretch of not uninteresting inquiries. Were acceptability to the people. The people are acq_uiescen~ now.became the ~n­ the people of the other provinces consulted as to what it was pz:o~ed by the dition is new an.d no-yel; but how Ion~ they Wlll rema~n so ISproble.matica:l. secessionists to do? They were not. Were the people, speaking m gBneral The conviction IS umversal ainong tnem that the Umted States Will begm terms ofthepro>incesofColonandPanamaletintothesecret~ Theywerenot. actual canal operations a.t once. Everybody is expecting money to flow freely They knew, by general rumor, that a revolution was on the tapis, but they within the next few days, beca~ they have ~en elle?uroged.to pelie>e that had not been consulted nor their advice asked as to the wisdom or unwisdom the establishment of the Republic means the rmmediate beginnmg of work of what was contemplated. Was a provisional congress, composed of dele· on the canal Thls is seen in. divers ways. Hotels whose bars ha-ve been gates from the SE!veral proviner thought of. are preparing to open them within a few wee~ . Owners of renting p_roperty How, then, was the afl'a ir carried through? In this simple and unique manner: in Panama and Colon, who have accepted nozmnal r ents from the natives and 1904. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. 1777 nondescripts, are turning these people out of their yremises in the exp~cta­ tion to recognize the independence of new states. That proposi­ tion that within a few days there will be such an Influx of Americans as to send rents bocming. Syeculation of every sort is rife, based upon this belief, tion has been argued so clearly, so fully, and so convincingly and and upon every tongue 1s the slogan, ''The Cd.nal is coming." To Panamaians, unanswerably by the distinguished Senator from Maine [Mr. who saw and participated in the riot of French extravagance anol corruption, HALE], as set forth in Executive Document No. 56, of the Fifty­ the fact that "the canal is coming" means flush times, and Panama can hardly restrain itself until the moment of actual operations arrives. fourth Congress, second session, that I do not believe anything From this condition there is certain to be a reaction. The United States can be added to it. I know very well that I can add nothing to will not begin canal operations for months, for if the advice of men like it, and I shall not attempt to G.o so. Admiral Walker, Col. William Murray Black, the army sanitary expert, and other Americans now here is to be accepted months must elapse, even after But assuming, Mr. President, the correctness of the position the ratification of the treaty by the United States Senate, before sanitary t1ken there, and which I b3lieve unque3tionably is correct, tbat conditions cau ba so improved as to permit the work of canal construction the power to recognize a new foreign state is \ested by the Con­ to be~in. This mean~ that a season of dire disappointment. inviting to dis­ satisfaction with the Go>ernment is certain to prevail, and facing this prospect stitution in the President, it follows conclusively that he is the the Government lacks proper recognition by the people. All thought of ere­ sole judge of the circumstances under which that power shall be a ting a government by the formal adoption of a constitution anrl the election exercised. If he is the sole judge, then, of the circumstances of administ1·ative officials waits upon Dr. Manuel Amador's return from the States, but the wiser heads believe a serious mistake is being made in thus under which that power shall be exercised, we have no right r delaying. The demand that a constitutional conventioh, with representa­ authority to go behind the finding he makes, and must necessarily ti\es from all the provinces, be called is becoming insistent, the more far­ make, that the conditions justify the act when he performs the seeing among the Panamaians believing that it is essential that the repub­ lican go-.ernment be given a more substantial foundation and something upon act. No more right have we to inquire into the question by what whkh it can more certainly claim the adherence of the people than is possi· authority, upon what evidence, or by what right he exercised ble through the mere fact that it exists now bacause it is without oppo3ition. such power in a given case than we have to inquire upon what CHURCH AND STATE. testimony and upon what evidence the Supreme Com-t of the Another distm·bing factor, and one bound to assert itself sooner or later, United States have arrived at a certainconclusioninagiven cause. is the conflict over the relations between church and state. The policy of the Suppose, Mr. President, that an a ~tion were instituted in the Conservatives, who for years governed the country, was that the state name of the United States to condemn a certain tract of land for should support the church. The Liberals opposed this, and the sentiment among the leaders of the new Republic is that, while there should be no in­ the public use, and the court should determine in that action that terference with the established religion-the Roman Catholic-the church A was the owner of a certain interest in that land, and then it must look to its co::nmunicants, and not to the state, for support. Among a became our duty to make an appropriation to pay for that interest, people so poverty stricken as are the Panama.ians the support of the church would mean the imposition of a serious burden; and as the p:tdres are sure to and B should come here and say," No; A was not the owner of encourage the people when the new policy shall have been actually inaugu­ that land; he bad no title or right to it; the title was in me; the rated to think that they are being imposed upon, the religious unrest will evidence upon which the court so found was false, and the court assuredly provoke problems with which the Government will have to deal. Already there are rumors of dissatisfaction. J ealousies are beginning to violated the law in coming to the conclusion it reached.'' Will it crop out among those who stood shoulder to shoulder in the creation of the be said that we could listen to the statement of B in that regard? Republic. The sentiment prevalent a few days ago, that Doctor Amador Will it be said that we could properly go behind the opinion of should be the unopposed clloice of the people for the first President of the Republic is beginning to modify, and an .Arango p:1.rty, fostered by powerful the Supreme Court and endeavor to ascertain upon what facts and influences, is coming into existence, and when we remember that down here upon what evidence they reached the conclusion they announced? political campaigns are carried on in the form of revolutions, there _is every To put another case, Mr. President, suppose a bill shall pass necessity for the United States to insist upon immediate action toward the formation of a stable government chosen by the people and to which all the though this body by a majority of one vote. Suppose prior to people will give their allegiance. that time there had been a contest here as to whether or not a The Republic of Panama being nonexistent so far as the people are con­ certain person is entitled to a saat in this body, and under that cerned and existing onlr becam;e the provisional junta's author1ty has not been disputed, it is reqmred, to correct this contradictory condition and to provision of the Constitution which says that each House of Con­ enable the ser10us problems which will shortly arise through disappointment gress is the sole judge of the elections, the returns, and the quali­ and religious unrest to be properly and effectively handled, that a go-.ern­ fications of their members, we determine that that party is ment bo quickly established upon the consent and free participation of the people. Until that is done the Republic of Panama will continue as an anom­ entitled to a seat here~ and he joins in voting for that bill. The aly, secure only in the fact that the interests of the United States are such President is required to either approve or disapprove all meas­ that that Government will not permit this one to be destroyed, either by in­ ures that pass the Congress, and the bill is sent to him. vasion from without or by disturbances within. Will it be said that he is authorized, under the law and the Mr. FULTON. Mr. President, I had not contemplated partici­ Constitution, to send hera and inquire upon what evidence and pating in this discussion until within the last few days. I do not under what circumstances we permit that man to occupy a seat purpose going widely into the discussion even now; but sitting in this Chamber? If the President may not do that, by what right here, as I have been doing, listening to the various arguments that do we pretend to criticise or condemn his action in arriving at have been advanced on each side of the questions in issue, a any conclusion that he shall reach in the exercise of his powers clearer conception of the vast importance of the work in which under the Constitution, or rather, that when he, moving within we are here engaged has come to me. We are here to-day en­ his constitutional sphere, having taken a certain action, having gaged in preparing the way for the greatest enterprise the world reached a certain conclusion, by what right do we question the has ever known, both in its magnitude and in the beneficial re­ correctness of that conclusion? But, Mr. President, I do not deem sults that must come from it to mankind. it necessary to defend the action of the President on constitu­ The completion, Mr. President, of this great work means the tional grounds. I have no hesitancy in saying that, in my judg­ connection of two oceans, furnishing a highway for the ships and ment, he was warranted by the facts, warranted by the circum­ the navies of all nations throughout all the ages of the future. stances in doing exactly as he did. Nations will rise and fall, empires will flourish and decay, but What are the facts and what were the circumstances? We had this great work, once accomplished, will endure forever, and I a treaty with the Republic of New Granq.da entered into in 184:6. confess that I have been unable to suppress a desire to go on By the terms of that treaty we are required, among other things, record as one who was willing to contribute his mite to do what to guarantee to New Granada sovereignty over the Isthmus of was in his power to advance this great work. Panama. It was never contemplated by either party to that I do not expect to be able, Mr. President, to contribute anything treaty that this Government in making that guaranty was re­ in the way of argument or suggestion to what has been said. I quired to protect the Republic of New Granada against uprisings shall content myself in briefly outlining my views without at- of her own people. That is clearly shown in the correspondence tempting to go into detail. · in the very early years and life of that treaty. In support of that I have no hesitancy, I have found no difficulty, in indorsing the assertion I wish to read a statement that I think has not yet been position the Administration has taken on this question in giving to read in the course of this discussion. I read from a letter of Mr. it my full and complete indorsement for every step it has taken, Pombo to Mr. Seward, May 29, 1861. for e\ery attitude it has assumed. But I contend that under the Mr. Pombo was the charge d'affaires ad interim of the Grana­ Constitution Congress has not the power to inquire into the cir­ dian Confederacy. In this communication he relates to Mr. Seward cumstances or the conditions under which a coordinate branch certain conditions that he says are prevailing on the Isthmus. He of the Government shall exercise the powers granted to it under goes on to show that the revolutionists have taken charge of the "the Constitution. situation there, and states that he thinks it is important that the The Constitution has divided the governmental powers among Government of the United States in its own interest should send three distinct and independent branches. To the Congress it bas troops to the Isthmus, but he says-and that is what I wish to given the legislative power, to the President it has given the ex­ read: ecutive power, and to the Supreme Court the judicial power; or, in The undersigned does not mean to insinuate that the United State3 should other words, in the language of the Constitution, all judicial interfere in the political contest which is caiTied on inNew Granada, but, as the two Governments have become allied in what has reference to the secur­ power is vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts ity of the transit across the Isthmus of Panama, in virtue of the mutual guar­ as Congress may establish, while all the executive power is vested anties, stipulated for in the thirty-fifth article of the treaty of 1846, still ex­ in the President. tant, and, as doubtless the transit is threatened with a complete stoppage of all traffic. the undersigned believes that the time has arrived when the Gov­ Now, I shall not undertake to go into an argument to sustain ernment of his excellency ought to cooperate with that of the Granadian the pr0position that the President is empowered by the Constitu- Confederacy to prevent the necessity of closing the interoceanic route. XXXVIII-112 1778 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. }fEBRUARY 9,

What I particularly call attention to in that statement of this so upon the same doctrine and upon the same ground that we were repre entative of New Granada is that- justified, or that we justified ourselves and were justi.fi.P.d by the The undersigned does not mean to insinuate that the United States should entire civilized world, in extending aid to Cuba. For more than interfere in the political contest which is carried on in New Granada. half a century the people of Panama had been struggling for their Later on, however, another minister of New Granada applied independence; struggling just as desperately as was Cuba strug­ to Mr. Seward and asked him to send troops to the Isthmus of gling for hers; struggling against a tyranny and oppression that Panama to suppress the revolutionists. Mr. Seward, answering was just as cruel as that under which Cuba struggled and against that application, under date of May 9, 1865, said: which she fought. But the Government of the United States has Mr. Seward to Mr. Burton. at no time extended them aid. No. 13!.] DEP.ARTMENT OF ST.ATE, · For years the people of Panama had themselves been divided Washington, November 9, 1865. to a. great extent but finally, in this last revolution, they were en­ Sm: The question which has recently arisen under the thirty-fifth article tirely united, and being united, they formed their present Gov­ of the treaty with New Granada, as to the obl.iga.tion of this Government to comply with a requisition of the President of the United States of Colom­ ernment. bia. for a force to protect the Isthmus of Panama from invasion by a body of What was the. duty of the President under those circumstances insurgents of that country has been submitted to the consideration of the but to extend to them the recognition that is due to an independ­ Attorney-General. His opinion is that neither the text nor the spirit of the stipulation in that article, by which the United States engages to preserve ent state when it has the support of all the people throughout the the neutrality of the Isthmus of Panama, imposes an obligation on this Gov­ country over which it pretends to exercise authority? It is clearly ernment to comply with a requisition like that.referred to. The purpose of his duty to recognize existing conditions. That is what the Pres­ the stipulation was to guarantee the Isthmus against seizure or invasion by a foreign power only. It could not have been contemplated that we were to ident did, and that is all he did. become a party to any civil war in that country by defending the Isthmus I do not know, and I do not pretend to say, whether or not the against another party. people of Panama are made of that character of material, that Mr. President, the two extracts which I have read show that sort of fiber, which, given more healthy environment and purer such was the view of both Governments at that time. If that be atmosphere in which to live and thrive, will develop a higher true, then it must have been contemplated that if by force of a regard for public and private virtue in the future than they have revolution by the people of Panama an independent government manifested in the past. should be established on the Isthmus the United States would in I say I do not knowwhatthetruthisin that regard; but if such the nature and in the reason of things extend recognition to that be the case, then surely it is a most fortunate thing for them and new government. I say that this must have been contemplated for every person who shall have anything to do with them that by the parties who entered into the treaty. Just exactly that they have severed absolutely and finally their relations with the thing came to pass. In the course of time a revolution did occur. Republic of Colombia, for I have no confidence that any good can But I might say that that was not.anything new on the Isthmus. come out of the people of Colombia. It is a nation composed Mr. FAIRBANKS. That was a normal condition. largely of highwaymen and bandits, if we may judge them by· Mr. ·FULTON. That was a normal condition, as the Senator their history. Having a certain enthusiasm for the name of from Indiana suggests. Indeed from the time of the entering liberty, they have no conception of what constitutes liberty, ·or into and the execution of this treaty the history of the people of what the attributes of liberty are. As I have said, their whole Panama, and, indeed, of the entire Republic of Colombia, is but history is a history of revolution, a history of wrongs and outrages a chronicle of one revolution following quickly on the heels of perpetrated by the dominant party on the minority. another. Finally, however, a. revolution occurred down there Nor is it true that the people of Colombia in this turbulent spirit which was joined in by practically all of the people. Without that they have shown throughout their history are simply evi­ dissent, so far as I have been able to discover, on the part of any dencing the unrest of a primitive people struggling up through particular portion of the people of Panama, a. government was the darkness of ignorance and savagery to the light of civilization. established and the revolution was complete. · · If that were true, we would have some patience with them and I will admit, Mr. President, that if there had been any large some confidence that ultimately they might arrive at a state of proportion of the inhabitants of Panama. in opposition to that equilibrium. But it is not true. The real truth is, and their Government, and if there had been any serious contention there whole history demonstrates it that this unrest and turbulence as to whether or not the Government had been established, or as which has characterized them throughout all the years they have to whether or not the people resident there bad given their alle­ had a so-called government is but the native diabolism of a race giance to that Government, then there might be ground upon of instinctive buccaneers. which to criticise the action of the President in recognizing the Their territory was one of the first sections of the Western independence of that people. But when the people of Panama Hemisphere occupied by a European people. True, it was for with. one voice rose up and indorsed that Government, gave their some centuries under the baneful and corrupting influence of a. allegiance to it, I ask on what authority and by what right could Spanish colonial government, but for over eighty years it has the President refuse to recognize them as a free and independent been an independent state. Yet its history during that period is state? Some say: "Oh. well, there was not any need of being in but a history of revolutions, of cruel and devastating civil wars, a hurry about it; why should we have acted so hastily?" Let me in which no principle higher than the right of the ins to plunder say, in answer to this. that in the first place it is the duty of the the outs seems ever to have been at stake. President, under the Constitution, to determine when and under As indicative of the character of the people and their govern­ what circumstances he will exercise his constitutional prerogative. ment at the present time, I wish to read only one of a vast num­ But I undertake to say, in view of all the history and of all our ber of like instances reported by our minister at Bogota. in 1902 relations with the people of Colombia and the Government of the before any question had arisen about this treaty: Republic of Colombia, no one can fairly criticise the President if I wish to cite a case that recently came under my personal observation: he was in somewhat of a hurry-I do not say that he was-but I s~y On the 3d instant Mr. Albert B. Dod, a. citizen of the United States, was in Bogota on some business, intending to leave early the following morning. that he would have been justified in being in something of a·hurry His two riding mules, with saddles, bridles, saddlebags, waterproofs, etc., to change the conditions down there and enter into relations with he left at the sta. ble of a foreigner named Turner. Mr. Dod took noon break­ fast with me at my residence, after which he went to look after the animals, the new Government. and there found that his saddles bridles etc., had been taken by a Govern- . During all the time that we have sustained relations with the ment official, who had left a receipt1 for the property, fixing its value in the people constituting the Government of the Republic of Colombia receipt at 1,000 pesos. It was impossible to trace the property that day so there has been constant turmoil, strife, and revolution, which has that Mr. Dod was therefore compelled to go to a. saddler and buy another outfit, which, although substantially no better than the one taken, cost him been a constant source of annoyance and irritation to the Govern­ a bout 5,000 pesos. ment of the United States. Aside from the inconvenience and vexation of such a. seizure, Mr. Dod is Senators, I think, will almost universally, and probably unani­ certain to be a large fina.ncia.lloS{ll', for the Government insists upon its right · to arbitrarily fix the value of expropriated property. Even with the good mously, indorse the proposition that when the Government of offices of this legation, I do not believe that he can get more than 1,000 pesos the United States lent its aid to the people of Cuba, secured for for his property, and even. that only after months of perseverance and wait­ them their independence, and drove Spain away from the shores ing. I am quite of the opinion that such a claim shoUld go through the dip­ lomatic channel. of the Western Hemisphere, it did right. That, I think, will be There are dozens of stores in Bogota. selling saddles and hundreds of sad­ pretty generally conceded. dles for sale at a. fair price. Therefore whence comes the urgent, immediate1 Why did we do right? Why were we authorized and justified and pressing emergency that would justify the forcible eXJ;Jropriation or Mr. Dod's property? Certainly under the system of arbitrarily firing the in taking that step? We are told that we were justified in tak­ value of such pro_perty it is much cheaper to get it in this way, and the day ing that step because of the fad that the government of Cuba, of payment is indefirutely postponed; but I can not believe it consistent with as conducted under Spanish rule, was a continuous source of dis­ the guaranties of public treaties nor the law of nations. tn:rbunce, annoyance, and irritation to our people, and that, as a And he continues commenting on the case. I do not care to matter of self-protection, this Government was justified in taking read it further. I simply read it to show the character of the the step that she did take in regard to Cuba. government that was conducted by Colombia. I submit that a I say, then, for a. greater reason we would have been justified government that has no higher regard for the rights of the inqi­ in going down there and ass1sting the State of Panama in securing vidual and for the obligations that are imposed by common hon­ ita independence; we would have been perfectly justified in doing esty is not a government out of which any good can come; it is

• 1904. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 1779 not a government that it becomes the United States of America but I can not but think, nor can I refrain from expressing the to encourage. thought, how pleasing to him it would have been if, when sur­ Now, what was the treatment by the Colombian Government rounded by all these perplexing questions, when weighed down by of the people of Panama? I do not intend to take the time to read the tem'ble sense of responsibility that these questions imposed, it, but I wish to call the attention of the Senate to an article that some of these beautiful sayings and kind expresrtons in his behalf I have taken from the Morning Oregonian, under date of Decem­ might then have been uttered. ber 8, 1903, written by a special corre.3pondent from the Isthmus Mr. President, I sat here the other day and listened to a great of Panama. speech by a great Senator on the other side of the Chamber, a gentle­ This correspondent goes on to detail the treatment that was man to whom I always listen with interest and usually with profit, meted out to the people of Panama by the Government of Colom­ but on that day he gave utterance to a sentiment that I could bia. Taxation was .the only purpose for which the people of wish he had failed to utter. I would not refer to it were it not Panama were used. The only purpose for which they were em­ for the fact that I have heard the same statement made here and ployed was to pay the expenses of the Government ~t Bogota. elsewhere a number of times. In referring to the present Presi­ The Panama Railroad, by the terms of the agreement under dent and the probability of his nomination to the Presidency this which it was constructed, was supposed to pay $250,000 a year, year he spoke of him as the man whom everybody is for and and did pay that amount. Twenty-five thousand dollars of that whom nobody wants. Does the Senator mean to tell ns that all money was required under the agreement to go to the treasurer sincerity has gone out of the land and departed from the people? of Panama; yet not one dollar of that money ever found its way What means this universal voice that is going up from the Re­ into the treasury of the State of Panama; every dollar of it was publican hosts all over the land? Do they not mean what they taken to Bogota. Taxes were collected, yet not one dollar of say, and do they not say what they mean? them was paid into the treasury of Panama or expended for its The other day away out on the shores of the Pacific sea in the benefit; and when taxes were not sufficient, when the amount re­ State of Oregon the legislature was called in extraordinary ses­ quired by the Government at Bogota could not be raised by the sion, and the very first day they met, as if actuated by one com­ ordinary methods of taxation, they had another method of get­ mon impulse, the Republican members of both houses met in ting money. I call attention to that. joint assembly and unanimously adopted a resolution indorsing In the article in the Morning Oregonian to which I have re­ the Administration of Theodore Roosevelt and demanding that ferred the correspondent says: he be nominated to lead the Republican party in 1904. Do you Some twenty-five or thirty prominent conservatives of Panama gathered at suppose that those men did not mean what they said or that they GQvernor Alban's residence one mornmg in answer to an invitation to break­ did not say what they meant? fast with the governor. The other day there waa in this city an assembly of the leading Then the correspondent goes on to say that after they had been editors of representative Republican newspapers of the United invHed there, and after they had assembled there, they were noti­ States-strong men, independent men, the men who do more than fied that the grounds were surrounded by soldiers, that the Gov­ all others toward molding and making public sentiment in this ernment was in need of something like $100,000, and they were country. They resolved in favor of Theodore Roosevelt for Presi­ required to raise it, and they did raise it because of the grounds dent the next time. Did they not mean what they said? Did being surrounded. That argument was unanswerable. I shaJl they not say what they meant? What is meant by this statement not take the time to read a description of all of the abuses that that everybody is for him and nobody wants him when men of that are set forth in this article, but I a.sk permission to attach the ar­ character and Qrganizations of that character tell the world that he ticle as an appendix to my remarks. is their choice for the Presidency? The PRESIDENT pro tempore. In the absence of objection, it Let me tell yon, sir, if ·you have any doubt about whom the is so ordered. people are for or who their choice is, go down and ask the labor­ Mr. FULTON. Mr. President, I do not think the President of ing men of this or any other city. Go ask the hewers of wood the United States requires any defense at my hands because of the and the drawers of water whom they are in favor of, and they will position he has assumed in our relations with the Republics of tell yon, and the name they will give you is Roosevelt. Go down Panama and Colombia. He certainly does not require any defense in the anthracite coal regions and ask the men who labor there from me, and if he were wanting a defender he would not call whom they favor. They will tell yon, and the name they will upon me. Yet, as I have said before, I -haveno apologies to offer give you is Roosevelt. Go down among the dwellers in the tene­ for any position he has taken or for any attitude he has assumed ement houses of the great cities of this country and ask them­ in our relations with those Republics. they who were threatened only a few short months ago with in- · Many severe criticisms have been passed on the President during describable suffering because of a shortage in the fuel supply. the course of this discussion. We heard a very severe castigation Ask them who it was that came to their relief, who had the administered to him to-day by the very able and eloquent Senator courage to bring the contending forces together, and to see that who preceded me it) the discussion [Mr. C.A.RMACK]; but, Mr. Presi­ justice waB dealt out to both sides and the country was saved the dent, whatever may be the political future of the present occupant cruelty and suffering that would have been upon it but for that of the White House, whether he shall be called again by the action. Ask them who did it, and ask them whom they are for people of this nation to preside as their Chief Executive, he will and whom they want to see elected to the presidency. They will go down into history as one of the greatest, one of the purest, and tell you, and the name will be Roosevelt. And if you are still in one of the most patriotic men that has ever occupied the high doubt, wait until the evening of the 8th day of November next, office of President of the United States. He will have many great until there are counted the ballots that will rain into ballot boxes achievements to his credit; but, in my judgment, the one upon all day long with the name of Roosevelt electors on them, and which his fame--his enduring fame-will rest more than upon all when that result has been announced your doubt will vanish as others will be the high, patriotic:duty he performed and the serv­ the mist before the rising sun, because there is going to be the ice he rendered this nation in assuring to it and to the civilized greatest majority, in my judgment, given to Theodore Roosevelt world the construction of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. in November, 1904, that was ever givenanymanin all the history Mr. President; during this discussion a number of Senators on of this country. the other side, and I do not know but most of them, have spoken in kindly, even eulogistic, words of the lamented McKinley. I APPENDIX. listened to those words of kindness spoken of him with the great­ [From the Morning Oregonian, Saturday, December 19, 1003.] est interest and pleasure, because they were spoken of one whom I BORE lU.NY ILLS-PAN.AMA WAS EVER BLED BY COLOMBIA-NO ONE WA..S have ever honored, reverenced, and loved. But I could not help SPARED-CANAL STRAW BROKE THE CA.MEL'S BA.OK-SEOESSION WELL remembering that it had not always been so. Roosevelt is the PLANNED-LIBERALS RULED WITH HIGH HAND THEY WERE USED Ttl­ AN ARMY RAISED BY FORCE-ADROIT WAY IN WHICH GENERAL ALBAN tyrant, the Napoleon of to-day, but it was only a few short LED UP TO THE c:r..mAX AT A BANQUET TE...~ERED HIS POLITICAL OP­ months ago when McKinley was denounced in one breath as a PO~"'T8-FEATlJRES Oli' THE SECESSION. weak, willing, and pliant tool of designing men, and in another The rejection of the Hay-Herran canal treaty was the straw that broke breath as a wicked tyrant, who was engaged in the business of the camel's back. Ninety-nine out of every one hundred approve all that has been done oppressing a weak, an unfortunate, and a defenseless people. toward establishing independence. But, sir, all those things have passed away. McKinley has The motto o! Colombia was to take everything from and give nothing to gone to his last account; the smoke and dust of partisan strife Panama. In his last dilezn.m.a., General Alban, leader of the Liberals, extorted money have cleared away, and through a clearer atmosphere and with a from the Conservatives. clearer vision it is seen that McKinley, instead of having been a The Panamaian army was largely made by force. tyrant, was a great, noble, heroic soul, and that the people, whom Recruiting parties, without compassion, drafted every male above 10 years it was charged he was oppressing, are to-day, under the policies of age into the service. No excnses availed to secure their release. They inaugurated by him, enjoying a higher prosperity and greater were either shackled or their hands bo1md behind their backs. tranquillity, public and private, than they ever painted or pictured [Letter No. 2, by Merrill A. Teague, staff con·espondent of the Oregonian.] for themselves in their wildest dreams. PA.N.AMA, R. P., December B. Before proceeding to a more detailed elucidation of the ~enesis a.nd natlll'6 I do not speak of this in any spirit of unkindness, Mr. President, of the Republic of Panama, with which the United States lS destined to have 1780 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. FEBRUARY 9, relations of the most intimat.e character, it may be well to explain in detail to be trifled with, and when at tt e cnd of th) h( ur be : eturned, the "volun­ the excuses under which the Republlc justifies its creation. tary subscription" ha1 been consuu mate 1. The onl r v~• · · ,1 1 for tills ~;ys­ Like all Latin-American republics, the ltistory of Panama is the history of tem of raising money to defray theexvellSes of the revolution is round in the strife and turbulence. The people, while fairly well educated, are dominated schemes resorted to for procuring soldiers to fight with the Government by the spirit of '' ma.iiana." They are at the same time lo,., -plincipled holding forces. These soldiers were never known by any other name than "volun­ in slight regard any and all obligations of fealty, thinking more oftneir1 per­ teers," but they were the most remarkable "volunteers" the world has ever sonal divertisement, which assumes the form of cock and bull fighting, gam­ known. All schemes of conscription were discounted by Alban' methods bling fiestas, and sports of more or less questionable mo!·ality, than they do for increasing the strength of his army. His recruiting p!l.rties would go of their material welfare or mental ad>ancement. This applies, of course, into the bush, away from the Liberal forces, an:i without compa ion d1-aft to the majority. the services of e':"ery able-bodied male above 10 ye:~.rs of age with whom they In the minority is the better class, men of wealth and substance, of sound came in contact. ideas and strict integrity, who li;e well, regard their homes, and are in every TheEe men, whether negroes or Colombians, whether Liberals or Conserv­ way corr.m 3ndable. It is npon this latter class that the brunt of every mm·e­ ati;es, whether they knew what the revolution was about or not, would be ment must fall. If the Government is a~sailed and a revolution is to be sup­ taken into custody by the re:::ruiting parties. whlch were always tl·usted and pressed, they are the ones who are called upon to pay the expenses. If they well-paid supporters of the Government. No excuses availed to secure their themselves, for the sak::l of their oountry's advancement, plan a revolution, release. They were either shackled or had their hands bound behind their they can only make headway in t heir project by resort to corruption and backs, and tlJ,en shackled with ropes about their ankles, and were driven like bribery, which demand that they make heavy personal sacrifices for the sake cattle into the Government camps. These men were the "volunteers" of of that which will benefit all cla5ses. the Colombian army on the Isthmus, and it is :J.Xiomatic hera that no man ever volunteered from the Isthmus for service in the army unner Alban ex­ OWES ITS EXISTE...'iCE TO THEM. cept he appeared in camp with his arms tied behind hisba.ck andaropaabout It is to this latter cillss that the Republic of Panama owes its existence. hie; ankles. There are in existence to this Ga.y notes Wiitten by recruiting The majority. which pays no taxes, lives in squalor almost indescribable, and officers to camp commanders wltich run like this: subsists in the me..1.nest manner imaginable and virtually without labor, <-ares ·• I am sending you a squad of fresh volunteers. Please return the ropes at not one whit about independence. That majority has never been made to once, as I may be able to send you another squad of volunteers to-morrow or feel, in an:y way calculated to excite its resentment, the rigor of Colombian the day after." maladministration and perfidy, and to it the creation of the Republic ap­ pe.'11ed more as does a holiday than as anything of a serious business and politi­ MEN OF WEALTH HELPLESS. cal chp.racter. Such outrages as these "volunteer subscriptions" and the procuring of For five years and up to about one year ago the Isthmus was the scene of "volunteers" for the army were not isolated. Thoy were common occur­ revolutionary strife. 'rherearo two parties on the Isthmus, or were until the rences of the times. The men of wealth whowered.rained of their resources Republic was formed. These were the Liberalsand the Conser;ati>es, or, in by the subscription scheme remonstrated, but were helpless. ThoEe who the political parlance of the States, the "outs" and the "ins." The Liberals, were drafted into the army by the r oped "volunteer" process wore in the prior to the creation of the Republic, bad a practical monopoly on culture, same plight. I asked one of those who stands upon the r ec01·dsas having vol­ r efinement, intelligence, and wealth. The Conservatives were in control of unteered during the revolution why he did not desert. His answer told the the sources and agencies of the government. of this ~apartment and. were whole story of the Isthmus: "Where would I ha>e deserted to~" Here he sustained by the Government at Bogota, while the Liberals fought m ces­ was and here he had to remain, and when he was dr:tfted into th.e army P.S a santly to overthrow the Conservatives and free themselves from the yoke of "volunteer" there was nothing for him to do exc~pt accept the inevitable, oppression which had been placed about their necks. for Panama, save for a few miles either side of the railroad, is an impeneh·a­ During this revolution, which only terminated when the United States ble wilderness, and the deserter from the army had no haven of rafuge. consul-general., H. 0. Gudger, negotiated a treaty of peace about one year ago, MONOPOLIES OF MANY Klm>S. after the naval battle of Panama .Bay, in which the Colomb an gunboat Lau­ Besides these two proceS£es for filling.the treasm·y and strengthening the ten·e was suuk and Governor Carlos Alban killed, the Government exhau ted army Colombia was prolific of schemes for raising revenue. By a. decree is­ its ingen u i.ty in devising schemes for raising money and volunteers. The whole sued at Bogota the sale of salt was created into a go>ernment monopoly. story of t.lh'l.t revolution will never be known, for down here revolutiollil are Every merchant in the entire domain was forbidden by law to deal in this nothing more than political campaigns, elect10ns being held according to the commodity, which was vended by agents of the Government and exchanged law of the bullet and bayonet instead of by the ballot. For the better part for exorbitant prices. The Department of Panama was compelled to divert of the five years during which this revolution ra(7ed the writ of baheascorpus her revenues from the ordinary uses and turn them over to the Federal Gov­ and all other processes for the legal and judiciafprotection of life and prop­ ernment by which they were used to pay the soldiers. The Government erty were suspended, either by decrees issued by the Government at Bogota monopolized the s01.le of matches, just as it did of salt, and in a land where or by decree of the governor of the Department of Panama. the smoking of cigarette!:: is universal among those of either sex and of all HOW ALBAN RAISED THE MONEY. ag the revenues derived from this source were not inconsiderable. The Government was almo3t, if not entirely, bankrupt, and in order to In a similar manner a monopoly was created on the sale of cigars, ciga.­ raise money levied freely upon the people. These levies were made through rettes, and tobacco, one firm in this city having been granted the exclusive the departmental administration, for Bogota was helpless, the only money rights for the entire Department to deal in these articles in return for the known there being a worthless paper currency, w bile the only money known payment of $100,000 silver annually into the treasury at Bogota. Ice, too, was or accepted in this Department was, and still is, Colombian silver. The a monopoly. the right to manufacture and sell that luxury of the Tropics be­ methods adopted for levying upon the people for money to defray the ex­ ing let at a handsome figure to a concessionaire, who used his opportunity to penses incident to suppressing the revolution were most heinous in character such good advantage that, pdor to the establishment of the Republic, the and tyrannical in operation. Outside of Panama it is generally understood normal price paid in Panama for ice was 12t cents Colombian silver a pound, that this money was raised by "voluntary subscription.'.' Here where all the equivalent to 5i cents American currency. facts are known the term" volunta1·y su"~?scription" ~ SYII;lbolic~l with out­ ONE OF THE WORST OUTRAGES. rage, polite plunder, and other repreheDSlble means, m which nught figures One of the worst outrages, however, was that perpetrated in regard to tho as a olitary virtue. slaughtering of beef. Under a decree issued at Bogota, a monopoly for the One incident, the most notable among the many that are generally known slaughtering of beef was created and let out to a concessionaire. By the terms and definitely authenticated, will serve to illustl-ate the grotesque nature of of this decree it was unlawful even for the owner of a steer to kill the these "voluntary subscription" schemes. The revolution havmg been pro­ animal and dress it for private consumption. He had to send word to the tracted for vears, and the Liberals having been so thoroughly drained of concessionaire, who dispatched an agent to superintend the killing, collect a money that their resources were almost entirely exhausted. Governor Alban fee, and take possession of the hide. Every hide became at the moment of reached a point where it was necessary for him to raise immediately a large the killing, the property of the Colombian Government, and they were care­ sum of money. fully collected, shipped to New York, and sold for the account of the Federal Up to that time the whole expense of the revolution, on both sides, had treasury. been borne by the Liberals, who were its instigators and promoters, and The Government at Bogota realized, also, $87,000 Colombian silver annually who, by the "voluntary subscription" process, had been compelled to defray in return for the gambling concession, which was openly sold to a firm known the expenses of su:ppressin~ that movement for which they were themselves as Pratt & Seymour. By this concession the firm named is given the exclu­ responsible. In his last dilemma, however, Governor Alban had resort to sive right for the entire Department to maintain and operate gambling de­ the resources of the Conservatives, the hour having arrived when they could vices. In return for this concession the firm has been paying Bogota $57,000 no longer escape extortion. The incident can best be related in the words of annually for the Pacific side of the Isthmusand $00.000annuallyfortheCadb­ a ConservatiTe who was one of the sufferers. bean side, where its operations are rest.ricted to the city of Colon. In addi­ LED UP IN ADROIT WAY TO CLIMAX. tion to the various forms of gambling conducted by this firm1 it leases to "Some twenty-five or thirty prominent Conservatives of Panama gathered saloons and other proprietors of establishments the right to mamta.in poker at Governor Alban's residence one morning in answer to an invitation to games, roulette wheels, crap tc1.bles, etc. breakfast with the governor," said this former Conservative in relating the OTHER FORMS Ol!' EXTORTION. incident to your correspondent. "Breakfast was ~rved !n an elabora.te The assertion is made upon authority and fully substantiated that the fashion. The conversation was general, the revolution bemg merely dlS­ Government at Bo~ota let slip no opportunity to secure possession of the cussed in a desultory way until coffee and cigarettes were served. At .t~at money in the isthmian coffers, whether it was public or private in character. point Governor Alban entered upon an elaborate statement of the condition There are families in Panama that can show proof of the fact that within on the Isthmus. He detailed the progress of the revolution, praised us one the J.ast five years they have paid to the Colombian Government, under one and all for the stanch manner in which we had supported the Government, form of extortion and another, not less than $100,000, while every man of and finally admitted he was exceedingly hard pressed for money, declaring vested means has been compelled by some process to surrender a portion of after an elaborate explanation that he was compelled to raise a very large his wealth. sum of money immediately. Entering then upon a circumstantial account In addition to this scheme of mulcting individuals and creating monopo­ of how he had drained the Liberals until they could no longer assist the Gov­ lies in the commodities of life, the Bogota Government borrowed virtually ernment, he led up in an adroit way to the climax, which was reached when every cent of the revenues of the Department of Panama, amounting to he drew a paper from his pocket and remarked: about $500,CXXl (silver) a year. To insure the success of these projects for re­ '''Now, senores, I must have this mone1:, and I am compelled, much to my lieving the Federal Government of the expense of suppressing the revolution regret, to ask you to assist me in raising 1t. I have here a subscription list, on the Isthmus, Bogotn. has ~~intained a consistent attitude in permitting which recites that the amounts you will put down opposite your names are none save foreigners to administer the Government on the Isthmus. given voluntarily. To show that I have no desire to act unfairly, I. have Senor Jose Domingo de Obald a, who was governor of the deJ?al'tment at headed this list with my own subscription for $50,CXX>,and 1 trust you~ not the time of the recent revolution, was the first native Panama1an to be in-' let me outdo you in tendering the Government generous support. InCiden­ trusted with that office for many yeara, all of his predecessors, save those tally, I may say that you are all under arrest. The house is surrounded by who served under ad interim appointments, being dispatched to Panama soldiers. None of you can escape.' from remote parts of theColombmn Republic. This process insm·edagainst "And smiling suavely and bowing gi'aCefully, the governor moved toward any leniency m the enforcement of the decrees issued at Bogota, for the gov­ the exit, saying as he withdrew: ernors of the department have with one accord been in touch with the fed­ "'With your permission, I will retire for one hour. At t~e end of th&:t eral government, as was Alban, and ready to go to any extrame to satisfy its time I shall return, a.nd dm'ing my absence I .trust th~t. you w11l arrange t~ desires. voluntary subscription among yourselves Wlth a spmt of such generosity REXTAL OF THE RAILROAD. that my unperative demands can all be satisfied without annoyance.'" There is, too, another phase of the past history of Panama which is not AN ARMY MADE BY FORCE. without int-erest in view of recent events. Since 1857, the year in which it The sequel to the story is involved in no mystery. The company of Con­ was completed, the Panama Rail! o::td has been pa)Cing $250,000 (gold) into the servatives was helpless. They raged and fumed; but Alban was not a man Colombian treasury annually. Under the stipulations of the railroad conccs-

•. 1904. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE~ 1781

sion S225,CXXI (gold) was to have been paid the Federal Government and $25,000 desire to have the Senate proceed to the consideration of executive (gold) was to have been cove!'ed into the departmental treasury at Panama. COlombia. has, however, taken the whole rental for the concession. This business for the purpose of considering the treaty. amount in gold is equivalent to about $600,000 in Colombian silver, which ch·­ Mr. FAIRBANKS. I realize that it is important to get the cula tes only in the Department of Panama, and to a bout SS,OOO,OOO annually in treaty out of the way, and when I gave my notice yesterday I the depreciated paper currency, which is the only money known in other por­ tions of the Colombian Republic. was not aware that the Senator would ask to have an executive The monopolization of this sum, toaether with the sale of concessions and session this afternoon. I will withhold my motion for the time the trading monopolies formerly held by the Boo-ota Government, means that being, with the understanding, however, that it will be renewed the Federal Government has been taking $1,CXXI,&il (silver) annually for many years :past. This amount, taken out of a counb·y in which the entire stock of at the earliest opportunity hereafter. silver IS to-day estimated at not more than 1,500,000, or about $5 per capita, EXECUTIVE SESSION. has imposed upon Panama a burden difficult to bea!· · BROKE THE CAMEL'S BACK. Mr. CULLOM. I move that the Senate proceed to the considera­ While practicing this extortion, Colombia has been most neglectful of the tion of executive business. interests of Panama. In all the ye:1rs the Bogota Government has been milk­ The motion was agreed to; and the Senate proceeded to the con­ ing the Department of Panama not one dollar of the federal revenue has been sideration of executive business. After one hour and forty-five spant in the De])Ilrtment for pn blic improvements. There is not in existence in the whole of Panama to-day a. single bridge, street, plaza, public building, minutes spent in executive session the doors were reopened, and or other structure of public utility or comfort the expense of which was (at 4 o'clock and 40 minutes p.m.) the Senate adjourned until to­ borne by the Colombian Government. In a word, the motto at Bogota was morrow, Wednesday, February 10, 1904, at 12 o'clock meridian. to take everything from and give nothing to Panama. To cap the climax Colombia rejected the Hay-Herran treaty, under which Panama hoped to see the canal constructed. That was the straw which broke the camel's back. Panama was willing to stand all her other ills, but NOMINATIONS. when themulcting processes of the Bogota Government were caiTied to the ex­ treme of rejecting that treaty, the revolution flashed out to instant success, Executive nominations received by the Senate February 9, 190/j. and all that has been done toward establishing Panama independence is to­ MARSHAL. day a;I?proved by 99 out of every 100 people on the Isthmus. Reliable advices from the seven provmces in the new Republic show that George K. Pritchard, of North Carolina, to be United States there ic; no disposition to contest the incumbent Government, the population marshal for the central district of Indian Territory, vice Benja­ almost unanimously realizing that by the coup for independence the con­ struction of the canal is assured and freedom from the maladministration min F. Hackett, removed. and oppression which Bogota. ha.s imposed upon th~ Department for years is SURVEYORS OF CUSTOMS. made certain. William Vincent, of illinois, to be surveyor of customs for the CONSIDERATION OF PENSION AND MILITARY RECORD BILLS. port of Galena, in the State of illinois. (Reappointment.) Mr. McCUMBER. At this time I should like to ask unani- John :M. Lenihan, of Iowa, to be surveyor of customs for the mous consent that to-morrow at 4 o'clock the Senate take up for port of Dubuque, in the State of Iowa. (Reappointment.) consideration unobjected pension bills on the Calendar. I will PROMOTIONS IN THE MARINE-HOSPITAL SERVICE. ·say to. the Senator from illinois [Mr. CULLOM] that if that ar- P. A. Surg. James c. Perry, of North Carolina; to be a surgeon rangement is made, I shall see that it does not interfere with an in the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United executive session, and I qope he will give us that time. States. Mr. GALLINGER. I hope the Senator from North Dakota p. A. Surg. Charles P. Wertenbaker, of Virginia, to be a surgeon will include in his request for unanimous consent, bills correcting in the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United militarv records. Mr. McCUMBER. I will include those, too. States. Mr. CULLOM. If the Senator from North Dakota will add PROMOTIONS IN THE NAVY. that if any Senator is then speaking in opensession upon thegen- Assistant Naval Constructors Henry Williams and Henry T. eral subject of our Panama relations he will not press his request, Wright t0 be assistant naval constructors in the Navy, with the I shall not object. · rank of lieutenant, from the 1st day of January, 1904. Mr. McCUMBER. I will not press it, of course, until the ad- Lieut. Robert B. Higgins to be lieutenant-commander in the. dress is finished. · Navy from the 11th day of October, 1903, vice Lieut. Commander The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from North Da- James P. S. Lawrence, promoted. kota asks unanimous consent that at 4o'clock to-morrow consider- Lieut. (Junior Grade) William D. Leahy to be a lieutenant in the­ ation may be given to unobjected pension cases and bills to remove Navy from the 31st day of December, 1903, vice Lieut. Charles W .. charges of desertion reported from the Military Affairs Commit- Dyson, promoted. tee, the execution of the order not to interfere, however, with any The following-named lieutenants (junior gt·ade) to be lieuten­ Senator who may then be addressing the Senate. Is there objec- ants in the Navy from the 1st day of January, 1904, to fill vacan­ tion? The Chair hears none, and the order is made. cies created in that grade by an act of Congress approved March 3, 1903: BUILDING FOR DEPARTMENT OF STA.TE, ETC. Irwin F. Landis. Mr. FAIRBANKS and Mr. CULLOM addressed the Chair. Wilbur G. Briggs. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Indiana. Fletcher L. Sheffield. Mr. FAIRBANKS. May I interrupt the Senator from illinois? Henry C. Dinger. Mr. CULLOM. The Senator from Indiana is recognized. The following-named ensigns to be lieutenants (junior grade} Mr. FAIRBANKS. Mr. President, yesterday I gave notice to in the Navy from the 28th day of January, 1904, upon the com- the Senate that at the conclusion to-day of the add1·esses upon the pletion of three years' service in their present grade: subject of Panama I would move that the Senate take up Calen- Lloyd S. Shapley. · dar No. 170. I trust that will be agreeable to the Senator from Adolphus E. Watson. lllinois. Chauncey Shackford. :Mr. TELLER. What is the bill? Charles B. Hatch. l1r. CULLOM. I rose for the purpose of moving that the Sen- Zachariah H. Madison. ate proceed to the consideration of executive business, the purpose N.A. v A.L OFFICER OF CUSTOMS. being to take up the treaty this afternoon. If the bill which the Thomas N. Jamieson, of illinois, to be naval officer of customs Senator from Indiana proposes to call up will not take any con- in the district of Chicago, in the State of illinois. (New office.) siderable time, I am willing to yield. Will the Senator from In- POSTMASTERS. diana state the nature of the bill? Mr. TELLER. I wish the Senator fmm Indiana would tell us COLORADo. what the bill is. I have been desirous of having the Senate go Robert E. Hanna to be postmaster at New Windsor, in the to the Calendar. county of Weld and State of Colorado. Office became Presiden- Mr. FAIRBANKS. It is a bill appointing a commission to ac- tial January 1, 1904. quire a site for the construction of a building for the accommoda- ILLINors. tion of the State Department, the Department of Justice, and the Isaac W. Parkinson to be postmaster at Stockton, in the county Department of Commerce and Labor. of Jo Daviess and State of Illinois, in place of Isaac W. Parkin- Mr. TELLER. That bill will create a good deal of discussion. son. Incumbent's commission expired January 29, 1904. There will ba quite decided opposition to the bill in the form in MAINE. which it is drawn. Isaac Dyer to be postmaster at Skowhegan, in the county of Mr. FAIR BANKS. That is quite possible, and the discussion Somerset and State of Maine, in pl:;we of Isaac Dyer. Incum- might as well begin now as later, it seems to me. bent's commission expires February 24, 1904. Mr. TELLER. Not if the Senator from illinois wants to call MI:8 -EsoTA. up the treaty. Jesse A. Maxwell to be postmaster at Fulda, in the county of Mr. CULLOM. I hope the Senator from Indiana will not press Murray and State of Minnesota. in place of Jesse A. Maxwell. his request this afternoon. There are some special reasons why I Incumbent's commission e.xpir2d February 5, 1904. 1782 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. FEBRUARY 9,

NEW YORK. MINNESOTA. Charles 0. Sprague to be postmaster at Prince Bay, in the Simon J. McKenzie to be postmaster at Adrian, in the eounty county of Richmond and State of New York. Office became of Nobles and State of Minnesota. Presidential January 1, 1904. mssoURr. NORTH cARoLINA. George B. Wade to be postmaster at Jasper, in the county of William H. Holt to be postmaster at Graham, in the county of Jasper and State of Missouri. Alamance and State of North Carolina, in place of William H. NEW MEXIco. Holt. Incumbent's commission expired February 5, 1904. Edward Quinn to be postmaster at Gallup, in the county of Me- NORTH DAKOTA. Kinley and Territory of New Mexico. Edmund K. Cavileer to be postmaster at Pembina, in the PEm;•BYLv.A.N:U. county of Pembina and State of North Dakota, in place of Ed- Robert H. Sloan to be postmaster at Clairton, in the county of mnnd K. Cavileer. Incumbent's commission expires February Allegheny and State of Pennsylvania. 19, 1904. - , TEN!mSSEE. Emil 0. Ellison to be postmaster at La Moure, in the county of Leander W. Dutro to be postma5Wr at Memphis, in the county La Moure and State of North Dakota, in place of Emil 0. Ellison. of Shelby and State of Tennessee. Incumbent's commission expires February 24, 1904. Edmund D. Hughes to be postmaster at Mountpleasant, in the Arthur H. Johnson to be postmaster at Drayton, in the county county of Manry and State of Tennessee. of Pembina and State of North Dakota, in place of Arthur H. Johnson. Incumbent's commission expires February 19, 1904. TEXAS. w.ABHINGTON. Clinton J. Farrell to be postmaster at Vernon, in the county of Hugh Eldridge to be postmaster at Bellingham, late Whatcom, Wilbarger and State of Texas. in the county of Whatcom and State of Washington, in place of w A.SHINGTON. Hugh Eldridge. To change name of office. Grant C. Angle to be postmaster at Shelton, in the county of Mason and State of Washington. William R. Baker to be postmaster at Colville, in the county of CONFIRMATIONS. Stevens and State of Washington. Executive nominations confirmed by the Senate February 9, 1904. Judson J. Merrima.n to be postmaster at Lind, in the county of Adams and State of Washington. SURVEYOR OF CUSTOMS. James W. O'Connell to be postmaster at Republic, in the county Frederick A. Knntzsch, of New York, to be surveyor of cnstonu; of Ferry and State of Washington. for the port of Syracuse, in the State of New York. John F. Spangle to be postmaster at Cheney, in the county of APPRAISER OF MERCHANDISE. Spokane and State of Washington. · George Vetter to be postmaster at Sunnyside, in the county of Fred W. Edwards, of Pennsylvania, to be appraiser of mer­ Yakima and State of Washington. . chandise in the district of Pittsburg, in the State of Pennsylvania. PROMOTION IN THE MARINE-HOSPITAL SERVICE. P. A. Surg. Henry D. Geddings, of Alabama, to be a surgeon in the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service of the United HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. . States, to rank as such from November 23, 1903. TUESDAY, February 9, 190.1;.. PROMOTIOl\'S IN THE NAVY. The Honse met at 12 o'clock noon. Lieut. Commander Isaac S. K. Reeves to be a commander in the Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. IlENE.Y N. CoUDEN, D. D. Navy from the 27th day of December, 1903. The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and ap­ Lieut. Commander Albon C. Hodgson to be a commander in the proved. Navy n-om the 27th day of December, 1903. MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE. Commander James D . .AdamB to be a captain in the Navy from the 31st day of December. 1903. A message from the Senate. by Mr. P .ARKINSON, its reading Lieut. (Junior Grade) Charles T. Owens to be a lieutenant in clerk, announced that the Senate had passed bills and joint reso­ the Navy from the 1st day of January, 1904. lution of the following titles; in which the concurrence of the To be lieutenants (junior grade) in the Navy from the 28th day House of Representatives was requested: of January, 1904: s. 3530. An act to provide for the construction of a light-hou e Edward B. Fenner. and buoy tender for the inspector of the eleventh light-house dis­ Richard D ._ White. trict; Paul B. Dungan. S. 1419. An act to fix the salary of the collector of custonu; at Edward C. Kalbfus. Omaha, Nebr.; James W. L. Clement, jr. S. 2424. An act to recognize and promote thB efficiency of army Clark: H. Woodward. chaplains; Cyrus W. Cole. S. 2816. An act to amend section 3095 of the Revised Statutes William R. Sayles, jr. of the United States; Farmer Morrison. S. 2621. An act for the widening of V street NW.; Samuel B. Thomas. S. 1636. An act for the opening of R street NE. to Twenty­ Alfred W. Johnson. eighth street and of Twenty-eighth street NE. from R street to Asst. Surg. Richard B. Williams to be a passed assistant sur­ M street; - geon in the Navy from the 17th day of November, 1903. S. R. 6. Joint resolution to authorize the Secretary of the Navy to donate to the Minnesota Historical Society the steering wheel POSTMASTERS. of the former ship Minnesota; COLORADO. S. 2641. .An act to provide for the removal of floating dangers Michael J. Guerin to be postmaster at Salida, in the county of to navigation to certain steamship lanes off the Atlantic coast of Chaffee and State of Colorado. the United States and for the construction of a suitable vessel to COK~~CTICUT. be used for such purpose by the Navy Department; R. Clifford Tyler to be postmaster at Chester, in the county of -S. 3110. An act to provide for the convening of general courts- Middlesex and State of Connecticut. martial at remote naval stations; DELAWARE. S. 127. An act authorizing the joining of Kalorama avenue; John K. Chambers to be postmaster at Newark, in the county S. 351. An act for the relief of Joseph B. Sargent; S. 2845. An act to authorize the appointment of Ricardo Igle­ of Newca~tle and State of Delaware. sias as a midshipman in the United States Navy; ILLINOIS. S. 2382. An act providing for the resurvey of certain townships James F. Crawford to be postmaster at Warsaw, in the county in Routt and Rio Blanco counties, in the State of Colorado; of Hancock and State of Tilinois. S. 1635. An act for the extension of M street east of Bladens- MA.SS.ACHUsETTs. • burg road, and for other purposes; Abbie H. Souther to be postmaster at Cohasset~ m the county· S. 276. An act to provide for the celebration of the one hun- of Norfolk and State of Massachusetts. dredth anniversary of the exploration of the Oregon country by MICHIGAN. Capts. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in the year 1804, 1805, Volney W. Olds to be postmaster at Hartford, in the county of and 1806, and for other purposes; Van Buren and State of Michigan. S. 703. An act setting apart a tract of land to be used as a